%d;whkhz;L jkpo; ,yf;fpak; (Mwhk; gUtk;) 2019-2020

Nghl;bj; jkpo;

ghlf; FwpaPL : ATMET64

cjtpg;NguhrpupaH f.uhf;F M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil.NET.

ghHtjP]; fiy mwptpay; fy;Yhup>

jpz;Lf;fy;.

myF – 1

,yf;fpa tuyhW

,yf;fpa tuyhW

rq;f ,yf;fpak;

 rq;f fhyk; fp.K. 2Mk; E}w;whz;L

 rq;f fhyj;jpy; glg;gl;ljhy; rq;f ,yf;fpak; vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F gjpndd; Nkw;fzf;F vd;w ngaUk; cz;L
 vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;

vl;Lj;njhif

“ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FW E}W

xj;j gjpw;Wg; gj;J Xq;F ghpghly;

fw;wwpe;NjhH Vj;Jk; fypNahL mfk; Gwk; vd;W

,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; njhif”

vl;Lj;njhif

 vl;Lj;njhifAs; mf E}y;fs; Ie;J

ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> Iq;FE}W> fypj;njhif> mfehDW
 Gw E}y;fs; ,uz;L
GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J
 vl;Lj;njhifAs; mfKk; GwKk; fye;j E}y; ghpghly;
 vl;Lj;njhifAs; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ. GwehD}W
NtW ngaHfs;
 mfehD}W – mfk;> mfg;ghl;L> neLe;njhif
 GwehD}W – Gwk;> Gwg;ghl;L> Gwk;G ehD}W

1
gj;Jg;ghl;L

“KUF nghUehW ghzpuz;L Ky;iy

nghUF tskJiuf; fhQ;rp – kUtpdpa

Nfhy neLey;thil Nfhy;FwpQ;rp gl;bdg;

ghiy flhj;njhLk; gj;J.”

E}y;fs; - MrphpaH

1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - ef;fPuH

2. nghUehw;Wg;gil - Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahH

3. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil - ey;Y}H ej;jj;jdhH

4. ngUghzhw;Wg;gil - fbaY}H cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhH

5. Ky;iyg;ghl;L - eg;G+jdhH

6. kJiuf; fhQ;rp - khq;Fb kUjdhH

7. neLey;thil - ef;fPuH

8. FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L - fgpyH

9. gl;bdg;ghiy - fbaY}H cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhH

10. kiygLflhk; - ngUq;nfsrpfdhH

NtW ngaHfs;

1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - Gytuhw;Wg;gil

2. ngUghzhw;Wg;gil - ghzhW

3. Ky;iyg;ghl;L - neQ;rhw;Wg;gil

4. FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L - ngUq;Fwpr;rp

5. gl;bdg;ghiy - tQ;rpneLk;ghl;L

6. kiygLflhk; - $j;juhw;Wg;gil

gj;Jg;ghl;by; mf E}y;fs; 3

Ky;iyg;ghl;L> gl;bdg;ghiy> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L

Gw E}y;fs; 6

2
Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs;5 + kJiuf;fhQ;rp

mfk; Gwk; rhHe;j E}y;

neLey;thil

2.rq;f kUtpa fhy ,yf;fpak;

3. gf;jp ,yf;fpak;

4. rpw;wpyf;fpak;

5.,f;fhy ,yf;fpak;

6.rpWfij> Gjpdk;

7. ciuahrphpaHfs;

8. ,yf;fzk; gw;wpaj; jfty;fs;

GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;

Kd;Diu

kuGf;ftpij fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ. gy;NtW ,yf;fpa E}y;fshf ,UgJ

E}w;whz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhfj; jioj;J tpsq;Fk; rpwg;GilaJ. GJf;ftpij> fle;j
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpr; nropf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,f;ftpijfspd; Njhw;wk;>
ngaHf;fhuzk;> Nehf;fk;> E}y;fs;> gilg;ghsHfs;> tsHr;rp> ,d;iwa epiy Mfpad
Fwpj;J ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.

1. Njhw;wk;

· kuGf;ftpij ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s E}y;fSs; kpfTk; njhd;ikahdjhf

tpsq;FtJ njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; %thapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;ljhff; fUjg; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fk; Ke;ijadthf ,yf;fz
E}y;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. mt;tpyf;fz E}y;fs; ~vs;spypUe;J vz;nza;
vLf;fg;gLtJ Nghy| ,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J ,yf;fz E}y;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;Dk;
tpjpf;F ,zq;f> jkf;F Kw;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fisf; nfhz;L ,yf;fzk;
tFj;jdthFk;. ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; nra;As; njhlHghd vOj;J> nrhy;> mfk;-Gwk;
vd;Dk; ghLnghUs; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;> ahg;G> mzp Mfpad gw;wpa tiuaiwfs;
,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. vdNt ,tw;iwf; fUjpg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ> nra;As; vd;Dk; ftpij
tbtk; Iahapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Mz;Lf;fhyj; njhd;ikAilaJ vd cWjpglf;
$wyhk;. ntz;gh> Mrpupag;gh> fypg;gh> gupghly; Mfpad Fwpj;j ,yf;fzq;fisj;
njhy;fhg;gpak; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,iwadhH fstpay; ciuapy; kiwe;J Nghd rq;f
E}y;fspd; Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. KJFUF> KJehiu> fsupahtpiu Mfpa

3
jiyr; rq;f E}y;fSk;> fyp> FUF> tpahokhiyafty;> ntz;lhsp Mfpa ,ilr;
rq;f E}y;fSk; mt;tif E}y;fSs; mlq;Fk;. rpw;wpir> Ngupir vd;gd
filr;rq;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J kiwe;jtw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. ~kiwe;JNghd jkpo;E}y;fs;| vd
kapiy rPdpNtq;flrhkp> ,t;tif E}y;fs; Fwpj;Jj; jdpnahU E}Ny vOjpAs;shH.
mtw;wpd;top kuGf;ftpijapd; njhd;ikia ed;F mwpayhk;. njhd;W epfo;e;jJ
midj;Jk; czHe;jpLk; #o;fiy thzHfSk; - ,ts; vd;W gpwe;jts; vd;Wz uhj
,ay;gpd shk;vq;fs; jha; vdg; ghujpahH ghLk; ghly;> kuGf;ftpijapd; fhyj;
njhd;ikf;Fk; nghUe;jf; $bajhFk;. · GJf;ftpij gj;njhd;gjhk;
E}w;whz;Ltiu jkpo; ,yf;fpa tbtk; vd;gJ nra;As; tbtkhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
,e;E}w;whz;by; Nkiyehl;by; gioa ahg;G cUtj;jpypUe;J tpyfp> ,iaGj; njhil
(Rhyme) Kjypad ,d;wp ciueilr; rhaypy; Gjpa ftpQHfs; ftpij gilf;fj;
njhlq;fpdH. 1892,y; mnkupf;ff; ftpQH thy;l; tpl;kd; Gy;ypd; ,iyfs; vd;w
jiyg;gpy; ntspapl;l gd;dpuz;L ftpijfisf; nfhz;l njhFg;G> ahg;G kuigg;
Gwf;fzpj;J /g;uPntH]; (Free verse) vd;Dk; trd ftpijahf mike;jJ.
mtHjk; ghLnghUSk; gpwH ,Jtiuapy; Ngrhg; nghUshf mike;jJ. ,tiu
mbnahw;wp vkHrd;> fhHy; rhd;l;ngHf;> ypd;l;N]> thny]; ];Btd;]d;> ];Btd;
fpNud;> mkp Nyhty; Nghd;w vz;zw;w ftpQHfs; trd ftpij gilf;fyhapdH.
gpnuQ;R ehl;bYk;> upk;ghL vd;Dk; ,sq;ftpQH> 1886Mk; Mz;L xsp nts;sk; vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy; ntH]; ypg;Nu vd;w fl;lw;w ftpijfisg; gilj;jhH. ,tiuaLj;J 1889-
,y; tpay; fpupg;gpd; vd;gtH fl;lw;w ftpij vd;w mwptpg;Gld; jk; ftpijfis
ntspapl;lhH. ,j;jhyp> ];ghdp\;> nrHkd;> U\;a nkhopfspd; ,yf;fz kuGfspYk;
nefpo;r;rpAk; khw;wKk; Vw;glj; njhlq;fpd. gpnuQ;R ehl;bdupd; rHupayprk;> ,j;jhypaf;
ftpQHfspd; g;Ar;ruprk;> n[Hkhdpaupd; vf;];gpu\dprk; vd;gd mt;te;ehLfspd;
kuGf;ftpij epiy fle;J trd ftpijfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fyhapd. ~tpl;kdpd;
ghlypy; vJif> Nkhid> jis vJTNk ,Uf;fhJ@ trd eil NghyNt
,Uf;Fk;@ ftpijiag; nghUspy; fhl;l Ntz;LNk nahopar; nrhy;yLf;fpy;
fhl;LtJ gadpy;iy vdf;fUjp trd eilapNyNa mtH vOjptpl;lhH| vd;ghH
kfhftp ghujpahH. kuGf; ftpijapy; ty;ytUk; jk; gy;NtW ghly;fis mjpNyNa
gilj;jtUkhfpa ghujpahH trd ftpijapy; tpUg;Gw;wtuhfj; jhKk; fhl;rpfs;
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; gy trd ftpijfisg; gilj;Js;shH. ghujpiaj; njhlHe;J
e.gpr;r%Hj;jp> F.g.uh[Nfhghyd; Nghd;NwhH GJf;ftpij gilf;fyhapdH.
GJf;ftpijfs;> gj;jpupiffspy; ntspaplg; ngw;Wg; gbg;gbahfr; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd
vd;gJk; ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whFk;.

2. ngaHf;fhuzk;

jkpo;f; ftpijfis kuGf;ftpij> GJf;ftpij vd;gd Nghd;w ngaHfspy;

Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisg; ghHg;Nghk;. · kuGf; ftpij njhd;W njhl;L
tUk; jd;ikAilaJ vd;gij kuG vd;Dk; nrhy; czHj;jp epw;fpd;wJ. ,dpa Xir

4
eak; mike;j ghly;fisf; Nfl;Lg; gofpatH> mNj Xirapy; ghly; Gida Kad;W>
gpwH gbf;fTk;> ,t;thNw Gjpad gilf;fTk; ~ghly; mikg;ig| vOj;J> mir> rPH
vd mikj;J xOq;FgLj;jpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ahg;gpyf;fzk; Njhd;w>
mLj;jLj;J te;jtH mk;kuG khwhky; ftp gilf;fj; njhlq;fpdH. ghf;fisaLj;Jg;
ghtpdq;fSk;> mtw;iwaLj;Jf; Fk;kp> rpe;J Nghd;wdTk; Njhd;wpd. ,t;thWjhd;
ghlg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; tiuaiw ,Ug;gjhy; rpjwhj tbtkhfg; ghJfhf;fg; ngw;Wf;
fhye;NjhWk; ,k;Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ghLnghUSk; cj;jpfSk;
GjpadthapDk; kuG ,yf;fzj;jpd;gb gilf;fg;gLjypd; ,it kuGf;ftpij
vdg;gLfpd;wd. GJf;ftpij Mrpupag;gh> ntz;gh> tpUj;jk;> rpe;J vdf; fhye;NjhWk;
ahg;G tbtq;fs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Wte;jd. Nkdhl;Lj; jhf;fj;jhy; ciueil
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;w epiyapy;> ahg;gpyf;fzj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;glhky; ftpij
czHTfSf;Fr; Rje;jpukhd vOj;JUtk; nfhLf;Fk; ,g;gilg;G Kaw;rp> trd
ftpij vd;Nw miof;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dH> ahg;gpy;yhf; ftpij> ,yF ftpij>
fl;bylq;fhf; ftpij Nghd;w ngaHfis mt;tg;NghJ ngw;W tuyhapw;W. gof;fj;jpy;
cs;s epiyapypUe;J rpwpjsNth Kw;wpYNkh khWgl;Lj; Njhd;WtJ GJik
vdg;gLk;. toptopahf kuG nflhJ ahg;gpyf;fzj;NjhL nghUe;jp tUk;
ftpijfspypUe;J khWgLk; ftpijg; gilg;Gjhd; GJf;ftpij MFk;. GJf;ftpijfs;
cUtj;jhy; kl;Lkd;wp> cs;slf;fk;> cj;jpKiwfs; Mfpatw;whYk;
GJikAiladthFk;. ,yf;fzr; nrq;Nfhy; ahg;Gr; rpk;khrdk; vJifg; gy;yf;F
Nkhidj; NjHfs; jdpnkhopr; Nrid gz;bj gtdp ,itnaJTk; ,y;yhj
fUj;Jf;fs; jk;ikj;jhNk Msf; fw;Wf;nfhz;l Gjpa kf;fshl;rp KiwNa
GJf;ftpij (CHtyk;) vd Nkj;jh $Wk; GJf;ftpij> GJf;ftpijapd;
,yf;fzj;ijAk; ,ay;igAk; Gyg;gLj;Jk;. ,jid> rhiy ,se;jpiuad; ciu tPr;R
vdf; $WthH.

3. Nehf;fk;

ftpij> xU fUj;ij vLj;Jr; nrhy;fpwJ. me;jf; fUj;J vjw;fhfr;

nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ? mijNa Nehf;fk; vd;fpNwhk;. · kuGf;ftpij kuGf;ftpij> rq;f
fhyj;jpy; kd;dHfNshL njhlHGilajhf ,Ue;jJ. kd;dHfspd; tPuk;> ntw;wp>
nfhil> Ml;rpr; rpwg;G Mfpatw;iwg; Gfo;tjhfTk;> Jzpr;rYld; GytHfs;
mwpTWj;JtjhfTk; mike;jd. muritapNyh> rq;fk; Nghd;w jkpo; mitfspNyh
xd;W FOkpa GytHfs; mfg;nghUs; ghb ,d;GWj;JtjhfTk; mwpTWj;JtjhfTk;
mike;jd. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; gf;jp ,yf;fpa kWkyHr;rpapd; fhuzkhfg; ghLnghUs;
,iwtidg; gw;wpajhfTk;> jpUj;jyq;fspd; (Nfhapy; cs;s CH) rpwg;ig
czHj;JtjhfTk; mike;jJ. rpj;jH ,yf;fpak;> jj;Jtk;> kUj;Jtk;> murHfisAk;
FWepy kd;dHfisAk; kfpo;TWj;Jk; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vd mLj;jLj;j fhyq;fspy;
ghLnghUs;fs; mike;jd. ftpauq;fk;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jiyg;G> ,aw;if> r%f
mtyk; vd ,d;iwa epiyapy; kuGf;ftpijapd; gad;ghL mikfpd;wJ. vdNt>

5
kuGf;ftpij njhopYf;F cupajhfTk;> mwpTWj;JtjhfTk;> ,d;GWj;JtjhfTk;
mike;J tUk; epiyia mwpfpd;Nwhk;. GJf;ftpij GJf;ftpijiaj; njhopyhff;
nfhz;L tho;gtHfs; kpfr; rpyNu. gyH rKjha mtyk; fz;L mt;tg;NghJ
ftpijfs; Gidgtuhf cs;sdH. jdpkdpj czHTfisg; ghLtJk;> ehl;Lg;gw;W>
nkhopAzHT> nghJTilik> mePjpia vjpHj;jy;> ngz;Zupik> jypj;jpak;> gFj;jwpT
vd;gdtw;iwg; ghLjYk; ,d;iwa GJf;ftpijfspd; Nehf;fq;fshf cs;sd.
kuGf;ftpij ,aw;WtJ vd;gJ> ngUk;ghYk; mbj;jl;L kf;fsplj;jpy; ,lk;
ngwhjjhfNt ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. GJf;ftpijiag; nghWj;jtiu ngz;fs;> mbj;jl;L
kf;fs;> njhopyhspfs; vdg; gyUk; gilg;ghsuhfp tpLtjdhy;> jq;fspd; cz;ik
epiyiaAk;> tho;tpay; rpf;fy;fisAk;> jhq;fs; vjpHNehf;Fk; jPHTfisAk; njspthf
vLj;Jf; $w ty;ytHfsha; mikfpd;wdH. mtHjk; GJf;ftpijg; gilg;GfSk;
mtHfspd; kdepiyiaAk; tho;tpaiyAk; gbg;gtUf;F ed;F czHj;Jtdthfpd;wd.

4. gilg;ghsHfSk; E}y;fSk;

,t;thW ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l ftpijfisg; gilj;jtHfs; gw;wpAk;>

mtHfsJ E}y;fisg; gw;wpAk; ,dpf; fhzyhk;. · kuGf; ftpij rq;f ,yf;fpak;>
fhg;gpaq;fs;> ePjp E}y;fs;> gf;jp ,yf;fpak;> rpw;wpyf;fpak;> jdpg;ghly;fs; vd;Dk;
ahTk; kuGf; ftpijfshy; MditNa MFk;. ghujpahH fhye;njhl;L tUk;
kuGf;ftpij gilg;ghsHfSk; mtHjk; gilg;GfSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
rpwg;GiladNtahFk;.

(1) ghujpahH - ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy;ghl;L (2) ftpkzp Njrpf
tpehafk; gps;is - MrpaNrhjp> kUkf;fs;top khd;kpak; (3) ehkf;fy; ftpQH
,uhkypq;fk; gps;is - jkpod; ,jak;> ftpjhQ;ryp (4) ghujpjhrd; - ghz;bad; gupR>
,Uz;l tPL> FLk;gtpsf;F> mofpd; rpupg;G (5) fz;zjhrd; - ,NaR fhtpak;>
khq;fdp> Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp (6) Rj;jhde;j ghujpahH - ghujrf;jp kfhfhtpak;>
jkpo;j; jpUg;ghit (7) Rujh - rpupg;gpd; epoy;> Njd;kio> JiwKfk; (8)
mo.ts;spag;gh - kyUk; cs;sk;> ghl;bNy fhe;jp (9) thzpjhrd; - nfhb Ky;iy
(10) ituKj;J - itfiw Nkfq;fs; GJf;ftpij tsHe;j %d;W fhyfl;lq;fs; 1.
1. kzpf; nfhbf; fhyk; 2. 2. vOj;Jf; fhyk; 3. 3.thdk;ghbf;
fhyk; Mfpa fhyfl;lq;fspy; Njhd;wpa jkpo; ,jo;fs; GJf;ftpijj; Jiwf;Fg;
nghypt+l;bd 1.kzpf;nfhbf; fhyk; kzpf; nfhbf; fhyj;jpy; kzpf;nfhb vd;w ,jo;
kl;Lkd;wp> #whtsp> fyhNkhfpdp> fpuhkCopad;> rpth[pkyH> etrf;jp> n[aghujp
Mfpa ,jo;fs; GJf;ftpijfis ntspapl;Lte;jd. ,tw;Ws; kzpf;nfhb ,jo;
Kjypy; Njhd;wpajhy; ,f;fhyj;ij kzpf;nfhbf; fhyk; vd;W mioj;jdH.
,f;fhyj;jpy;> GJf;ftpij Kd;Ndhbfshd e.gpr;r%Hj;jp> F.g.uhrNfhghyd;>
f.ehRg;gpukzpad;> GJikg;gpj;jd; Nghd;NwhH kzpf;nfhbfhyj;Jf;fjhehafHfshf
tpsq;fpdH. 2.. vOj;Jf; fhyk; vOj;J> ru];tjp> ,yf;fpa tl;lk;> eil> jhkiu>

6
frljgw> Nghd;w ,jo;fs; ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; GJf;ftpijia
tsHj;jd.e.gpr;r%Hj;jpMuk;gpj;J itj;j GJf;ftpij ,af;fk;> vOj;J ,jopy;
njhlHe;jJ. kad;>rpl;b>ty;ypf;fz;zd;MfpNahH xd;WNrHe;J rpRnry;yg;gh>
f.ehRg;gpukzpad; Nghd;NwhH ,f;fhyj;Jf;F rpwg;G NrHj;jdH 3.thdk;ghbf; fhyk;
thdk;ghb>jPgk;> fizahop> rjq;if Kjypa ,jo;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; GJf; ftpijf;F
Kd;Dupik je;J ntspapl;ld. GtpauR> Qhdp>Ky;iyMjtd;> mf;fpdpGj;jpud;> rpw;gp>
fq;if nfhq;fhz;lhd;> jkpo;ehld;> rf;jp fdy;> K.Nkj;jh> jkpod;gd;> utPe;jpud;
KjypNahHthdk;ghbf; ftpQHfshtH.

· GJf;ftpij ghujpahH njhlq;fpg; GJf;ftpijf; ftpQH gyH ey;y gy

gilg;Gfis ey;fpAs;sdH. (1) ghujpahH - trd ftpij (2) e.gpr;r%Hj;jp - fhl;L
thj;J> topj;Jiz (3) mg;Jy; uFkhd; - ghy;tPjp> Rl;Ltpuy; (4) thyp - mtjhu
GU\d;> ghz;ltH g+kp (5) kPuh - fdTfs; + fw;gidfs; ® fhfpjq;fs; (6) eh.fhkuhrd;
- fWg;G kyHfs;> ehty;gok; (7) Nkj;jh - fz;zHP g; g+f;fs;> CHtyk; (8) ituKj;J -
,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;> jpUj;jp vOjpa jPHg;Gfs;> nfhbkuj;jpd; NtHfs; (9) rpw;gp -
rHg;g ahfk; (10) mwpTkjp - el;Gf;fhyk;

5. tsHr;rp tuyhW

vz;zj;ij mofhf vLj;Jr; nrhy;tJ ftpij. nrhy;tijAk; mofpa

tifapy; nrhy;yg;gad;gLtJ gh tbtq;fshFk;. fhye;NjhWk; khwpa gh> ghtpdk;
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. · kuGf; ftpij Vwj;jho Iahapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G
Njhd;wpa kuGf;ftpij tbtk; ,d;Wk; epiyngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,yf;fpak; vd;whNy
mJ kuGf;ftpijjhd; vd;W tpsq;fpa fhy fl;lq;fisg; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L
tiuapy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. ~Kjypy; Njhd;wpaJ> kpFe;j fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhjjhfpa
Mrpupag;ghthFk;@ tutu Xir eyk; fUjpAk; nrg;gkhd epiyia vz;zpAk; rpw;rpy
fl;Lg;ghLfs; Njhd;wpapUf;Fk;. Mrpupag;ghit mLj;J mjNdhnlhj;j ,ay;Gila
tQ;rpg;gh Njhd;wpanjdyhk;. mLj;Jf; Fws; ntz;gh cs;spl;l gytif
ntz;ghf;fSk;> gpwF kUl;ghTk;> mjd; gpwF fypg;ghTk;> gupghlYk; Njhd;wpapUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. mLj;J te;j fhyj;jpy; tpUj;jg;gh> jhopir> Jiw vd;gd
gad;ghl;byike;jd| vd;ghH m.fp.gue;jhkdhH. ahg;gpyf;fzk; Fwpj;J mfj;jpak;>
mtpeak;> fhf;ifghbdpak;> ifadhH ahg;gpay;> rq;f ahg;G> gy;fhak;> gdk;ghuk;>
ngupa gk;kk;> kNar;RuH ahg;G> khGuhzk;> tha;g;gpak;> ahg;gUq;fyk; vdg; gy;NtW
,yf;fz E}y;fs; fhye;NjhWk; Njhd;wp te;Js;sd. ,e;E}y;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaf; fhyk;
rhHe;Jk;> fhupiff;F Kd;dUk; Njhd;wpadthFk;. fhupiff;Fg; gpd;> tPuNrhopak;>
,yf;fz tpsf;fk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> Rthkpehjk;> Kj;JtPupak;> mWtif
,yf;fzk; vd;Dk; E}y;fSk; ahg;gpyf;fzk; ciug;gdtha; mike;Js;sd. ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;bYk; ahg;gpyf;fz topfhl;b E}y;fs; gy Njhd;wpAs;sd. mtw;Ws;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd: (1) GytH Foe;ij - ahg;gjpfhuk;> njhilajpfhuk; (ciu) (2)
m.fp.gue;jhkdhH - ftpQuhf (ciueil) (3) fp.th.[fe;ehjd; - ftp ghlyhk;

7
(ciueil) (4) j.rutzj; jkpod; - ahg;G E}y; (E}w;gh) (5) r.ghyRe;juk; - njd;D}y;
(E}w;gh) (6) ,uh.jpUKUfd; - rpe;Jg; ghtpay; (E}w;gh) rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mftYk;>
ePjp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ntz;ghTk;> gpw;fhyf; fhg;gpaq;fspy; tpUj;jKk;> FwtQ;rp> gs;S
Kjypatw;wpy; rpe;Jg; ghlYkhf kuGf;ftpij tbtk; rpwe;J te;Js;sJ. ·
GJf;ftpij fp.gp.1930-1945 fhyfl;lj;jpy; kzpf;nfhbf; FOtpdH> ghujpahiu mLj;Jg;
GJf;ftpij ,aw;wpatHfshtH. mtHfSs; F.g.,uhrNfhghyd;> e.gpr;r%Hj;jp>
GJikg;gpj;jd;> ty;ypf;fz;zd; MfpNahH Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfs;. kzpf;nfhb ,jopd;
fhyfl;lj;jpNyNa n[aghujp> #whtsp> fpuhk Copad;> fyhNkhfpdp Nghd;w
,jo;fspYk; GJf;ftpijfs; gy ,lk; ngw;wd. fp.gp.1950-1970 Mz;Lfspy; ,uz;lhk;
epiy tsHr;rp mike;jJ vd;ghH e.Rg;Gnul;bahH. vOj;J> ,yf;fpa tl;lk;> eil
Nghd;w ,jo;fspy; GJf;ftpijfs; ntspte;jd. 1962-Mk; Mz;L GJf;ftpij
tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;GilajhFk;. vOgJfspy; jhkiu> frljgw> thdk;ghb Nghd;w
,jo;fspy; GJf;ftpijfs; ntspaplg; ngw;Wr; rpwg;Gw;wd. Gs;sp> nts;sk;> cjak;>
fjk;gk;> urpfd;> eP> miyfs;> I vd;Dk; GJf;ftpijr; rpW njhFg;GfSk;
ntspte;Js;sd. GJf;ftpij E}y;fs; gyTk; vOgJfs; njhlq;fp ntsptuyhapd.
mtw;Ws; rpy: (1) e.gpr;r%Hj;jp - fhl;Lthj;J (2) NtZNfhghyd; - Nfhil tay; (3)
itj;jP];tud; - cja epoy; (4) eh.fhkuhrd; - fWg;G kyHfs; (5) ,d;Fyhg; -
,d;Fyhg; ftpijfs; (6) Qhdf;$j;jd; - md;W NtW fpoik (7) fyhg;upah - jPHj;j
ahj;jpiu (8) rp.R.nry;yg;gh - GJf;Fuy;fs; (9) jkpod;gd; - Njhzp tUfpwJ (10)
ty;ypf;fz;zd; - mku Ntjid (11) g.fq;if nfhz;lhd; - $l;Lg; GOf;fs; (12)
rp.kzp - tUk; NghFk; GJf;ftpij> <oj;jpYk; kWkyHr;rp> ghujp> <oNfrup> ky;ypif>
f-tp-ij Nghd;w ,jo;fspy; rpwg;Gw tsHe;J te;Js;sikAk; ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
GJf;ftpij Fwpj;j nra;jpfisAk; njsptpidAk; Gyg;gLj;jp tud;Kiwg; gLj;jpa
ngUik jpwdha;T E}y;fSf;F cz;L. ,it xU tifapy; kuGtop ahg;gpyf;fz
E}y;fis xj;jd vdyhk;. ~GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;| vd;gJ
ty;ypf;fz;zd; vOjpaJ. GJf;ftpij Nghf;Fk; Nehf;Fk; vd;Dk; E}y;
e.Rg;Gnul;bahuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. GJf;ftpij - xU GJg;ghHit vd;gJ ftpQH
ghyhtpd; gilg;G. GJf;ftpij tsHr;rpf;F ,j;jF E}y;fSk; ngUk;gzpahw;WtJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

6. ,d;iwa epiy

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd; nkhopaikg;gpYk;> ntspapLk; ghq;fpYk;

khWjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld. mtw;iw tpupthff; fhzyhk;. · kuGf;ftpij ew;wkpo;>
njspjkpo;> nty;Yk; J}ajkpo; Nghd;w ,yf;fpa ,jo;fspy; ty;yik gilj;j kuGf;
ftpQHfspd; gilg;GfSk;> Nghl;bf; ftpijfs; gyTk; ,d;Wk; ntspte;J
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ftpauq;Ffspy; kuGf; ftpijfs; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd. ghujpahH
gps;isj; jkpo;> fhkuhrH gps;isj; jkpo;> rpth[pfNzrd; gps;isj; jkpo; vd;gd
Nghd;w kuGtop ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,d;Wk; gilf;fg; ngw;W tUfpd;wd. kUJ}H

8
muq;fuhrdpd; ahg;gwpe;J ghg;Gida vd;Dk; E}y; ,d;iwa epiyapy; kuGf;ftpij
gilg;gtHf;F Vw;w tifapy; ,aw;wg; ngw;Ws;sJ. · GJf;ftpij caHepiyf;
fy;tp gapYk; khztHfs; cl;glg; gyUk; vspjpy; vOJtjhfg; GJf;ftpij
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ngz;zpak;> jypj;jpak; vd;gd Nghd;w nfhs;ifthjpfSk;>
ftpauq;fk; epfo;j;JNthUk;> rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW jug;gpdUk; GJf;ftpij E}y;fis
ntspaPL nra;Ak; tof;fj;ijj; njhlHe;J fhzKbfpd;wJ. ehspjo;fs;> thu ,jo;fs;>
gy;NtW khj ,jo;fs;> ij> eWKif Nghd;w fhyhz;bjo;fs; vdg; gy tif
,jo;fspYk; GJf;ftpijfs; rpwg;gplk; ngwf; fhz;fpNwhk;. i`f;$ (Jspg;gh)>
nrd;upA (eifj; Jspg;gh)> ypkiuf;$ (,iaGj; Jspg;gh) vd;Dk; tiffSk;
GJf;ftpijapd; rhuhk;rkha; ehSk; jioj;J tUfpd;wd.

myF – 2

,yf;fzk;

XnuOj;J xU nkhop

jkpopy; cs;s nkhj;j vOj;Jf;fs; 247> ,e;j 247 vOj;Jf;fspy; 42

vOj;Jf;fs; XnuOj;J nrhy;yhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd mjhtJ ,e;j 42 vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk;
jdpahf nghUs; cz;L. ,itj;jtpu NkYk; rpy vOj;Jf;fSk; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

xnuOj;J xU nkhop vd;gJ xNu xU vOj;jhdJ xU nrhy;yhf te;J

nghUs; jUtJ MFk;. xNu xU vOj;J kl;Lk; jdpj;J te;J xU nghUisf;
Fwpf;Fkhdhy; mjw;F XnuOj;J xU nkhopr; nrhy; vd;W ngaH.

cjhuzkhf ij.. ,e;j "ij" vd;w vOj;jhdJ jkpo; khjq;fspy; tUk;

khjj;jpd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; vOj;jhFk;. ,Nj vOj;J "ijj;jy;" "nghUj;Jjy;" vd;w
nghUspYk; tUk;. ,t;thW xNu xU vOj;jhdJ xU nghUisj; juf;$ba nrhy;yhf
tUtNj xNuOj;J xU nkhopahFk;.

XnuOj;J xU nkhopr; nrhw;fs;

m - Rl;nlOj;J> vl;L> rptd;> tp~;Z> gpuk;kh

M - gR(MT)> Md;kh> ,uf;fk;> epidT> Mr;rhkuk;

, - Rl;nlOj;J> ,uz;by; xU gq;F miu vd;gjpd; jkpo; tbtk;.

< - gwf;Fk; <> jh> Fif> NjdP> nfhL.

c - rptd;> Mr;rupak;> Rl;nlOj;J> ,uz;L vd;gjpd; jkpo; tbtk;

C - ,iwr;rp> czT> Cd;> jir

9
v - tpdh vOj;J> VO vd;gjpd; jkpo; tbtk;

V - mk;G> caHr;rpkpFjp

I - moF> caHT> cupik> jiytd;> ,iwtd;> je;ij> Ie;J> tpag;G

x - kjF> (ePH jhq;Fk; gyif)> tpdh.

X - kfpo;r;rp

xs - g+kp> Mde;jk;

f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjp

fh - fhj;jy;> Nrhiy

fp - ,iur;ry; xyp

F - Ftsak;

$ - g+kp> $Tjy;> cyfk;

if - cWg;G> fuk;

Nfh - murd;> je;ij> ,iwtd;

nfs - nfhs;S> jPq;F

rh - ,wj;jy;> rhf;fhL> kuzk;> Nga;> rhjy;

rP - yl;Rkp> ,fo;r;rp> ntWg;Gr; nrhy;> jpUkfs;

R - tpul;Ljy;> Rfk;> kq;fyk;

Nr - fhiy> vUJ> mopQ;rpy; kuk;

ir - mWtWg;G xyp> ifg;nghUs;

Nrh - kjpy;> muz;

Qh - nghUj;J> fl;L

jh - nfhL> Nfl;gJ

jP - neUg;G > jPik

J - cz; nfL> gpupT> czT> gwit ,wF

J} - ntz;ik> J}a;ik

10
Nj - flTs;> ehafd;> nja;tk;

ij - jkpo;khjk;> ijj;jy;> nghUj;J

eh - ehd;> ehf;F

ep - ,d;gk;> mjpfk;> tpUg;gk;

eP - Kd;dpiy xUik> ePf;Fjy;

E} - ahid> Mguzk;> mzp

Ne - md;G> mUs;> Neak;

ie - tUe;J> iejy;

Neh - Jd;gg;gLjy;> NehT> tUj;jk;

nes - kuf;fyk;

g - E}W

gh - ghl;L> ftpij> epoy;> moF

g+ - kyH

Ng - Nkfk;> Eiu> moF> mr;rk;

ig - ifg;ig> ghk;Gg; glk;> gRik> ciw

Ngh - nry;> Vty;

k - re;jpud;> vkd;

kh - ngupa> rpwe;j> caHe;j> khkuk;

kP - NkNy > caHr;rp> cr;rp> Mfhak;> cauk;

% - %g;G> KJik> %d;W

Nk - Nky;> Nkd;ik

ik - fz;ik (fUik)> mQ;rdk;> ,Us;

Nkh - Nkhjy;> KfHjy;

a - jkpo; vOj;J vd;gjpd; tbtk;

ah - xU tif kuk;> ahit> ,y;iy> mfyk;

11
t - ehypy; xU gq;F "fhy;" vd;gjd; jkpo; tbtk;

th - tUf> Vty;> mioj;jy;

tp - mwpT> epr;rak;> Mfhak;

tP - kyH > mopT> gwit

Nt - Ntk;G> csT

it - itf;fTk;> $Hik> itf;Nfhy;> itjy;> itj;jy;

nts - tt;Tjy;> nfsTjy;> nfhs;is mbj;jy;

neh - nehz;b> Jd;gk;

s - jkpnoOj;J E}W vd;gjd; tbtk;

S - ehd;fpy; %d;W gFjp> Kf;fhy; vd;gjd; tbtk;

W - vl;by; xU gFjp miuf;fhy; vdgjd; tbtk;

ngaHr;nrhw;fs;

ngaHr;nrhy; vd;gJ xd;wd; ngaiu czHj;Jk; nrhy; MFk;.[1] nghUs;>

,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; Mwpd; mbg;gilapy; ngaHr;nrhw;fs;
Njhd;Wk;. Mjyhy; ngaHr;nrhy;

1. nghUl; ngaH
2. ,lg; ngaH
3. fhyg; ngaH
4. rpidg; ngaH
5. gz;Gg; ngaH
6. njhopw; ngaH

vd;W MW tifg;gLk;.nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;gtw;iwg;

nghUshjp MW vd;Wk;> nghUs; KjyhW vd;Wk; $WtH.

"ngaHr;nrhy; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpatw;iw czHj;jp tUk;@ Ntw;Wik

Vw;Fk;> fhyk; fhl;lhJ."[3]

njhy;fhg;gpa tpsf;fk;

epyDk; nghUSk; fhyKk; fUtpAk;

12
 tpidKjw; fpstpAk; tpidAk; csg;gl

mt; mWnghUs;

ed;D}y; tpsf;fk;

',LFwp fhuz kuNghL Mf;fk;

njhlHe;J njhopy;my fhyk; Njhw;wh

Ntw;Wikf;F ,ldha;j; jpizghy; ,lj;J xd;W

Vw;gJTk; nghJTk; Mtd ngaNu

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

nghUl;ngaH : kdpjd;> gR> Gj;jfk;

,lg;ngaH : nrd;id> jkpofk;

fhyg;ngaH : kzp> ehs;> khjk;> Mz;L

rpidg;ngaH : fz;> if> jiy

gz;Gg;ngaH : ,dpik> ePyk;> ePsk;> rJuk;

njhopw;ngaH : gbj;jy;> cz;zy;> cwq;Fjy;

,J jtpu NtW gy tpjkhfTk; tifg;gLj;JtJ cz;L. ,tw;wpy; rpytw;iwf; fPNo

fhzyhk;.

1. ,aw;ifg; ngaHfs;

2. Mf;fg; ngaHfs;

1. ,LFwpg; ngaHfs;

2. fhuzg; ngaHfs;

1. rhjhuz ngaHfs;

2. gjpypL ngaHfs;

1. Ez;nghUl; ngaHfs;

2. gUg;nghUl; ngaHfs;

1. capHg; ngaHfs;

13
2. capupy; ngaHfs;

1. caHjpizg; ngaHfs;

2. m/wpizg; ngaHfs;

1. jdpg; ngaHfs;

2. $l;Lg; ngaHfs;

ngaHr;nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;ndhU ngaH gjpypL ngaH

my;yJ khw;Wg; ngaH vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ehd;> eP> mtd;> mts; Nghd;wit gjpypL
ngaHfSf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs; MFk;. gjpypL ngaHfis> %tplg; ngaHfs;> gpw
gjpypL ngaHfs; vd tifg;gLj;JtJ tof;fk;.

%tplg; ngaHfs;> jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glHf;if vd;w %d;W ,lq;fisf;

Fwpj;J tUtdthFk;. ,it xt;nthd;iwAk;> xUikg; ngaHfshfTk; gd;ikg;
ngaHfshfTk; NkYk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

jd;ik : ehd;> ehq;fs;. Kd;dpiy : eP> ePH> jhq;fs;. glHf;if : mtd;> mts;>
mtHfs;> mJ> mit.

jd;ik xUik : ehd;. jd;ik gd;ik : ehq;fs;.

Kd;dpiy xUik : eP> jk;. Kd;dpiy gd;ik : ePH> jhq;fs;.

glHf;if xUik : mtd;> mts;> mJ. glHf;if gd;ik : mtHfs;> mit.

mWtifg; ngaHr;nrhw;fs;:

1. nghUl;ngaH

nghUisf;Fwpf;Fk; ngaH nghUl;ngaH. ,J capUs;s nghUs;fs;> capuw;w

nghUs;fs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

capUs;s nghUl;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngaHfs;:

Fkud;> njd;id> nrk;gUj;jp> nts;shL...Kjypad.

capuw;w nghUl;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngaHfs;:

14
 ehw;fhyp> mLg;G> jl;L> kz;> ePH> fhw;W...Kjypad.

2. ,lg;ngaH

Xuplj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ ,lg;ngaH.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

tPL> njU> gs;sp> Nfhtpy;> fhL> kiy...Kjypad.

3. fhyg;ngaH

fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ngaH fhyg;ngaH.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

nehb> kzp> fpoik> thuk;> Mz;L...Kjypad.

4. rpidg;ngaH

KOikahd xd;wpd; gFjpfisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngaH rpidg;ngaH. rpid vd;why;

cWg;G vd;W nghUs;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

fz;> tpuy;> ,iy> fdp> tpij> nfhk;G...Kjypad.

5. Fzg;ngaH

epwk;> msT> Rit> tbtk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLk; ngaH

Fzg;ngaH. ,J gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gjhy; gz;Gg;ngaH vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

fUik> ntz;ik> ,dpg;G> ctHg;G> md;G> tl;lk;> rJuk;> ...Kjypad.

6. njhopw;ngaH

nra;Ak; njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; ngaH njhopw;ngaH.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

vOJjy;> Mly;> gbj;jy;> fw;gpj;jy;...Kjypad

tpidr;nrhy;

15
 tpidr;nrhy; vd;gJ xU nghUspd; tpidia (nraiy) czHj;JtjhFk;.
v.fh fz;zd; Xbdhd; vd;w njhlupy; Xbdhd; tpidr;nrhy;yhFk;. gok; kuj;jpy;
,Ue;J tPo;e;jJ vd;w trdj;jpy; tPo;e;jJ tpidr;nrhy;yhFk;. KbT ngw;w
tpidr;nrhy; Kw;W vdg;gLk;. KbT ngwhj tpidr;nrhy; vr;rk; vdg;gLk;.

Kw;W ,Utifg;gLk;. mit

1. njupepiy tpidKw;W

2. Fwpg;G tpidKw;W

vr;rk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit

1.nganur;rk;

2.tpidnar;rk;

xU tpidahdJ (nrayhdJ) KbTwhky; njhf;fp epw;gJ vr;rk;. ,jid

vr;rtpid vd;gH. ,j;jifa vr;rtpidahdJ ngaiuf;nfhz;L KbTw;why; mJ
nganur;rk;. tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbTw;why; mJ tpidnar;rk; rhd;W: gbj;j-
,jNdhL ngaiu kl;LNk NrHf;f ,aYk; gbj;J- ,jNdhL tpidia kl;LNk NrHf;f
,aYk; ,g; ngaH> tpid vr;rq;fs; 1.njupepiy 2. Fwpg;G vd ,uz;lhfg;
gFf;fg;gLk;

Kw;W

njupepiy tpidKw;W

nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk;> nra;nghUs; vd;Dk; MiwAk;

czHj;JtJ njupepiy tpidKw;W MFk;

v.fh: fay;tpop khiy njhLj;jhs;

Fwpg;G tpidKw;W

nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; Mwpd; mbg;gilapy;

Njhd;wp> nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk;> nra;nghUs; vd;Dk; MwpDs;
nra;gtdhfpa fUj;jhit kl;Lk; tpsf;FtJ Fwpg;G tpidKw;W MFk;.

v.fh: mtd; nghd;dd;.

vr;rk;

nganur;rk;

16
 nganur;rk; vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy;iy Vw;W KbT ngWk; vr;rtpidr;nrhy; MFk;.
mg;nganur;rk; ,Utifg;gLk;. mit

njupepiyg; nganur;rk;

Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;

njupepiyg; nganur;rk;

fhyj;ijAk;> nraiyAk; czHj;jpepd;W> mWtifg; nghUl;ngaUs;

xd;wpidf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rtpidr;nrhy; njupepiyg; nganur;rk; MFk;

v.fh:

gbj;j khztd;

gbf;fpd;w khztd;

gbf;Fk; khztd;

,j;njhlHfspy; gbj;j> gbf;fpd;w> gbf;Fk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; nghUs; KbT

ngwtpy;iy. mit KiwNa Kf;fhyj;ijAk;> gbj;jy; vd;Dk; nraiyAk;
czHj;jpepd;W khztd; vd;Dk; ngaHr;nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;s;d. ,t;thW>
fhyj;ijAk;> nraiyAk; czHj;jpepd;W> nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk;>
nra;nghUs; Mfpa MW nghUl;ngaUs; xd;wpidf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk;
nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.

Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;

fhyj;ijNah> nraiyNah czHj;jhky; gz;gpid kl;Lk; czHj;jp epd;W

ngaHr;nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rr; nrhy; Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; MFk;.

v.fh:

ey;y khztd;

mofpa kyH

ey;y> mofpa vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; fhyj;ijNah nraiyNah czHj;jhky;

gz;gpid kl;Lk; czHj;jp epd;W> ngaHr; nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sd. fhyj;ij
ntspg;gilahf czHj;jhJ> Fwpg;gpdhy; kl;Lk; czHj;Jtjhy; ,J Fwpg;G
nganur;rk; MFk;.

tpidnar;rk;

17
 tpidnar;rk; vd;gJ tpid Kw;wpidf; nfhz;L KbTWk; fhyq;fhl;Lfpd;w>
Kw;Wngwh tpidr; nrhw;fs; MFk;. tpidnar;rk; njupepiy tpidnar;rk;> Fwpg;G
tpidnar;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

njupepiy tpidnar;rk;

fhyj;ijAk;> nraiyAk; czHj;jp epd;W> xU tpidKw;wpidf; nfhz;L

KbTWk; vr;rtpidr;nrhy; njupepiy tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;

v.fh: gbj;Jj; Njwpdhd;

Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;

fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahf czHj;jhky;> gz;gpid kl;Lk; czHj;jpepd;W> xU

tpidKw;wpidf; nfhz;L KbTWk; vr;rtpidr;nrhy; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;

v.fh: nky;y ele;jhd;

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G

gz;Gj;njhif vd;why; vd;d?

xU nrhy;yhdJ nghUspd; gz;igAk;> Fzj;ijAk; czHj;jpte;jhy; mJ

gz;Gj;njhif MFk;.

(v.fh) nre;jhkiu

gz;Gj;njhifiaf; fz;lwpAk; Kiw

nfhLf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fspy; ve;j nrhy;iyg; gpupf;Fk; NghJ 'ik' tpFjp

tUfpwNjh mJ gz;Gj;njhif vdf; fz;lwpf.

'nre;jhkiu' vd;w thHj;ijiag; gpupj;jhy; nrk;ik ñ jhkiu vd;W gpupAk;.

'ik' tpFjp njupfpwjh. xU thHj;ijia rupahf gpupj;jhy; jhd; 'ik'

tpFjpiaf; fzlwpa KbAk;.

epwj;ij Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;:

gRik> ePyk;> ntz;ik

Fzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;:

ed;ik> jPik> nfhLik> nghwhik

Ritiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;:

18
 fhuk;> Gspg;G> frg;G

tbtj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;:

rJuk;> tl;lk;> ehw;fuk;

,U nganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif :

rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; Kd;Dk; nghJg; ngaHfs; gpd;Dk; epd;W ,ilapy; “Mfpa"

vDk; gz;G cUG kiwe;J tUtNj ,U nganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif MFk;.

(v.fh)

rhiug;ghk;G> ehfg;ghk;G> ,e;jpaehL> jkpo;ehL>

khkuk;> Fkupg;ngz;> thiokuk;> jhkiug;g+

nghUl;nry;tk;> fly;ePH > ijj;jpq;fs;> mtpczT

mutiz> nrUf;fsk; Nghd;wit.

tpidj;njhifiaf; fz;lwpAk; Kiw

%d;W fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jp ngaHr; nrhy;yhy; jOtg; ngw;WtUk; njhlNu

tpidj;njhif MFk;.

(v.fh) CWfha;> tpupfjpH

nghJthf njhif nrhw;fspy; ,uz;Lk; nrhw;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.

(v.fh) tpidj;njhif - CWfha;

tpidj;njhifapy; ,Unrhw;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. Kjy; nrhy;yhdJ tpidr;nrhy;yhf

,Uf;Fk;. ,uz;lhtJ nrhy;yhdJ ngaHr;nrhy;yhf ,Uf;Fk;.

CWfha; vd;gjpy; CW vd;gij tpidr;nrhy;yhfTk; fha; vd;gij

ngaHr;nrhy;yhfTk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;f.

,e;j CWfha; vd;w nrhy;ypy; %d;W fhyq;fSk; kiwe;J ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Cwpa fha; - tpupe;j fjpH - ,we;jfhyk;

19
CWfpd;w fha; - tpupfpd;w fjpH -epfo;fhyk;

CWk; fha; - tpupAk; fjpH - vjpHfhyk;

,g;nghOJ %d;Wfhyq;fSk; ntspg;gLfpwJ my;yth. ,ijg; Nghy

nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpilfspy; ve;j nrhy;yhdJ %d;W fhyq;fisAk; cs;slf;fp
tUfpwNjh mJNt tpidj;njhif vd KbT nfhs;Sq;fs;.

(v.fh)

1) glHnfhb

glHe;j nfhb- ,we;jfhyk;

glHfpd;w nfhb- epfo;fhyk;

glUk; nfhb- vjpHfhyk;

2) RLNrhW

Rl;lNrhW - ,we;jfhyk;

RLfpd;wNrhW - epfo;fhyk;

RLk;NrhW - vjpHfhyk;

3) FbePH

Fbj;jePH- ,we;jfhyk;

Fbf;fpd;wePH- epfo;fhyk;

Fbf;Fk;ePH- vjpHfhyk;

nfhLf;fg; gl;bUf;fpw midj;J tpilfisAk; nrhy;yp nrhy;ypg;ghUq;fs;.

,uz;Lk; nrhw;fs; tuhj tpilia ePf;fp tpLq;fs;. Kf;fhyj;ijAk; czHj;Jfpwjh
vd;W ghUq;fs;. xU tpil kl;Lk; jhd; Kf;fhyj;ijAk; czHj;Jk;. %d;W jtwhd
tpilfs; ngnur;rkhfNth tpidnar;rkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. jtwhd tpilfs
Gwe;js;Stjd; %yKk; rupahd tpiliaf; fz;Lgpbf;fyhk;.

thf;fpa tiffs;

fUj;J Kw;Wg; ngw;w nrhw;nwhlH thf;fpak; vdg;gLk; vd;gJ NkNy

Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,t;thf;fpaq;fisf; fUj;J mbg;gilapYk; mikg;G mbg;gilapYk;
tpid mbg;gilapYk; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

20
fUj;J tif thf;fpaq;fs;

fUj;J tifapy; thf;fpaq;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:

1) nra;jp thf;fpak;

2) fl;lis thf;fpak;

3) tpdh thf;fpak;

4) czHr;rp thf;fpak;

nra;jp thf;fpak; vd;gJ> $w te;j nra;jpiaj; njspthff; $WtjhFk;.

(v.L) jpUts;StH jpUf;Fwis vOjpdhH.

fl;listhf;fpak; vd;gJ> Kd;dhy; epw;gtiu xU nraiyr; nra;a VTtjhFk;.

(v.L) jpUf;Fwisg; gb

tpdh thf;fpak; vd;gJ> xUtuplk; xd;iw tpdTtjhf miktjhFk;.

(v.L.) jpUf;Fwis vOjpatH ahH?

czHr;rp thf;fpak; vd;gJ> tpag;G> mr;rk; Kjypa czHr;rpfis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf miktjhFk;.

(v.L) vd;Nd ! jpUf;Fwspd; nghUl; rpwg;G.

mikg;G tif thf;fpaq;fs;

thf;fpaq;fis mikg;G tifapy; %d;W tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit>

1) jdp thf;fpak;

2) njhlH thf;fpak;

3) fyit thf;fpak;

jdp thf;fpak; vd;gJ> XH vOthNah gy vOtha;fNsh ngw;W xU

gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtjhFk;.

(v.L.)

ghup te;jhd;.

ghupAk; fgpyDk; te;jdH.

21
 njhlH thf;fpak; vd;gJ> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gadpiyfisg; ngw;WtUk;
thf;fpakhFk;.

(v.L.) jkpourp Nghl;bapy; gq;Nfw;whs;@ ntw;wp ngw;whs;@ gupR ngw;whs;.

fyit thf;fpak; vd;gJ> Kw;Wj; njhluhf mike;j xU Kjd;ik

thf;fpaKk; vr;rj; njhlHfshf mike;j gy Jiz thf;fpaq;fSk; fye;J tUk;
thf;fpakhFk;.

(v.L.)

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fis Mo;e;J fw;W> mjd;top ele;J> tho;f;ifapy; Kd;Ndw

midtUk; Kay Ntz;Lk;.

tpid tif thf;fpaq;fs;

thf;fpaq;fspy; tpidfs;> Kw;whfNth vr;rkhfNth ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

mt;tpidfspd; mbg;gilapy; mtw;iwg; ngw;W tUk; thf;fpaq;fs; ngaH
ngWfpd;wd. ,t;thf;fpaq;fis %d;W tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

1) cld;ghl;L tpid Æ vjpHkiw tpid thf;fpaq;fs;

2) nra;tpid Æ nrag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpaq;fs;

3) jd;tpid Æ gpwtpid thf;fpaq;fs;

1) cld;ghL Æ vjpHkiw tpid thf;fpaq;fs;

,t;tif thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; tpidfs; cld;ghl;by; cs;sdth

vjpHkiwapy; cs;sdth vd;gijf; nfhz;L ,t;thf;fpaq;fs; ngaH ngWfpd;wd.

(v.L.)

cld;ghl;L tpid - fhe;jpia midtUk; mwptH.

vjpHkiw tpid - fhe;jpabfis mwpahjhH ,yH.

2) nra;tpid Æ nrag;ghl;Ltpid thf;fpaq;fs;

,t;tif thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; tpidfs; nra;tpidf;F cupadth

nrag;ghl;Lf;F cupadth vd;gijf; nfhz;L ,t;thf;fpaq;fs; ngaHngWfpd;wd.

(v.L.)

nra;tpid - Ngfd; NghHit mspj;jhd;.

22
 nrag;ghl;Ltpid - Ngfdhy; NghHit mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

3) jd;tpid Æ gpwtpid thf;fpaq;fs;

,t;tif thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; tpidfis vOthNa nra;fpwjh my;yJ

jhd; tpidahw;whky; gpwiu mt;tpid nra;aj; J}z;Lfpwjh vd;gijf; nfhz;L
,t;thf;fpaq;fs; ngaH ngWfpd;wd.

(v.L.)

jd; tpid - ghup cz;lhd;

gpw tpid - ghup cz;gpj;jhd;

Kjy; thf;fpaj;jpy; ghup vd;Dk; vOtha; cz;Zk; nraiyr; nra;tjhy; mJ

jd;tpid thf;fpakhfpwJ.

,uz;lhk; thf;fpaj;jpy; cz;Zk; nraiy NtW ahNuh nra;a vOtha;

Jiznra;tjhf cs;sjhy; mJ gpwtpid thf;fpakhfpwJ.

myF - 3

fiyr;nrhy;

fiyr;nrhy; vd;gJ> VjhtJ xU mwpTj;Jiwapy; gad;glf;$ba rpwg;Gr;

nrhw;nwhFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. xt;nthU Jiwf;Fs;Sk; xU fiyr;nrhy;Yf;F xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Fwpg;ghd nghUs;fs; ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. ,it nghJ tof;fpy;
cs;s nghUs;fNshL xj;jpUf;f Ntz;baJ ,y;iy. xU Fwpg;gpl;l Jiw
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhyk; gapyg;gl;L tUk;NghJ mj;Jiwapy; fhzg;gLk; ,j;ijifa
rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fs; nrwpthd nghUis czHj;Jtdthf tsHr;rpailfpd;wd.
,t;thwhd rpwg;Gr; nrhw;nwhFjpapd; ngWkjp xt;nthU nrhy;ypYk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
msT jftiyg; nghjpj;J itj;jpUg;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. fiyr;nrhy; vd;gJ
nrhw;rpf;fdj;NjhL> nghUspy; Moj;ijAk;> Jy;ypaj;jd;ikiaAk; ngWtjw;fhd xU
topKiwAk; MFk;. ,jdhy;> xU JiwrhHe;j ty;YdHfs; jq;fspilNa mj;
JiwrhH tplaq;fisr; RUf;fkhfTk;> Jy;ypakhfTk; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;Ff;
fiyr;nrhw;fs; gaDs;sitahf mikfpd;wd.

nghJr; nrhw;fSk;> fiyr;nrhw;fSk;

NtWghLfs;

tiutpyf;fzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fiyr;nrhw;fs; nghJr; nrhw;fspy; ,Ue;J

gy NtWgl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ldthf cs;sd. Fwpg;ghff; fiyr;nrhw;fspd;
gpd;tUk; gz;Gfs;. mtw;iwg; nghJr; nrhw;fspy; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;Jfpd;wd.

23
 nghJ tof;fpy; gad;glhik

xU JiwrhHe;j FOtpdH kl;Lk; gad;gLj;JtJ

rpwg;Gg; nghUs; ,Ug;gJ

nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; Jiw rhHe;Njhuhy; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLjy;

Ez;nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk;NghJ Mo;e;j nghUis ntspg;gLj;JtJ.

nghJj; jd;ikfs;

MdhYk;> gad;ghl;by; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa nghJj; jd;ikfSk; ,Uf;fNt

nra;fpd;wd. nrhw;fs; nkhopapd; nghJ tof;fpy; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; $l> mk;nkhopapd;
,yf;fz tuk;GfSf;Fs;NsNa gad;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy;> Fwpg;gpl;l xU nkhopiag;
nghWj;jtiu fiyr;nrhw;fs; nghJr; nrhw;fNshL gpd;tUk; nghJj; jd;ikfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sijf; fhzyhk;.

xNu FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ

xNu xypg;GKiw

xNu cUgdpay; mikg;G

xNu njhlupay; tpjpfSf;F miktJ

xNu nrhw;nwhlH tiffisg; gad;gLj;JtJ.

tiffs;

fiyr;nrhw;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nghJ tof;fpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLtjhy;

rhjhuz kf;fSk;> gpw Jiwfisr; rhHe;jtHfSk; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbahjitahf
cs;sd. vdpDk;> vy;yhf; fiyr;nrhw;fSNk nghJtof;fpy; ,y;yhjit vd;W
$wptpLtjw;F ,y;iy. fiyr;nrhw;fshff; fUjg;gLk; gy nrhw;fs; nghJ tof;fpYk;
Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$baitahf ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; ghHf;Fk;NghJ
fiyr;nrhw;fshfg; gad;gLk; nrhw;fis %d;W tiffSf;Fs; mlf;fyhk;.

1. nghJ tof;fpy; cs;sit (%is> gug;gsT> Kf;Nfhzk; Nghd;w nrhw;fs;

,j;jifait)

2. Kw;wpYk; JiwrhHe;jit (nghl;lhrpak; ry;Ngl;L> ngUq;fw;fhyk;> vwpak;>

gpupnkd;wfL Nghd;w fiyr;nrhw;fs; ,e;j tiff;Fs; mlq;Ftd)

24
 3. ,il epiyapy; cs;sit (fzpdp> XNrhd; glyk;> ghiytdkhjy; Nghd;w
rpy nrhw;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; gutyhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba fiyr;nrhw;fs;)

fiyr;nrhw;fs; njhlHgpyhd mZFKiwfs;

fiyr;nrhw;fis cs;slf;fpa rpwg;G nkhoptof;Ffs; nkhopapd; xU gFjp

vd;w mstpy;> mJ czHT ntspg;ghl;Lf;Fk;> njhlHghlYf;Fkhd xU Clfk; vd;w
mbg;giliaNa ngUk;ghyhd mZFKiwfs; nghJthff; nfhz;bUe;jd.
gadhspfspd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; nraw;ghl;Lj; NjitfisAk; nghWj;J>
mZFKiwfspilNa NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;ld. njhlf;fj;jpy; %d;W tpjkhd
mZFKiwfs; ifahsg;gl;ld. ,it> 1) nkhopapay; mZFKiw> 2) nkhopngaHg;G
mZFKiw> 3) jpl;lkply; mZFKiw vd;gd.

nkhopapay; mZFKiwiag; nghWj;jtiu %d;W FOf;fis Kf;fpakhff;

fUjyhk;. xU FOtpdH a+[Pd; t+Rl;lupd; "nghJf; fiyr;nrhy;ypay; Nfhl;ghl;bd;"
mbg;gilapy; jkJ mZF Kiwia mikj;Jf;nfhz;ltHfs;. ,tHfs;
fUj;JUf;fNs Kjd;ikahdit vd;Wk; mtw;Wf;fhd ngauPLfNs fiyr;nrhw;fs;
vddTk; nfhz;ldH. ,f;FOtpdH> fiyr;nrhw;fisg; gd;dhl;L mstpy;
jug;gLj;JjYf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jdH. ,d;ndhU FOtpdH> fiyr;nrhw;fis
cs;slf;fpa rpwg;G nkhoptof;ifg;> nghJ nkhoptof;fpd; xU ghzpahfNt
fUjpaJld;> fiyr;nrhw;fis> nkhopapd; nraw;ghl;L> njhopy;rhH ghzpapd;
myFfshff; nfhz;ldH. %d;whtJ FOtpdH> gd;nkhopr; #oiyg; gpd;dzpahff;
nfhz;L> fUj;JUf;fisAk;> fiyr;nrhw;fisAk; jug;gLj;JtJ njhlHgpy; jkJ
mZFKiwia mikj;Jf;nfhz;ldH.

nkhopngaHg;G mZFKiw nkhopngaHg;GfSf;fhd trjpfis toq;Ftij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j mZFKiw> gd;nkhopf; fiyr;nrhw;fis
cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; mtw;Wf;fhd juTj;jsq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
toq;FtJ.[5] gd;nkhop NgRk; r%fq;fisf; nfhz;l gFjpfspy;> murhq;f
epHthfj; NjitfSf;F ,e;j mZFKiw ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ. mjpfhug+Htf;
fiyr;nrhw;fis nkhopngaHg;ghsHfs; vy;NyhUk; gad;gLj;Jtijf; fiyr;nrhy;
juTj;jsk; cWjpnra;fpwJ.

fiyr;nrhy; jug;gLj;jy;

a+[Pd; t+Rl;lH (Eugen Wüster)

fiyr;nrhw;fs; ePz;lfhy tuyhW nfhz;lit. vdpDk;> mf;fhyq;fspy;

fiyr;nrhw;fs; njhlHgpy; xUikg;ghL fhzg;gltpy;iy. mwptpay;> njhopEl;gk;
kw;Wk; Gjpa mwpTj; Jiwfs; Ntfkhf tsHr;rpaile;J te;jNghJ> gd;dhl;lstpyhd
njhlHGfSf;Fk; mwpTg; gutYf;Fk; fiyr;nrhw;fisj; jug;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
czug;gl;lJ. 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; MRj;jpupa ehl;ilr; NrHe;jtUk;>
25
fiyr;nrhy;ypaypd; je;ij vdf; fUjg;gLgtUkhd a+[Pd; t+Rl;lH vd;gtH ,J
njhlHghd Ma;Tfspy; <Lgl;lhH. 1931 Mk; Mz;by; ,tH vOjpa njhopy;El;gf;
fiyr; nrhw;fisg; gd;dhl;lstpy; jug;gLj;jy; vd;Dk; nrUkd; nkhop E}y;>
gd;dhl;Lj; jug;gLj;jy; mikg;gpd; fPo; fiyr;nrhy; jug;gLj;jYf;fhd gd;dhl;Lj;
njhopy;El;gf; FO xd;W cUthff; fhuzkhdJ. ,f;FO 1967 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J
1973 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; fiyr;nrhw;fisj; jug;gLj;jy; njhlHghd VO
mbg;gil Mtzq;fis ntspapl;lJ.

t+Rl;lUk; gpw Ma;thsHfSld; NrHe;J Ma;Tfis epfo;j;jpf; fiyr;nrhy;

nghJf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilfs;> gd;dhl;Lf; fiyr;nrhw;fs; vd;gd cs;spl;l gy
E}y;fis vOjpdhH. ,tw;wpd; %yk;> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;f topKiwfs;>
fiyr;nrhw;fisj; njspTgLj;jy;> Mtzg;gLj;jy;> xypngaHg;G Nghd;wit
njhlHghd gy fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jpdhH.

fiyr; nrhw;fs; cUthf;fk;

fiyr; nrhw;fs; 5 tifahd epiyfspy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

1. xyp ngaHg;G
2. vOj;Jg; ngaHg;G
3. jkpohf;fk;
4. fyg;G nrhy;
5. fld; nkhopngaHg;G
6. GJr; nrhy; gilj;jy;

xyp ngaHg;G

Pasparas - gh];gu];> America – mnkupf;fh>

Aircel - VHnry;> Sun TV – rd;> b.tp.

jkpof;fk;

Acid – mkpyk;> Shirt – rl;il.

fyg;Gr; nrhy;

Ioinization – madp Mf;fk;> ve;jpu fyit.

fld; nkhop ngaHg;G

Television – njhiyf;fhl;rp

26
 GJr;nrhy; gilj;jy;

Bicycle – kpjptz;b> <UUsp.

Television – rpd;dj;jpiu.

mit – vd;gJ Ez;zpa nghUs; vd;W gz;ila jkpofj;jpy;

toq;fg;gl;L te;j nrhy;yhFk;. ,d;W Neclus vd;w cl;fUit mZ vd;W
miof;fpNwhk;. md;iwa nrhy;yhapDk; md;iwa fUj;Jf;F khWgl;L > jw;NghJ
Gjpa Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;ghd Necluer-f;F mg;ngaiu miog;gjhy; mr;nrhy;
~fiyr;nrhy;| vd;W miof;f Ntz;ba #oYk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

fld; nkhopngaHg;gpy; nrhy;Yf;F nrhy; nkhopngaHj;jYk; cz;L.

Full wave rectifier – KO miy jpUj;jp.

Magnetic power – fhe;j rf;jp.

fld; fyg;G (loan bled) jkpo;ñMq;fpyk; (or) Mq;fpyk; ñ jkpo; ® fyg;G nrhy;.

ikf;Nuh Nghd; ñ jfL - ikf;NuhNghd; jfL.

Nlg; ñ fs; - Nlg;fs;.

kpd; ñ fg;is - kpd;rg;is.

vf;]; ñ fjpH - vf;];fjpH (Gw Cjhf; fjpHfs;)

FNshdpq; ñ Kiw - FNshdpq; Kiw. (nraw;if fUj;jupg;G Kiw)

Microscope – Ez; ñ Nehf;fp - Ez;Nzhf;fp> ,J fyg;ghy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

GJ nrhy; ,it fiyr;nrhy;Ny.

Ampere – Mk;gpay;> Joule – [{y; (#y;) Calcium –fhy;rpak;> Cadmium –

fhl;kpak;> Carbon – fhHgd;> Photon –/Nghl;lhd;> Meter – kPl;lH> Sulphite –
ry;/igl;L> Diesel – Bry;> Petrol – ngl;Nuhy;.

fhHy;khHf;];> mnkupf;fd; nt];Gfp> Id;]B

; d;> rhHy]; lhHtpd; GJg;
ngaHr;nrhw;fs;

,Q;rp – (Zingiber Officinale) kpsF – (Piper nigrum) ,r;nrhw;fSs; jkpOs;

gz;ila fhyj;Nj cUthfpa ek; nkhopr; nrhw;fs; MFk;. MfNt> ,it
fiyr;nrhw;fs; vd;W $w KbahJ. Jiw uPjpapy; ek; nkhopahyHfs; Zingiber Piper
vd;W gad;gLj;jpdhy; mtw;wpid fiyr; nrhw;fs; vd;W Ntz;Lkhdhy; miof;fyhk;.
27
 cyf tof;if mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; X – Ray – vf;]; Nu> vf;];
fjpHfs;. Sin – ird;.

cyf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs;> #j;jpuq;fis khw;wkpy;yhJ

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

FwpaPL - > > .

#j;jpuk; – E - mc2> Co2> H2o

fiyr;nrhw;fis cUthf;Fk; Kiw

xU nkhop ngaHg;ghsUf;Fupa midj;J jFjpfSk; fiyr;

nrhy;yhf;FgtUf;Fk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt fiyr;nrhw;fis cUthf;f %y
nkhopapYk; (Source Language) ngW nkhopapYk; (Target Language) ed;F NjHr;rp
ngw;W jkpowpT> Jiw> mwpT Mfpatw;iw nfhz;L nghUl; nrwpTk; fUj;jhoKk;
kpf;f vspa nrhy;iyj; ju jFjpAilatH kl;LNk fiyr;nrhw;fis nrk;ikahf
cUthf;f Vw;wtuhthH.

fiyr;nrhy;iy xypg;ngaHg;G (Translileration) nkhop ngaHg;G (Translation)

GJr; nrhy;yhf;fk; ( Coining new words) Mfpa VNjDk; xU Kiwapy; cz;lhf;fyhk;.

tof;Fr; nrhw;fisAk; tl;lhu nkhopfisAk; nghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J VNjDk;

xU kf;fs; njhlHG mikg;gpd; %yk; ngwyhk;.

may; ehLfspy; thOk; jkpo; kf;fsplkpUe;Jk; ,yq;if Nghd;w mz;ik

ehLfspypUe;Jk; ,JfhWk; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;s fiyr; nrhw;fisj; njhFf;fyhk;.

fiyf;fjpy;> fsQ;rpak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ntspahFk; fiyr; nrhw;fis

njhFf;fyhk;.

njhopy; njhlHghd nrhw;fSf;F Vw;w fiyr; nrhw;fis cUthf;Fk; NghJ

mj;njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;NshuplkpUe;J njhFj;jy; rpwg;G> v-L: Hammer vd;Dk;
nrhy;ypw;Fj; jr;ruplkpUe;J Rj;jpay; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; ngwyhk;.

nghUj;jkhd fiyr;nrhw;fs; jkpopy; fpilf;fhjNghj eilKiwg; gad; fUjp

xypg;ngaHf;fyhk; my;yJ gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,t;tpuz;L
epiyapYk; milg;Gf; FwpfSf;Fs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ed;F NjHr;rpaile;j NguwpQHfs; kw;Wk; rpwe;j

nkhopngaHg;ghsHfs; nfhz;l Maf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;Lk;> mtHfs; fzpg;nghwp
JiwapYk; kpfr; rpwe;jNjhuha;> cs;stHfs; epakpf;fg;gl;L> gy;NtW fiyr;
nrhw;fis Nrfupg;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp> Gjpa Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;F Ntw;W ehl;lhH

28
cUthf;Fk; ngaHr;nrhy;ypw;F ek; nkhop rhHe;j ngaHr;nrhy;iy cldbahf
kf;fsplj;J toq;Ftjw;Fupa> #oiy ifahSjYk;> fzpg;nghwpf;Fs; kpfr; rupahf
Gjpa fiyr;nrhy;iy ifahs;tJk; kpFe;j> Kf;fpakhd mtrpakhFk;.

myF – 4

fbjk; vOJjy;

Kd;Diu:

fbjk xU kdpjdJ vz;zf; fUj;Jf;fis kw;wtHfSf;F ntspg;gLj;Jk; xU

fUtpahFk;. ehk; Nehpy; fz;L ciuahl ,ayhj epiyapy; cs;s ez;gHfs;>
cwtpdHfs;> mYtyHfs; MfpaNahhplkpUe;J nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;sf;
fbjq;fs; cjTfpd;wd.

fbjq;fs; gy tifg;gLk;. ez;gUf;Fk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk; cwtpdHfSf;Fk;

(personal letter) vOJk; fbjq;fs;> tzpf epWtdq;fSf;F vOJk; fbjq;fs; (official
letter) muR mYtyHfSf;F vOJk; fbjq;fs; vd gy tif cs;sd.

fbjk; vOJtJk; xU fiyahFk;. mJ gilg;ghw;wy; rhHe;j jpwdhFk;.

cufg;Gfo; ngw;w jiytHfs; vOjpa fbjq;fs; E}y;fshf ntspte;J kf;fspd;
,jaq;fspy; ,lk;gpbj;Js;sd. jfty; njhlHGf;F fbjk; ,d;wpaikahj xd;whFk;.
fbjk; gy tifg;gLk;. fbjk; vOJk; Kiwfspy; tpy vy;yhtiff; fbjq;fSf;Fk;
nghJthdjhf cs;sd. fbjj;jpw;Ff; fbjk; rpy Kiwfs; NtWgLfpd;wd vdNt>
vt;tiff; fnjk; vOJfpNwhNkh> mjw;Jhpa Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthd rpy fbj cWg;Gfs;

1. jiyg;G 6. ifnahg;gk;

2. EioTiu (m) KfTiu 7. ,lk; - ehs;

3. tpspr;nrhy; (m) tpspj;njhlH 8. Kfthp

4. nra;jp (m) fUj;J 9.epWj;jw; Fwpfs;

5. Kfg;Gj; njhlH 10.nghUs;

1.jiyg;G

NtiyNtz;b tpz;zg;gk;> tpLg;G tpz;zg;gk;> GfhHfbjk; vd;W fbjq;fspy;

jiyg;ghf mikAk;. NkYk; ehk; Vw;fdNt ez;gHfSf;Fk; cwtpdHfSf;Fk; fbjk;

29
vOjpdhy;> jhspy; Kjy; gf;fj;jpd; tyJ Xuk; Nky;gf;fj;jy; vOgthpd; tpyhrk;
RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;.

v-L: 1 NtiyNtz;b tpz;zg;gk;

tpLg;G tpz;zg;gk;

v-L: 2 10> t.c.rp efH Kjy; njU

kJiu – 625 019.

2. EioTu (m) KfTiu:

jiyg;Gf;F mLj;J> fbjk; vOJgtUf;Fk; fbjk; ngWgtUf;Fk; ,ilNa

vd;d cwNth me;j cwTg; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;L vOJtjhFk;.

v-L: 1. mUik kfs; jkpourpf;F cd; md;Gs; mg;gh vOjpf; nfhs;tJ.

2 gphpaKs;s ez;gd; kzpf;F cdjUik ez;gd; fjpH vOjpf; nfhs;stJ.

3. kjpg;GkpF MrphpaH mtHfSf;F

3. tpspr;nrhy; (m) tpspj;njhlH

EioTiuf;Ff; fPNo mLj;J vOj Ntz;baJ tpspj;jyhFk;. EioTiuf;Ff;

fPo; fbjj;jpd; ,lg;Gwj;jpy; fbjk; ahUf;F vOJfpNwhNkh mtHfis tpwpg;gJ
mtrpak;.

v-L: md;Gs;s mk;kh>

md;GilaPH>

ngUe;jifaPH>

kjpg;gpw;FhpaPH>

kjpg;GkpF MrphpaH mtHfNs>

4. nra;jp (m) fUj;J:

tpspj;jYf;F mLj;J vOj Ntz;baJ nra;jpahFk;. ,JNt fbjj;jpd;

,d;wpaikahj gFjpahFk;. vt;tiff; fbjk; vOJfpNwhNkh mjw;Nfw;g ,g;gFjp
mikAk;;> ,g;gFjp njspthf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. Njitaw;w nrhw;fis ePf;fp nrhy;y
tpUk;Gk; nra;jpia my;yJ fUj;ijg; GhpAk;gb Neubahf vOjNtz;Lk; Njitaw;w

30
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp mbj;jy;> jpUj;jy; ,d;wp gbf;fj; J}z;Lk; tifapy;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Njitg;gl;lhy;> rpWgj;jpfshfg; gphpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;

5. Kbg;Gj; njhlH

fbjj;jpy; fUjJg; gFjp vOjpa gpwF fPo;g;gFjpapy; tYJ gf;fk; fbjk;

vOjpatiug;gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ ,J ahH – ahUf;F vOjg;gl;lJ vd;gijg;
Ghpaitf;Fk;. fbjj;jpw;F fbjk; Kbg;Gj; njhlH NtWgLk;.

1. mg;gh> mk;kh kw;Wk; md;Gs;s

cwptpdH vd;why; md;G khg;gps;is

2. ez;gHfsp vOjpa MUapHj; Njhod;

fbjk; vd;why; vd;Wk; md;Gld;

3. tzpfHfs; kw;Wk; jq;fs; md;Gs;s> ed;wpAs;s

nghJthd jbjk; vd;why; ed;wpAld;> md;Gld;

4. caujpfhhpfSf;F vOJk; jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>

fbjk; vd;why;

5. MrphpaH> Kjy;tUf;F jq;fs; fPo;g;gbjYs;s

khztHfs; vOJk;

fbjk; vd;why;

6. ifnahg;gk;:

Kbg;Gj; njhlUf;Ff; fPo; ifnahg;gk; ,lNtz;Lk;. ifNaOj;J ,y;yhj

fbjj;ij ek;ktH ‘nkhl;ilf; fbjk; vd;W $WtH. mYtyff; fbjk;> tzpff;fbjk;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; ifnaOj;jpLk;NghJ> ifnaOj;Jj; njspthfj; njhpahtpl;lhy;
milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; njspthf ngaH> gjtp vOj Ntz;Lk;

v-L 1 jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s

m. fjpH

v-L 2 (m. fjpH ,sepiy cjtpahsH)

31
7. ,lk; - ehs;:

,lk;> ehs; fbjj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. cwtpdH ez;gHfSf;F

vOJk; fbjj;jpy; vq;F ,lk; ehs; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lnkd;gJk; mYtyff; fbjq;fspy;
vq;F ,lk;> ehs; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; ed;F njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

1. cwtpdH kw;Wk; ez;gHfSf;F vOJk; fbjj;jpy;> Nky; gFjpapy; tyJ Xuk; ,lk;>
ehs; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

kJiu

21.02.2020

2. mYtyff; fbjq;fspy; ‘jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s’ vd;w Kbg;Gg;G vjpuhf ,lk;> ehs;

Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;

,lk; : kJiu jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>

ehs; : 21.02.2020

8. Kfthp:

fbjj;jpd; NkYiwapy; fbjk; ahUf;F vOJfpNwhNkh mtHfspd; Kfthpiaj;

njspthf vOjNtz;Lk;. ngWeH jFjp> kjpg;G Mfpad Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;

v–L: 1

KidtH F. Kj;Jr;rhkp vk;.V>vk;/gpy;>gp.vr;.b.>

jkpo;j;Jiwj; jittH>

v]; nts;sr;rhkp ehlhH fy;Y}hp>

kJiu.

v-L:2

khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiytH mtHfs;>

khtl;l Ml;rpaH mYtyfk;>

jpz;Lf;fy;

v-L: 3

32
 jpU. m. fjpH

jÆng. rp. mofHrhkp

10> ghujpahH njU>

Ie;jkpo; efH>

kJiu – 625 020.

9. epWj;jw;Fwpfs;:

fbjj;jpy; vq;nfq;F epWj;jw;Fwpfs; ,lNtz;LNkh mq;fq;F fz;bg;ghf

,Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.

1.tpyhrk; vOJk; NghJ epWj;jw;Fwpfs; mtrpak; ,l Ntz;Lk;.

v-L:

KidtH F. Kj;Jr;rhkp vk;.V>vk;/gpy;>gp.vr;.b.>

jkpo;j;Jiwj; jittH>

v]; nts;sr;rhkp ehlhH fy;Y}hp>

kJiu.

2. tpspj;njhlH vOjpagpd; epWj;jw;Fwp mtrpak; ,lNtz;Lk;.

v-L

md;Gs;s>

ngUe;jifaPH>

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa ma;ah>

10. nghUs;:

mYtyff; fbjq;fspy; nghUs; gw;wp;f; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,J tpspg;Gj;

njhlUf;F vjpuhf ,Ug;gJ eyk;.

v-L:

33
 FbePH trjp Nfl;L khtl;l Ml;rpj;jiytUf;F vOJk; fbjj;jpy;…

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa ma;ah>

nghUs;: FbePH trjp NfhUtJ njhlHghf

1.GfhHf; fbjk;

mYtyfq;fSf;Fg; nghJkf;fs; mDg;Gk; fbjq;fs; kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy;

rpwe;j ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wd. nghJkf;fSf;F cs;s Fiwfs; vz;zw;wit. jdpg;gl;l
KiwapYk; nghJthd KiwapYk; jq;fSf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s Fiwfis vLj;Jf; $wp
mtw;iwf; fisAk; tifapy; cjtp nra;AkhW Nfl;L muR mYtyfq;fSf;Fg;
nghJkf;fspd; fbjq;fs; mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd.

nghJthf mYtyff; fbjq;fs; gpd;tUk; Nfhhpf;iffs; gw;wp mjpf mstpy;

mDg;gLfpd;wd.

1. Xa;T+jpak; Nfl;L 2. cjtpj;njhif ehb 3. kpd; ,izg;G toq;f Ntz;b 4.

mDkjp Ntz;b 5. Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fisr; nray;gLj;j 6. fy;tp epWtdq;fspy;
khztHfs; rhd;wpjo;fs; Nfl;L…. vd ,t;thW mikfpd;wd. ,it jtpu
epWtdq;fspd; nray;Kiwf; fbjq;fs;> tzpff; fbjq;fs; Nghd;wdTk; mYtyff;
fbjq;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

khjphpf; fbjq;fs;

1.Nghf;Fruj;J Vw;ghl;by; rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;a Ntz;b khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F fbjk;

vOJf.

mDg;GeH

rp. uhkd;

63> gps;isahH Nfhtpy; njU>

gthdp>

<NuhL khtl;lk;.

ngWeH:

34
 khtl;l Ml;rpaH mtHfs;>

<NuhL khtl;lk;

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa ma;ah>

nghUs;: Nghf;Ftuj;J Vw;ghl;by; rPHjpUj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Ljy; njhlHghf

ekJ khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s gthdp efiuAk; Nryk; khtl;lk;

Fkhughisaj;ijAk; ,izg;gJ gioa fhNthp <w;Wg; ghykhFk;. ,e;jg; ghyk;
kpfTk; FWfpaJ. vdpDk; midj;J tif thfdq;fSk; ,g;ghyj;jpd; topahfj;jhd;
nry;y Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jdhy; ghyj;jpUk; ghuj;ij xl;bAk; Nghf;Ftuj;J nehpry;
ehs;NjhWk; kpFjpahfp tUfpd;wJ. gs;spr; rpWtHfSf;F ,g;Nghf;Ftuj;J neUf;fb
kpfTk; njhy;iyahfTk; Mgj;ij tpistpg;gjhfTk; cs;sJ.

vdNt> fhiy> khiy Ntisfspy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhty; Jiwapdiug;

ghyj;jpw;F mUfpy; epWj;jp itj;J nehpriyj; jtpHf;f Vw;ghL nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;. NkYk; fhiy> khiy Ntisfspy; fduf thfdq;fs; gioa
ghyk; topahfr; nry;tijj; jil tpjpj;J Mizapl Ntz;LfpNwd;.

,J ,g;gFjp tho; kf;fspd; ePz;lehs; Nfhhpf;ifahFk; ,Jgw;wp khtl;l

Ml;rpaH clNd eltbf;if vLf;FkhW gzpTld; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

gthdp ,g;gbf;F>

21.05.2020 jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s

rp.uhkd;.

2.tpz;zg;;gk;

tpz;zg;gk; vd;why; Ntz;Ljy; vd;W nghUs;. Fwpg;gpl;l gzp Ntz;bNah>

trjpfs; nra;J ju Ntz;bNah ,t;tiff; fbjq;fs; vOjg;gLfpd;wd.

ehspjopy; ntspahd Ntiy tha;g;G tpsk;gujijf; fz;L tpz;zg;gpj;jy;.

mDg;GeH

f. Ntyd;

53> ghujp njU>

jpz;btdk;>

35
 tpOg;Guk khtl;lk;.

ngWeH

,af;FeH mtHfs;>

nghjpif njhiyf;fhl;rp epiyak;>

nrd;id- 18

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Ia;ah>

nghUs;: epfo;rr
; pj; njhFg;ghsH gzp njhlHghf.

ghHit: jpdkyH ehspjo; 3.04.2020 md;W ntspte;j tpsk;gu vz; - 35

nghjpif njhiyf;fhl;rp epiyaj;jpw;F epfo;rr

; p njhFg;ghsH Njit vd;w
jq;fsJ tpsk;guj;ijf; fz;Nld;. ehd; ey;y Fuy; tsKk; ebg;Gj; jpwDk; ngw;wtd;.
gy;fiyf;fof mstpyhd Ngr;Rg; Nghl;bfspy; gy ghpRfs; ngw;Ws;Nsd;. fy;Y}hpapy;
eilngw;w gy fiy tpohf;fSf;F ehd; epfor;rpj; njhFg;gsuhfr; nray;gl;Ls;Nsd;.
vdf;Fj; jkpOk; Mq;fpyKk; ruskhfg; NgrTk; vOjTk; njhpAk;. jq;fs;
tpsk;guj;jpd;gb vd;id mg;gzpf;Fj; NjHe;JnjLj;jhy; jq;fs; epWtdj;jpd;
nray;ghLfSf;F kpfTk; cWJizahf ,Ue;J gzpahw;WNtd;. vdNt> jia$He;J
,t;tpz;zg;gj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;L Mtd nra;AkhW gzpTld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwd;.

ed;wp>

jpz;btdk; ,g;gbf;F>

5.04.2020 jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s

f. Ntyd;

,izg;G

1. Ra tptuf; Fwpg;G.

2. Fuy; tsk; gjpT nra;j FWe;jl;L.

ciwNky; Kfthp

ngWeh;

,af;FeH mtHfs;>

36
 nghjpif njhiyf;fhl;rp epiyak;>

nrd;id – 18.

myF – 5

fl;Liu

fl;Liuf;F xU fr;rpjkhd tbtk; Njit. gf;f msT Kf;fpak;. Ma;Tiu

Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lJ. Kf;fpakhd NtWghL ,Jjhd;. fl;Liuf;F xNu xU
Nfhzk;jhd; cz;L. Ma;Tiu gyNfhzq;fspy; xU fUj;ij Kd;itg;gJ

fl;Liu Vw;fdNt Muha;e;J njspe;jtw;iw vLj;Jf;$Wk; jd;ik

nfhz;lJ.Ma;Tiu xt;nthd;whf vLj;J Muha;e;J ghHf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
fl;Liuapy; tpupthd tpsf;fq;fNsh tpthjq;fNsh epfo;j;j KbahJ. mjw;FupaJ
Ma;TiuNa.

etPdf; fl;Liu tbtj;jhy; rpWfijiag;Nghd;wJ.

m gsPnud;w njhlf;fk;

M. ghk;G CHtJ Nghy ruruntd;w Nghf;F

,. ftdj;jpy; Mog;gjpAk; ~Kj;jha;g;G| nfhz;l KbT

— vd rpWfijf;Fupa %d;W mbg;gil ,ay;GfSk; fl;Liuf;Fk; Njit.

rpwe;jfl;Liuapd; mbgg;ilf; Fzk; ,JNt– mJ tsHj;jNyh jpir

jpUk;gNyh ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk;. ~fr;rpjkhd fl;Liu| vd;w tup ~rpwe;j fl;Liu|
vd;gjw;F rkkhdNj.

ey;y fl;Liu vOJtjd; rpy eilKiw tpjpfs; ,it.

1. fl;Liu vijg;gw;wpaJ vd xNu xUtupapy; nrhy;y cq;fshy; KbaNtz;Lk;.

mJNt mjd; ikak;. mjhtJ ~fU|

2. fl;Liuapy; Kjy;tupapNyNa me;j fU Neubahf ntspg;gLtJ ey;yJ. my;yJ

me;jf; fUit Nehf;fp Neubahfr; nry;Yk; xU top me;j Kjy;tupapy; jpwe;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;

3. me;j ikaf;fUit epWtf;$ba tpthjq;fshf njhlHe;JtUk; tupfs;

ntspgg;lNtz;Lk;. mjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs;> mij epWTk; epfo;rr
; pfs;> mDgtq;fs;>
mij kWf;Fk; thjq;fSf;fhd gjpy;fs; Mfpait.

37
4 .fl;Liuapy; Ngrg;gLk; fUj;Jf;F Mjhuk; fhl;Lk;NghJ typikahd xU Mjhuk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy; NghJk;. xd;Wf;FNky; Mjhuq;fisf; nfhLf;fNtz;ba Njit
,y;iy. mJ fl;Liuia NrhHTw;wjhf Mf;Fk;. ngUk;ghYk; xU cjhuzj;ij ehk;
nrhy;ypaJNk mNjNghd;w gy cjhuzq;fs; ek; epidTf;F tUk;. mtw;iw
tupirahf nrhy;ypr;nry;Yk; cw;rhfk; Vw;gLk;.mJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.

5. tupirahf Mjhuq;fs; nfhLj;J xd;iw epWTtjhf ,Ue;jhy; fl;Liuapd;

Nehf;fNk mJthf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;> NtW tp\aNk fl;Liuapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

6 .fl;Liuapy; xU tp\ak; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;NghJ mf;fl;Liuapd; tpthjj;Jf;F vd;d

NjitNah mijkl;LNk mt;tp\aj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLj;J Kd;itf;fNtz;Lk;.
Rthu]pakhf ,Uf;fpwNj vd njhlHgpy;yhjdtw;iw nrhy;y Kayf;$lhJ.
cjhuzk;> Kf mWit rpfpo;ri
; r gw;wpa xU fl;Liuapy; ikf;Nfy; [hf;]idg;gw;wp
nrhy;ytUk;NghJ mtuJ rkPgj;jpa ,irj;jl;bd; tpw;gid vj;jid yl;rk; vd;w
jfty; Njitapy;iy

7 .fl;Liu xNu cly; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,U jdp tp\aq;fs;

,izf;fg;gl;lJNghy Njhd;wNt $lhJ. xU tp\aj;Jf;F xU fl;Liu vd;gNj
ey;yJ

8 .fl;Liuapy; Kd;Diu >my;yJ gPbif ,Ue;jJ vd;why; mJ mf;fl;Liuapy;

mstpy; vl;by; xUgFjpf;Fk; FiwthfNt ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. vt;tsT RUf;fkhd
gPbif ,Uf;fpwNjh me;j msTf;F ey;yJ. gPbif fz;bg;ghf ikaf;fUit
Rl;lNtz;Lk;– El;gkhfNtDk;.

9. ikaf;fUtpypUe;J tpyfp rpy jfty;fis my;yJ fUj;Jf;fisr; nrhy;tjhf

,Ue;jhy; mtw;iw ,ilntl;Lfshf xUtupapy; my;yJ ,uz;L tupapy; nrhy;ypr;
nry;tJ ey;yJ. milg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs; nrhy;tJ> — Nghl;Lr; nrhy;tJ rpwg;G.

10.fl;Liuf;F jfty;fs; vg;NghJk; mtrpak;. Mdhy; vj;jid Kf;fpakhd jftyhf

,Ue;jhYk; mJ fl;Liuia tul;rpahdjhf Mf;Fk;. MfNt jfty;fis
vg;gbnay;yhk; Rthurpakhf Mf;f KbANkh mg;gbnay;yhk; Rthu]pakhf
Mf;fNtz;Lk;. jfty;fis Fl;bepfo;rr
; pfshf Mf;fyhk;. xd;Wld; xd;W
gpizf;fyhk;. nrhy;Yk; nkhopahy; tpj;jpahrg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lyhk;. gl;bay;fs; xU
fl;Liuf;F vg;NghJNk ngUk; ghuk;

38
11. xU fl;Liu KOf;f xNu tif nkhop ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. tpisahl;Lj;jdkhd xU
fl;Liu jpBnud;W Nfhgk; nfhs;t§Njh rl;nld;W jPtpukiltNjh $lhJ.
mbg;gilapy; ,J vd;d kdepiy [mood] cs;s fl;Liu vd;w njspT
mf;fl;Liuapy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. eifr;Ritahf Muk;gpj;J nky;y jPtpukilAk;
fl;LiufSk; jPtpukhf Muk;gpj;J Ntbf;ifahf MFk; fl;LiufSk; cz;L. mg;NghJ
me;j khWjy; rPuhf Mrpupauhy; nfhz;L tug;glNtz;Lk;. vJ ika czHr;rpNah
mJNt ngUk;ghyhd msTf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghjpg;ghjp vd;nwy;yhk; ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ

12. Nkw;Nfhs;fis Kbe;jtiu jtpHg;gNj fl;Liuf;F ey;yJ. Nkw;Nfhs;

nfhLf;Fk;NghJ tpj;jpahrkhfNth ftpj;JtkhfNth jPtpukhfNth Ntbf;ifahfNth
$wg;gl;l Nkw;Nfhs;fis kl;LNk " … " Nghl;L mg;gbNa nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mjhtJ me;j Nkw;Nfhs; thrfid epd;W ftdpf;f itg;gjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vf;fhuzj;jhYk; ePz;l Nkw;Nfhs;fs; xU fl;Liuapy; tuf;$lhJ. xUNghJk;
vy;yhUf;Fk; njupe;j Nkw;Nfhs;fis nfhLf;ff; $lhJ. nghJthd rhjhuzkhd
fUj;Jf;fis xU Kf;fpa gpuKfH nrhy;ypapUe;jij vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhdhy;
mf;fUj;Jf;fis RUf;fp ek; nrhw;fspy; nfhLg;gNj ey;yJ.

13. fl;Liuapy; tof;fkhd tupfisAk; tsHj;jy; tupfisAk; Njbf; fz;lile;J

ntl;bj;js;s Ntz;Lk;. vOJk;NghJ rupahfr;r; nrhy;yptpl;Nlhkh vd;w Iaj;jpy; ehk;
NkYk; xUtup nrhy;y ce;jgg;LNthk;. mij fl;Lgg;Lj;j Ntz;Lk;. ",ij vg;gb
nrhy;tnjd;W njupatpy;iy> Mdhy; nrhy;ypj;jhd; MfNtz;Lk;| Nghd;w tupfs;
$lNt $lhJ.

14. xU fl;Liu xNu Nghf;fhf NghtJ ey;yJ. eLNt cilgl Ntz;Lnkd;why;

mjpfgl;rk; xU cilT. mjw;FNky; Nghdhy; mf;fl;Liu rpjwpapUg;gjhfNt
Njhd;Wk;

fl;Liuapd; tiffs;

1. rkaf; fl;Liu

2. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu

3. gazf; fl;Liu

4. ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu

5.jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liu

39
 6. mwptpay; fl;Liu

7. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; fl;Liu

8. nghJf;fl;Liu vd gy cs;sd.

khjpup fl;Liu

ehd; tpUk;Gk; ftpQH

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lk;

1.Kd;Diu

2.,sikg; gUtk;

3.ghujpahupd; gzpfs;

4.tpLjiy Ntl;if

5.ehl;Lg;gw;W

6.rKjhaj; njhz;L

7.Njrpa xUikg;ghL

8.Kd;dwp GytH ghujp

9.KbTiu

Kd;Diu

~ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd; ghujp| vd;W midtuhYk; Nghw;wg;gLgtH kfhftp

ghujpahNu MthH. mtUila ghly;fs; kf;fspilNa ehl;L tpLjiyiaAk;> Njrpa
xUikg;ghl;ilAk;> rhjp xopg;igAk;> ngz;tpLjiyiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpd.
ghl;Lj;jpwj;jhy; ,t;itafj;ij Ml;bg; gilj;j ghujpNa ehd; tpUk;Gk; ftpQuhthH.

,sikg;gUtk;

ghujpahH J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpYs;s vl;laGuj;jpy; 1882 Mk; Mz;L

brk;gH khjk; 11 – Mk; ehs; gpwe;jhH. ,tuJ ngw;NwhH rpd;dr;rhkp - ,yf;Fkp
mk;khs; MtH. ,tH jk; 11 – Mk; tajpNyNa ftpij Gide;J ghujp vd;Dk;

40
gl;lj;ijg; ngw;whH. ghujpahH jk; 15 – Mk; tajpy; nry;yk;khisj; jpUkzk;
nra;J nfhz;lhH.

ghujpahupd; gzpfs;

,tH 1904 – Mk; Mz;L vl;ilaGu kd;duplk; gzpahw;wpdhH. gpd;dH

kJiu NrJgjp caHepiyg; gs;spapy; jkpohrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH. RNjrkpj;jpud;
ehspjopy; cjtpahrpupauhfTk; rf;futHj;jpdp khj ,jopy; nghWg;ghrpupauhfTk; gzp
nra;jhH. 1906 – ,y; ~,e;jpah| ehspjopYk; ~ghyghujp| vd;w Mq;fpy Vl;bYk;
nghWg;ghrpupauhf ,Ue;jhH.

tpLjiy Ntl;if

―vd;W jzpAk; vq;fs; Rje;ju jhfk;" – vd;w ghlYk;

―Mapuk; cz;bq;F rhjp – vdpy;

md;dpaH te;JGfy;vd;d ePjp" – vd;w ghlYk;

ehl;L kf;fspilNa tpLjiy czHitAk; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;jpd; vjpHg;igAk;

Vw;gLj;jpd.

ehl;Lg;gw;W

―ghUf;Fs;Ns ey;yehL ghuj ehL"

―ghujehL gok;ngUk;ehL – ePujd;

Gjy;tH me;epid tfw;whjPH"

vd;Dk; ghly;fs; ehl;L kf;fspilNa ehl;Lg;gw;iw cz;lhf;fpd.

rKjhaj; njhz;L

―rhjpfs; ,y;iyab ghg;gh"

vd;W rhjp xopg;ig czHj;jpdhH.

―khjHjk;ik ,opTnra;Ak; kilikiaf; nfhSj;JNthk;"

vd;W ngz; tpLjiyiag; ghbdhH.

41
―jdpnahUtDf; Fztpiy nadpy;

rfj;jpid mopj;jpLNthk;".

vd;W rKjha tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jpdhH.

Njrpa xUikg;ghL

―Kg;gJ Nfhb KfKil ahs;capH

nkha;k;Gw xd;Wilahs;" - vd;Dk; ghlYk;

―vy;yhUk; XHFyk;@ vy;yhUk; XHepiw

vy;yhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dH" - vd;Dk; ghlYk;

Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsHf;fpd;wd.

Kd;dwp GytH ghujp

―MLNthNk gs;Sg; ghLNthNk

Mde;j Rje;juk; mile;Jtpl; Nlhnkd;W" – vd;Dk; ghlYk;

―fhrp efHGytH NgRk; cdujhd;

fhQ;rpapy; Nfl;gjw;NfhH fUtp nra;Nthk;" – vd;Dk; ghlYk;

vjpHfhyj;jpy; epfotpUf;Fk; epfo;Tfis jk;fhyj;jpNy ghbajw;F rhd;whf

cs;sd. ,jdhy; ghujpahH Kd;dwpg;Gytuhfj; jpfo;fpwhH.

KbTiu

cyfkfh ftpahf tpsq;fpa ghujp 11.09.1921 md;W kz;Zyiftpl;L

tpz;Zyif mile;jhH. ghujp fhl;ba topiag; gpd;gw;wp tPLk; ehLk; eyk; ngwr;
nra;Nthk;.

42