JCAMECH

Vol. 50, No. 1, June 2019, pp 197-209

DOI: 10.22059/jcamech.2019.282388.405

A comprehensive review on modeling of nanocomposite

materials and structures
Farzad Ebrahimia,*, and Ali Dabbaghb
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
b
School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: In this article, authors are about to present a historical review of the researches
Received: 28 May 2019 procured by various scientists and engineers dealing with the nanocomposite
Accepted: 28 June 2019 materials and continuous systems manufactured from such materials.
Nanocomposites are an advanced type of well-known composite materials which
have been reinforced with nanosize reinforcing fibers and/or particles. Such
materials can be better suited for the industrial applications of which remarkable
Keywords: improved material properties are needed. In other words, the material properties
Nanocomposite materials of nanocomposites are superior to those of macroscale composites due to the
Carbon nanotube enhanced features of materials in the nanoscale. These materials are being more
Graphene oxide and more employed by designers in the aerospace, mechanics and automotive
Graphene platelet applications as constituent elements instead of the conventional composite
Multi-scale hybrid nanocomposites materials. Henceforward, it is of great significance to be aware of the researches
conducted in this area by researchers to be able to predict the behaviors of
structures consisted of such materials in real working conditions. In what follows,
the mechanical analyses performed on different types of nanocomposite structures
including carbon nanotube reinforced (CNTR), graphene reinforced (GR),
graphene platelet reinforced (GPLR), graphene oxide reinforced (GOR) and
multi-scale hybrid (MSH) nanocomposite ones will be reviewed and the most
crucial highlights of the proposed scientific activities will be discussed.

1. Introduction be clarified that the issue of investigation of nanocomposite

structures is a completely different problem from analysis of
Nowadays, many of the industries are going through the nanosize structures such as nanobeams, nanoplates, and
implementation of the nanocomposite materials instead of the nanoshells. The volunteer readers are advised to read
conventional types of composites as devices designed to perform complementary references dealing with the mechanical analysis
the desired task. The reason for this trend can be realized while of nanostructures to earn data about the aforementioned issue [1-
comparing the mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical features 6]. In addition, it is worth mentioning that there are lots of
of materials in the nanoscale with those of theirs in the nanofillers and nanoparticles which can be employed to improve
conventional macroscale. Indeed, the properties of materials in the material properties of nanocomposites. It is common to use
the nanoscale differ from those of similar materials in the carbon-based nanofillers in an initial resin to improve the
macroscale. Thus, the primary goal from the invention of material properties of it. In recent years, graphene, graphene
composite materials, which is the amplification of an initial oxide (GO) and graphene platelet (GPL) were highly utilized by
matrix with the superior properties of the reinforcing phase, can researchers to reinforce nanocomposite materials. Also, in a
be better satisfied whenever nanosize reinforcements are selected recently invented type of nanocomposites, two-scale reinforcing
to be employed instead of macroscale ones. As a comparative elements will be used to strengthen a desired initial matrix.
case, the stiffness of carbon nanotube (CNT) can be in the order Actually, in such nanocomposites which are called multi-scale
of TPa depending on its chirality, whereas, carbon fiber (CF) hybrid (MSH) nanocomposites, a group of both macroscale and
possesses GPa-order stiffness. So, it is natural to see that the nanoscale fibers/fillers will be dispersed in a media to enrich
scientific society has moved toward implementing for example material properties even better than those obtained from
CNT instead of CF in designing composite materials to enrich a previously developed nanocomposites. In the MSH
greater stiffness. Due to this trend, many of the researchers nanocomposites, it is common to use CF and a nanosize
allocated their scientific activities to probe the mechanical reinforcing phase together. Furthermore, it is also common to
behaviors of nanocomposite structures once the structure is design the desired distribution for the nanosize reinforcement
subjected to various types of external loadings. However, it must


Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 28 33901103; e-mail: [email protected]
 Farzad Ebrahimi and Ali Dabbagh

across the thickness of the nanocomposite media except for the included on the basis of the well-known third-order shear
uniform-type distribution for the goal of reaching enhanced deformation theory (TSDT). A similar analysis was performed by
material properties either in the middle or at the upper and lower Shen, Xiang [11] to probe the vibrational responses of CNTR
edges of the analyzed structure. in this type of nanocomposite nanocomposite shells with respect to the effects of nonlinear von-
materials, because of the dependency between the thickness and Karman relations. Again, the effects of various types of
existence of nanofillers, the obtained nanocomposite is usually distributions of nanofillers were covered in this study. In this
called as functionally graded (FG) nanocomposites. The most study, the impacts of shear deformation were considered up to
famous distributions of FG nanocomposites are FG-O, FG-X and third-order. Moreover, the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka
FG-A type nanocomposites. The aforementioned names are micromechanical homogenization scheme was utilized by
originated from the cross view of the nanofillers inserted in the Sobhani Aragh, Nasrollah Barati, Hedayati [12] to consider for
primary matrix across the thickness. For instance, in the FG-O the effects of nanofillers’ agglomeration as well as the aligned or
nanocomposite structures, the greatest volume fraction of straight being of the CNTs on the natural frequency of FG-CNTR
nanoparticles happens at the middle-surface of the structure and nanocomposite panels. They could solve the vibration problem
the lowest volume fraction is observed at the top and bottom via the well-known generalized differential quadrature method
surfaces. Henceforward, the distribution of nanofillers across the (GDQM) as a powerful numerical method. In another analysis,
thickness seems to be as same as English “O” letter. Via similar the temperature-dependency of the CNTs’ material properties
procedure, the meaning of the other names assigned to other was considered by Wang, Shen [13] while analyzing the
types of FG nanocomposites can be understood. vibrational characteristics of FG-CNTR nanocomposite
rectangular plates rested on an elastic medium in the framework
In the following steps, we will discuss the numerical and
of the TSDT of plates and in the presence of thermal loading to
analytical investigations dealing with the constitutive behavior
present a reliable thermal analysis. The GDQM was implemented
and mechanical responses of CNT reinforced (CNTR)
by Yas, Samadi [14] probing both static buckling and dynamic
nanocomposites, graphene reinforced (GR) nanocomposites,
frequency analyses of CNTR nanocomposite beams in the
graphene platelet reinforced (GPLR) nanocomposites, graphene
framework of the Timoshenko beam theorem with respect to the
oxide reinforced (GOR) nanocomposites and MSH
effects of various types of nanofillers’ distribution across the
nanocomposites.
thickness of the beam-type element. Combination of the
enhanced properties of CNTR nanocomposites with the smart
features of piezoelectric materials was procured by Alibeigloo
2. CNTR nanocomposites [15], [16] in the framework of an elasticity-type methodology for
the static analyses of CNTR nanocomposite plates and panels
CNTR nanocomposites are the first kind of nanocomposite
with smart piezoelectric controllers. Besides, a thermal static
which attracted the researchers’ attention toward themselves. In
stress analysis was presented by Alibeigloo, Liew [17] to
recent years, many articles were published in high-quality
determine the stress diagrams of FG-CNTR nanocomposite
international journals and conferences about the mechanical
plates within the framework of the elasticity theorem. In this
performance of CNTR nanocomposite structures under different
paper, the governing equations of the problem were solved via an
static and dynamic excitations. In one of the initial researches
analytical solution for the S-S beams. Ke, Yang, Kitipornchai
about the CNTR nanocomposites, Shi, Feng, Huang, Hwang,
[18] surveyed the stability problem of FG-CNTR nanocomposite
Gao [7] presented an investigation about the constitutive
beams in the presence of the effects of inertia. The results of this
equations of such nanocomposite materials with respect to the
article can be useful for the dynamic stability analysis of
effects of the aggregation of the nanofillers as well as their
nanocomposite structures. in this paper, the coupled governing
inherent wavy nature. In this paper, two crucial issues which
equations of the problem were solved by the means of the DQM.
occur in the real world were considered and the elasticity tensor
In another paper, an FE based kp-Ritz method was employed by
of CNTR nanocomposites was calculated regarding these issues.
Lei, Liew, Yu [19] for the goal of analyzing the free vibration
Indeed, CNTs will have a sinusoidal wavy shape because of their
responses of FG-CNTR nanocomposite plates. In this work, two
big slenderness ration (i. e. large length-to-radius ratio) and this
micromechanical homogenization methods were utilized to
reality was considered in this paper by the development of a
enrich the equivalent material properties of the nanocomposite.
novel continuum mechanics based strategy. In addition to the
The first one is the extended form of the well-known rule of the
effects of waviness, the influences of CNTs’ agglomeration,
mixture and the second one is the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka
which happens because of the great surface to volume ratio of the
approach which is able to consider for the agglomeration of the
nanosize fillers, were included in this research. In another
nanofillers. Besides, up to the first-order, the influences of shear
research about the CNTR nanocomposite structures, Ke, Yang,
deflection were considered in this paper. Malekzadeh, Shojaee
Kitipornchai [8] used a finite element (FE) based formulation for
[20] probed the stability problem of quadrilateral plates consisted
the purpose of investigating the natural frequency behaviors of
of some CNTR nanocomposite layers while the influences of
beams consisted of such nanocomposites. In this paper, the
shear deformation are included in the framework of the FSDT of
obtained governing equations were solved by the means of the
plates. They considered the edges of the analyzed plate to be
well-known Ritz method regarding the influences of nonlinear
either simply supported or clamped. The effective material
strain-displacement relations in the framework of the
properties of the CNTR nanocomposite were obtained utilizing
Timoshenko beam hypothesis. Besides, the effects of three types
the rule of the mixture with coefficients derived from the
of boundary conditions including simply supported-simply
molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. Rafiee, Yang,
supported (S-S), clamped-clamped (C-C) and clamped-simply
Kitipornchai [21] studied the large amplitude oscillation problem
supported (C-S) ones were covered in the research procured by
of three-layered smart beams consisted of an FG-CNTR
Ke, Yang, Kitipornchai [8]. The issue of thermally influences
nanocomposite core surrounded by two upper and lower smart
stability problem of FG nanocomposite plates and shells
piezoelectric facesheets. The influences of the shear deformation
reinforced with CNTs was solved by researchers [9, 10]. In the
are excluded in this research. Following the previous paper, the
above researches, the effects of geometrical nonlinearity were
bifurcation-type buckling problem of smart nanocomposite

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beams was solved by Rafiee, Yang, Kitipornchai [22]. In this CNTs’ agglomeration. The aggregation phenomenon was
research, the von-Karman relations were extended for Euler- modeled via a graded distribution for the volume fraction of the
Bernoulli beams while the structure is assumed to be made from nanofillers across the thickness of the shell. Coupling the
a CNTR nanocomposite material with two piezoelectric influences of geometrical nonlinearity with geometrical
facesheets. Utilizing a higher-order beam hypothesis incorporated imperfection for the Timoshenko beam hypothesis, Wu, Yang,
with the nonlinear strain-displacement relations of von-Karman, Kitipornchai [59] probed the vibrational characteristics of FG-
a giant nonlinear large amplitude static and dynamic analysis was CNTR nanocomposites implementing the so-called Ritz method
performed by Shen, Xiang [23] on the bending, vibration and as a powerful FEM. The postbuckling problem of FG-CNTR
buckling problems of CNTR nanocomposite beams. This study nanocomposite shear deformable plates was solved by Zhang,
was conducted in the presence of the thermal gradients. The issue Liew, Reddy [60], [61] with respect to the influences of both
of thermo-elastic postbuckling analysis of CNTR nanocomposite axial and biaxial type compressions. Application of piezoelectric
shells was solved by Shen, Xiang [24] in the framework of a patches on the controlling the mode shapes of the fluctuations of
perturbation-based approach whenever the shell is assumed to be a CNTR nanocomposite plate was shown by Zhang, Song, Liew
subjected to axial and radial excitations. The influences of shear [62] according to the TSDT of Reddy. The piezoelectric actuators
deformation were included in this analysis, too. Yas, Pourasghar, and sensors are placed at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate,
Kamarian, Heshmati [25] utilized the GDQM solution for the respectively. On the other hand, Ansari, Torabi, Faghih Shojaei
free vibration analysis of nanocomposite shells reinforced with [63] investigated the buckling and vibration problems of CNTR
CNTs on the basis of the theory of elasticity and 3D analysis. In nanocomposite sector plates using the variational DQM (VDQM)
another research in this area, 3D elasticity solution of CNTR for sector plates with various boundary conditions (BCs). The
nanocomposite cylindrical shells covered by piezoelectric layers discrete singular convolution method (DSCM) was implemented
was presented by Alibeigloo [26] on the basis of Fourier by Civalek [64] to analyze the vibrational behaviors of FG-
expansions. On the other hand, the effects of neutral surface and CNTR nanocomposite shells and plates using the governing
von-Karman type nonlinearity were included in an analysis equations obtained from the FSDT. The thermally affected
procured by Ansari, Faghih Shojaei, Mohammadi, Gholami, dynamic behaviors of beams and plates consisted of FG-CNTR
Sadeghi [27] dealing with the forced vibration problem of CNTR nanocomposite layers were explored by Ebrahimi and his
nanocomposite beams with respect to various distributions of cooperators [65, 66] on the basis of higher-order shear
CNTs across the thickness of the structure. The effect of first- deformation beam and plate hypotheses. In another endeavor, an
order shear deflection was included in this research, too. Later, isogeometric analysis (IGA) was conducted by Fantuzzi,
the efficient numerical DQM was used by Heydarpour, Aghdam, Tornabene, Bacciocchi, Dimitri [67] to study the free vibration
Malekzadeh [28] studying the natural frequency behaviors of problem of FG-CNTR nanocomposite plates with arbitrary
conical shells fabricated from nanocomposite materials shapes regarding for the effects of the aggregation of the
strengthened with CNTs. In this study, the kinematic relations of nanosize reinforcements. They derived the motion equations of
the FSDT were utilized to obtain the governing equations of the the plate ion the basis of the FSDT. A numerical investigation
problem. The issue of finding the critical buckling load of CNTR was procured by García-Macías, Rodríguez-Tembleque, Castro-
nanocomposite panels was solved by Lei, Zhang, Liew, Yu [29] Triguero, Sáez [68] to consider for the postbuckling problem of
with the aid of FE formulations. The employed FE method FG-CNTR nanocomposite panels while the structure is subjected
(FEM) is able to solve the problem without separating the to axial compression. This study includes the effects of the
structure to a large number of elements and due to this reason, it nanofillers’ aggregation as well as the aligned or straight
is named the element-free kp-Ritz method. It is worth mentioning insertion of the NTs in the matrix. Ghorbani Shenas,
that in many papers the static and dynamic behaviors of CNTR Malekzadeh, Ziaee [69] utilized the FE based Ritz method with
nanocomposite structures were surveyed whenever the Chebyshev shape functions to solve the vibration problem of FG-
continuous system is assumed to be subjected to different types CNTR nanocomposite beams in the presence of the thermal
of mechanical and thermal loadings. In these researches, several loading. In this article, the influences of the pre-twisting
beam, plate and shell theories were employed either to include or phenomenon which happens in the long CNTs were considered
to exclude the effects of shear deformation in the mechanical to depict more reliable results. In addition, implementation of the
analysis of nanocomposite structure. It is also interesting to point layer-wise composite analysis for the static and dynamic
out that these problems were solved via both analytical and problems of CNTR nanocomposite plates was procured by
numerical solution methods. Herein, it is avoided to discuss all of Kumar, Srinivas [70] in the framework of higher-order shear
these papers and readers are deeply advised to see Refs. [30-57]. deformable plate theories. Nejati, Asanjarani, Dimitri, Tornabene
[71] utilized the GDQM to enrich the natural frequency of FG-
As stated before, consideration of the effects of the CNTs'
CNTR nanocomposite conical shells on the basis of higher-order
agglomeration on the mechanical responses of CNTR
shear deformation shell theories. Putting emphasis on the
nanocomposite structures is of incredible importance because in
influence of arbitrary BCs on the variation of the natural
the real world this phenomenon happens and some of the
frequency of FG-CNTR nanocomposite beams, Shi, Yao, Pang,
nanofillers will be involved in the van der Waals (vdW) potential
Wang [72] solved the free vibration problem of the
of the others and a non-uniform distribution of the NTs can be
aforementioned structure implementing the Ritz method. In a
seen which is not admirable at all. Henceforward, some of the
similar article, the effects of BCs on the dynamic behaviors of
researchers tried to consider this issue in their analyses on the
FG-CNTR nanocomposite shallow shells were included in an
mechanical behaviors of CNTR nanocomposite beams, plates,
investigation performed by Wang, Cui, Qin, Liang [73]. In this
and shells. In one of the most significant articles in this area,
article, the shell was modeled via the FSDT to account for the
Tornabene, Fantuzzi, Bacciocchi, Viola [58] developed the well-
effect of shear deflection up to first-order. The Ritz-variational
known Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) for a higher-order
energy method was utilized by Wang, Qin, Shi, Liang [74] to
shear deformation shell theory with dual curvature to enrich the
study the free vibration problem of FG-CNTR nanocomposite
governing equations of the vibration problem of CNTR
axisymmetric shells and panels with respect to various types of
nanocomposite doubly-curved shells with respect to the effects of
BCs. Zarei, Fallah, Bisadi, Daneshmehr, Minak [75] presented a

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numerical study dealing with the thermally affected impact element were achieved on the basis of the Reddy’s TSDT and the
responses of FG-CNTR nanocomposite plates considering the achieved equations were solved by the means of a two-step
influences of various BCs on the basis of the meshless Ritz perturbation technique. Moreover, the thermal stability and
method. In this analysis, the influence of temperature on the bending analyses of GR nanocomposite beams were investigated
impact responses of the nanocomposite structure was considered, by Shen, Lin, Xiang [87] in the framework of the nonlinear
in particular for reference temperatures of 300, 500 and 700 expansion of higher-order shear approximation beam theories. As
Kelvin degrees. The TSDT of Reddy was implemented by same as former article proposed by these authors, herein a two-
Zhang, Song, Qiao, Liew [76] to analyze the dynamic responses step perturbation scheme was employed for the purpose of
of FG-CNTR nanocomposite cylinders in the presence of the solving the obtained nonlinear governing equations. Shen, Xiang,
effect of an impactor. In this study, the shell was assumed to be Fan [88] probed the nonlinear vibrating responses of GR
S-S and the motion equations were solved easily on the basis of nanocomposite shells on the basis of higher-order shell theories.
the well-known Navier’s method. Ebrahimi, Farazmandnia [77] The influences of subjecting the shell to a thermal environment
solved the stability problem of the CNTR nanocomposite multi- were included in the aforementioned paper, too. In addition, the
layered beams with respect to the impacts of the thermal issue of thermally affected buckling and postbuckling of FG-GR
environment on the critical buckling load of the beam. In another nanocomposite plates was investigated by Shen, Xiang, Lin [89]
research project, the wave dispersion problem of CNTR with respect to the temperature-dependent being of the material
nanocomposite beams and plates was solved by Ebrahimi, properties of the graphene. In this article, the plate was modeled
Rostami [78], [79] by the means of an efficient exponential via a higher-order kinematic plate hypothesis and it is considered
analytical solution method. Wang, Pang, Qin, Liang [80] used the to be rested on an elastic medium. In another paper, the same
FSDT to solve the natural vibration problem of FG-CNTR authors showed the nonlinear deflection behaviors of FG-GR
nanocomposite shells and panels in the framework of an nanocomposite plates whenever the plate is embedded on an
axisymmetric study regarding for general BCs by connecting the elastic foundation [90]. The influences of nonlinear strain-
nanocomposite structures to a set of springs. Zghal, Frikha, displacement relationship on the thermo-elastic natural frequency
Dammak [81] surveyed the nonlinear bending problem of FG- and buckling load behaviors of FG-GR nanocomposite plates
CNTR nanocomposite doubly-curved shells using the FE were probed by Shen, Xiang, Lin [91] and Shen, Xiang, Lin, Hui
formulations. In this research, the shear deformation effects were [92], respectively while the studied structure is assumed to be
included up to third-order obtaining the TSDT of Reddy. Another rested on an elastic substrate. The issue of low-velocity impact
attempt was conducted by Zhong, Wang, Tang, Shuai, Qin [82] responses of GR nanocomposites ws studied by some of the
to present a numerical solution to determine the natural frequency researchers on the basis of higher-order shear deformation
of FG-CNTR nanocomposite circular and annular complete or kinematic hypotheses [93, 94]. In these papers, the beam- and
sector plates based upon the well-known FSDT of plates in the plate-type structures were assumed to be fabricated from multi-
polar coordinate system. On the other hand, the constitutive layered GR nanocomposites and embedded on a viscoelastic
behaviors of CNTR nanocomposite materials were investigated substrate to control the dynamic responses of the continuous
by Zhu, Jeong, Lim, Yun [83] considering the effects of CNTs’ system while attacked by an impactor. García-Macías,
waviness and their orientation in the media. This simulation was Rodriguez-Tembleque, Sáez [95] carried out an FE study about
performed on the basis of a probabilistic multi-scale modeling the bending behaviors and natural frequency characteristics of
process. Moreover, a thermo-mechanical buckling study was nanocomposite plates reinforced via both graphene and CNT.
carried out by Ebrahimi, Hajilak, Habibi, Safarpour [84] about The employed micromechanical homogenization procedure is
the CNTR nanocomposite shells with respect to the influences of powerful enough to estimate the influences of CNTs’
the viscose fluid flow in the shell. In this paper, the agglomeration on the mechanical responses of the plate. Besides,
nanocomposite structure is considered to be rotating around its the governing equations were achieved according to an expansion
axial axis. Lately, the effect of the interface between nanofillers of the FSDT for plates. Kiani [96] explored the large amplitude
and matrix was included in a Mori-Tanaka based investigation natural frequency behaviors of FG-GR nanocomposite higher-
about the constitutive equations of CNTR nanocomposites order plates in the presence of thermal loading within the
containing wavy CNTs. framework of a NURBS-based IGA. The postbuckling
characteristics of FG-GR nanocomposite beams and plates were
investigated on the basis of first- and third-order kinematic
3. GR nanocomposites theories of beams and plates, respectively [97, 98]. Lei, Su, Zeng,
Zhang, Yu [99] utilized the kp-Ritz numerical solution for the
Another type of nanocomposite materials which is a perfect thermal stability analysis of FG-GR nanocomposite multi-layered
alternative for engineering applications is certainly GR plates according to the FSDT. In another project, the influences
nanocomposites. As same as CNTR nanocomposites, this type of of axial compression, thermal loading and external pressure on
nanocomposite materials can be enriched inserting graphene in the critical postbuckling responses of cylindrical shells and
an initial matrix to strengthen the material to be used in particular panels manufactured from FG-GR nanocomposite materials were
applications. Many papers can be found dealing with the analysis included in separate articles developed by researchers [100-102].
of continuous systems consisted of GR nanocomposites. For Besides, the nonlinear von-Karman relations were expanded by
instance, Mirzaei, Kiani [85] implemented the NURBS Shen, Xiang, Fan, Hui [103], [104] to analyze the bending and
mathematical approximation to procure an IGA about the vibration behaviors of FG-GR nanocomposite panels with respect
thermo-mechanical buckling problem of FG-GR nanocomposite to the effects of thermal environment on the mechanical response
plates using the FSDT of plates to consider for the shear of the continuous system. The motion equations were derived
deformation up to first-order. A nonlinear investigation is carried according to the displacement field of the TSDT of Reddy. On
out by Shen, Lin, Xiang [86] to probe the thermal vibration the other hand, Fan, Xiang, Shen [105] procured a forced
behaviors of FG-GR nanocomposite beams while the vibration analysis on the FG-GR nanocomposite shear
nanocomposite structure is assumed to be rested on an elastic deformable plates whenever the plate is presumed to be
substrate. In this study, the kinematic relations of the beam-type embedded on a viscoPasternak substrate. In this article, the von-

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Karman type geometrical nonlinearity was considered to present hypothesis in association with the constitutive equations of
more reliable results. In the newest research in this field, the GPLR nanocomposite materials, Bahaadini, Saidi [121] solved
thermal buckling analysis of FG-GR nanocomposite conical the vibrational responses of blades in supersonic airflow.
shells was performed by Kiani [106] implementing an FE Furthermore, dynamic behaviors of FG-GPLR nanocomposite
solution in association with the FSDT. cylinders were monitored by Barati, Zenkour [122] using the
FSDT of shells. In this study, the effect of porous being of the
nanocomposite material was included in the analysis extending
4. GPLR nanocomposites the Halpin-Tsai micromechanical scheme incorporated with the
saturated porous model. Dong, Li, Chen, Yang [123] surveyed
Another derivative of carbon which is used in the the natural frequency characteristics of GPLR porous
nanocomposites in recent years is GPL. Such nanostructures nanocomposite shells with respect to the effect of the structure’s
possess Young's moduli of TPa order as same as graphene itself spinning motion around its axial axis. In another paper dealing
or CNT. It is reported that as well as the improved mechanical with the frequency behaviors of spinning nanocomposite shells,
properties of GPLR nanocomposites, such materials can reveal the nonlinearity effect was included as well as that of the axial
superior thermal and electrical features [107]. Kitipornchai, loading in an investigation conducted by Dong, Zhu, Wang, Li,
Chen, Yang [108] reported the vibrational responses of FG- Yang [124] seeking for the natural frequency of GPLR shells.
GPLR nanocomposite beams on the basis of the FSDT of beams The wave dispersion analysis of cylindrical shells reinforced with
incorporated with the Ritz method with respect to the influences GPLs was carried out by Ebrahimi, Habibi, Safarpour [125]
of the existence of porosities in the nanocomposite media. Both considering the effects of thermal environment and porosities on
free and forced vibration responses of FG-GPLR nanocomposite the dispersion curves of nanocomposite shells. The von-Karman
plates were analyzed by Song, Kitipornchai, Yang [109] relations were employed to derive the natural frequency of
according to the kinematic relations of the FSDT of rectangular classical nanocomposite plates strengthened with GPLs [126].
plates. The governing equations were solved for the simply The nonlinear set of governing equations were solved via DQM
supported BCs within the framework of the well-known Navier- for various types of BCs. In another paper, the nonlinear
type solution. The nonlinear buckling and postbuckling frequency analysis of GPLR nanocomposite rectangular plates
characteristics of FG-GPLR multi-layered nanocomposite plates was carried out by Gholami, Ansari [127], [128] in the
were probed by Song, Yang, Kitipornchai, Zhu [110] utilizing the framework of shear deformable plate theories. The static and
perturbation technique. In this paper, the influence of the initial dynamic behaviors of FG-GPLR nanocomposite quadrilateral
imperfection was considered, too. In another paper, the thermally non-rectangular plates were investigated by the means of an
influenced stability analysis of FG-GPLR nanocomposite plates efficient numerical approach, called IMLS-Ritz method [129,
was carried out by Wu, Kitipornchai, Yang [111] implementing 130]. The governing equations were achieved on the basis of the
the efficient DQ numerical discretization method. Wu, Yang, FSDT of plates. Hosseini, Zhang [131] surveyed the thermo-
Kitipornchai [112] surveyed the dynamic buckling responses of mechanical transient characteristics of GPLR nanocomposite
FG-GPLR nanocomposite beams using the strain-displacement cylinders extending a new micromechanical scheme. The time-
relations of the FSDT. The influence of subjecting the dependent responses of the shell were achieved incorporating the
nanocomposite to thermal loading is considered, too; also, the finite difference method with the Newmark method. On the other
governing equations were solved numerically employing the hand, an IGA-based numerical investigation was procured by Li,
well-known DQM. The static deflection and stress analyses of Wu, Chen, Cheng, Liu, Gao, Liu [132] for the purpose of
FG-GPLR nanocomposite beams were performed by Feng, reaching the deflection, buckling load and natural frequency
Kitipornchai, Yang [113] on the basis of the nonlinear relations behaviors of FG-GPLR nanocomposite plates with metallic
of von-Karman in association with the FSDT. The obtained matrix based upon both FSDT and TSDT. Li, Wu, Chen, Liu,
equations were solved by the means of the FE-based Ritz Yu, Gao [133] studied the damped dynamic behaviors of porous
method. Yang, Wu, Kitipornchai [114] investigated the buckling GPLR nanocomposite plates with consideration of the
and postbuckling responses of FG-GPLR nanocomposite beams geometrical nonlinearity mixing the displacement field of the
on the basis of the FSDT. Besides, the nonlinear vibration Kirchhoff-Love plate hypothesis with the nonlinear von-Karman
analysis of GPLR nanocomposite beams was procured by Feng, relations. The natural frequency, dynamic deflection and dynamic
Kitipornchai, Yang [115] in the framework of the Ritz method buckling load of the aforementioned structure were obtained in
incorporated with the Ritz method to enrich the mechanical this study. Various distributions of GPLs were considered by Liu,
responses of C-C, C-S, and S-S beams. Barati, Zenkour [116] Kitipornchai, Chen, Yang [134] while investigating the buckling
combined the von-Karman relations with the displacement field and vibration responses of FG-GPLR nanocomposite cylindrical
on higher-order beam hypothesis in order to solve the shells utilizing 3D elasticity regarding for the effect of the
postbuckling problem of FG-GPLR nanocomposite structures. existence of an initial pre-stress in the structure. Moreover,
The effect of porosities in the media was included in this study as Reddy, Karunasena, Lokuge [135] surveyed the vibrational
well as that of the geometrical imperfection. The postbuckling characteristics of FG-GPLR nanocomposite plates embedded on
load and natural frequencies of first-order porous GPLR an elastic substrate according to the FSDT. Song, Yang,
nanocomposite beams were reached by Chen, Yang, Kitipornchai Kitipornchai [136] carried out the elastic bending and buckling
[117] utilizing the numerical Ritz method. The 3D elasticity analyses of GPLR nanocomposite plates with respect to the
solution of thermally influenced bending behaviors of GPLR influence of shear deformation up to first-order. They solved the
nanocomposite rectangular and circular plates was investigated mentioned problems analytically based on the well-known
by researchers by considering the effect of the existence of Navier’s method. A higher-order shear approximation hypothesis
porosities in the nanocomposite material [118, 119]. The issue of was implemented by Wang, Chen, Hao, Zhang [137] to solve
postbuckling analysis of FG-GPLR nanocomposite beams was both bending and vibration problems of GPLR nanocomposite
solved in the framework of an iteration-free analytical method doubly-curved shallow shells. On the other hand, the issue of
with respect to the geometrical imperfection of the beam by torsional buckling responses of FG-GPLR nanocomposite shells
Barati, Zenkour [120]. Implementing the Timoshenko beam with cutout was studied by Wang, Feng, Zhao, Lu, Yang [138]

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using the approximations of the FEM. Also, the buckling Dabbagh [155] based on a higher-order refined plate model. The
problem of FG-GPLR nanocomposite shells with cutout was natural frequencies were achieved for the fully simply supported
solved by Wang, Feng, Zhao, Yang [139] based on the FEM. plates implementing the Navier-type analytical solution.
Wu, Yang, Kitipornchai [140] analyzed the dynamic buckling
behaviors of FG-GPLR nanocomposite plates using the efficient
discretization of the DQM. The motion equations were achieved 6. MSH nanocomposites
on the basis of the FSDT. An elasticity-based 3D solution for the
bending responses of FG-GPLR nanocomposite elliptical plates Superior to the aforementioned types of nanocomposite
was developed by Yang, Mei, Chen, Yu, Yang [141]. The materials, recently a novel type of nanocomposites has attracted
nonlinear stability analysis of GPLR nanocomposite arches was the researchers’ attention. In this novel type of nanocomposites,
performed by Yang, Yang, Liu, Fu [142] on the basis of the named MSH nanocomposites, macroscale fibers are implemented
Euler-Bernoulli beam hypothesis in the polar coordinate system. in association with the nanosize reinforcements. Each of the
Blooriyan, Ansari, Darvizeh, Gholami, Rouhi [143] probed the CNT, graphene, GPL, and GO can be utilized in such
postbuckling behaviors of GPLR nanocomposite shells with nanocomposites as the nanofiller as well as macroscale fibers.
consideration of the combined effects of axial and lateral The homogenization of such materials is of great importance and
excitations within the framework of an analytical solution this procedure was completed in the early 2000s by Thostenson,
method. In another paper, the stability and frequency behaviors Li, Wang, Ren, Chou [156] in the framework of an experimental
of GPLR nanocomposite plates were investigated by Gholami, study. Mareishi, Rafiee, He, Liew [157] probed the bending,
Ansari [144] based on the variational DQM (VDQM) utilizing buckling and vibration behaviors of MSH smart nanocomposites
the nonlinear expansion of higher-order plate theory. using the nonlinear strain-displacement relations of Timoshenko
Furthermore, an FE-based investigation was arranged by beam mode. The nonlinear vibration analysis of smart
Haboussi, Sankar, Ganapathi [145] seeking for the dynamic piezoelectric MSH nanocomposite plates was carried out by
buckling load of spherical shells reinforced with GPLs Rafiee, Liu, He, Kitipornchai [158] utilizing the FSDT
employing higher-order kinematic theories in the presence an incorporated with the von-Karman relations for rectangular
external pressure affecting the structure. the damped frequency plates. The enriched governing equations were solved
analysis of FG-GPLR nanocomposite beams rested on a three- implementing the well-known Galerkin’s method. In addition,
parameter viscoPasternak medium was performed by Qaderi, the damped viscoelastic dynamic analysis of MSH
Ebrahimi, Seyfi [146] based on a higher-order beam model. nanocomposite beams was performed by He, Rafiee, Mareishi,
Employing the modified Hertz impact model. The low-velocity Liew [159]. Rafiee, Nitzsche, Labrosse [160] calculated the
impact responses of FG-GPLR nanocomposite plates were natural frequency of rotary MSH nanocomposite beams with
studied by Song, Li, Kitipornchai, Bi, Yang [147] mixing the arbitrary cross-section shape. Moreover, Ebrahimi, Habibi [161]
von-Karman relations with the FSDT. Lately, Wang, Ye, Zu investigated the thermo-mechanical low-velocity impact
[148] surveyed the nonlinear frequency behaviors of porous FG- behaviors of MSH nanocomposite plates using the TSDT of
GPLR metal foam cylinders for simply supported shells Reddy incorporated with the von-Karman relations. On the basis
according to the classical theory of shells excluding the effects of of the classical beam theory, Rafiee, Nitzsche, Labrosse [162]
shear deflection. probed the nonlinear mechanical responses of MSH
nanocomposite beams reinforced with GPLs as the nanosize
reinforcing element. Micromechanical studies were carried out
5. GOR nanocomposites by researchers dealing with the constitutive equations of MSH
nanocomposite materials with respect to the inherent wavy nature
In addition to the previously introduced nanoparticles which of long and slender CNTs in the presence of the agglomeration of
were used in the fabrication of nanocomposites, GO nanosize nanofillers [163-165]. Considering the impact of various types of
reinforcement can amplify the stiffness and yield strength of BC on the mechanical deflection of plates, Gholami, Ansari
nanocomposites in a remarkable manner [149]. Henceforward, [166] presented a nonlinear bending analysis about the MSH
some of the scientists allocated their research projects to analyze nanocomposite structures by the means of the TSDT. A higher-
the elastic behaviors of nanocomposites strengthened with GO. order shear deformable beam hypothesis was utilized by
Fabrication of hydrogenated carboxylated nitrile-butadiene Ebrahimi, Dabbagh [167] to determine the natural frequency of
rubber nanocomposites amplified with GO showed that MSH nanocomposite beams whenever the structure is placed in a
implementation of a low value of GO to the initial matrix can thermal environment. The characterization of MSH
dramatically enlarge Young's moduli of the obtained material nanocomposite materials with different types of nanofillers was
[150]. More and more investigations were procured about the procured by Rafiee, Nitzsche, Laliberte, Hind, Robitaille,
enhancement occurred in the GOR cement- or epoxy-based Labrosse [168]. In one of the most recent researches dealing with
nanocomposites in the recent years and all of the proposed the mechanical responses of nanocomposite continuous systems,
researches put emphasis on the crucial role of GO on the Dabbagh, Rastgoo, Ebrahimi [169] proposed a numerical FE
improvement of the material properties of the primary matrix study to obtain the natural frequency of MSH nanocomposite
[151-153]. Even though GOR nanocomposites possess enhanced shear deformable beams regarding for the effects of nanofillers’
mechanical features, only a few papers can be found in the aggregation in the nanocomposite media. Later, the vibrational
nanocomposites' literature dealing with the static or dynamic characteristics of MSH nanocomposite beams reinforced with
responses of nanocomposite structures consisted of GOR GO and CF were analyzed by Ebrahimi, Dabbagh [170] using a
nanocomposite materials. In one of the recent attempts in this shear deformable beam hypothesis incorporated with the
field, the FSDT of beams was employed by Zhang, Li, Wu, fundamentals of FE approximations. The TSDT was extended by
Zhang, Wu, Jiang, Chai [154] probing the bending, buckling and Karimiasl, Ebrahimi, Akgöz [171] for the doubly-curved shells to
vibration behaviors of FG-GOR nanocomposite beams. Lately, survey the stability responses of smart shape memory alloy
the thermally influenced vibration problem of FG-GOR (SMA) based MSH nanocomposite structures with consideration
nanocomposite plates was solved by Ebrahimi, Nouraei, of the effect of thermal gradient as well as moisture

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concentration. Besides, the nonlinearity effects were included in authors. The effects of nanofillers' agglomeration and waviness
a vibration study project to determine both free and forced were included in several attempts considering the mechanical
vibrational characteristics of MSH smart nanocomposite doubly- responses of such nanocomposites. Also, many publications can
curved shells [172, 173]. be found focusing on the mechanical behaviors of GR and GPLR
nanocomposites. However, the behaviors of GOR and MSH
nanocomposite materials and structures were not studied a lot
7. Conclusions and many problems in such fields can be found without any
answer. Henceforward, researchers are advised to analyze the
Above discussions were proposed to show the remarkable mechanical responses of such types of nanocomposites with
scientific endeavors handled by a wide range of researchers consideration of the realistic phenomena which happen in the
seeking for the mechanical behaviors of nanocomposite materials fabrication of nanocomposites like agglomeration of
and structures while effects of various working conditions and nanoparticles and creation of the interphase zone between the
realistic phenomena were included. As a brief conclusion, it can nanoparticle and the initial matrix.
be easily found that nearly most of the possible problems which
can be defined about CNTR nanocomposites were solved by the
and Engineering, Vol. 213-216, pp. 196-205, 2012/03/01/,
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