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Thermal buckling analysis of embedded graphene-oxide powder-reinforced

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Article in Advances in nano research · January 2019

DOI: 10.12989/anr.2019.7.5.293

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Advances in Nano Research, Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019) 293-310
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2019.7.5.293 293

Thermal buckling analysis of embedded graphene-oxide

powder-reinforced nanocomposite plates
Farzad Ebrahimi 1, Mostafa Nouraei 1, Ali Dabbagh 2 and Timon Rabczuk 3
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3
Institute of Structural Mechanics (ISM), Bauhaus-University Weimar, Weimar 1599423, Germany

(Received December 29, 2018, Revised April 25, 2019, Accepted May 8, 2019)

Abstract. In this paper, thermal- buckling behavior of the functionally graded (FG) nanocomposite plates reinforced with
graphene oxide powder (GOP) is studied under three types of thermal loading once the plate is supposed to be rested on a two-
parameter elastic foundation. The effective material properties of the nanocomposite plate are considered to be graded continuously
through the thickness according to the Halpin-Tsai micromechanical scheme. Four types of GOPs’ distribution namely uniform (U),
X, V and O, are considered in a comparative way in order to find out the most efficient model of GOPs’ distribution for the purpose
of improving the stability limit of the structure. The governing equations of the plate have been derived based on a refined higher-
order shear deformation plate theory incorporated with Hamilton’s principle and solved analytically via Navier’s solution for a
simply supported GOP reinforced (GOPR) nanocomposite plate. Some new results are obtained by applying different thermal
loadings to the plate according to the GOPs’ negative coefficient of thermal expansion and considering both Winkler-type and
Pasternak-type foundation models. Besides, detailed parametric studies have been carried out to reveal the influences of the different
types of thermal loading, weight fraction of GOP, aspect and length-to-thickness ratios, distribution type, elastic foundation
constants and so on, on the critical buckling load of nanocomposite plates. Moreover, the effects of thermal loadings with various
types of temperature rise are investigated comparatively according to the graphical results. It is explicitly shown that the buckling
behavior of an FG nanocomposite plate is significantly influenced by these effects.
Keywords: thermal buckling; graphene oxide powder; refined higher-order plate theory; elastic foundations

expansion which can provide the required engineering

1. Introduction properties for the structural purposes. According to the
mentioned properties of these groups of composites and
The possibilities of traditional materials such as metals their potential to be used in evolving applications, scientists
and their alloys are so exhausted that even when using the have tried to analyze these materials as more as possible.
most modern techniques it may be difficult to achieve the For example, Kant and Babu (2000) surveyed the thermo-
highest material characteristics and thus higher performance mechanical stability problem of skew fiber reinforced
parameters, the durability and reliability of the proposed composite (FRC) plates using a shear deformable theorem
structures and equipment. Due to this fact, in today’s coupled with the finite element method (FEM). Dynamic
modern world, we can rarely find the industries without behaviors of FRC skew plates are explored by Anlas and
utilizing the composite materials due to their distinctive Göker (2001) in order to find out the natural frequencies via
properties that cannot be achieved by any of the well-known Ritz method. In other researches, a
constituents alone. The primary reason that composites are combination of both analytical and experimental
chosen for components is because of their remarkable investigation is utilized to study the buckling behavior of
weight saving as well as their relative stiffness and strength. both cantilever I and open channel beams by considering
In common, composites are composed of at least two shear effects (Qiao et al. 2003, Shan and Qiao 2005). Also,
materials, combined to give properties superior to those of for the laminated composites (LCs), Liu et al. (2002)
the individual constituents. Also, they are typically presented an investigation on the buckling analysis of
categorized with respect to their matrix constituent and their isotropic and symmetrically LC plates via an element-free
reinforcements. Fiber reinforced and laminated composites Galerkin method to show the efficiency of this method.
are the two groups of composites with outstanding Afterwards, the first-order shear deformation theory was
properties such as high strength, specific stiffness, high employed by Shan and Qiao (2005) in order to analyze the
resistance to fatigue failure and large coefficient of thermal free vibration of a kind of laminated composites which is
thick and symmetrical. A global-local higher-order theory
was presented by Zhen and Wanji (2006) to probe the free
vibration problem of LC plates. Urthaler and Reddy (2008)
Corresponding author, Ph.D., Professor, investigated the bending response of LC plates to find out
E-mail: [email protected] an accurate prediction of the global bending response of
Copyright © 2019 Techno-Press, Ltd.
http://www.techno-press.org/?journal=journal=anrandsubpage=5 ISSN: 2287-237X (Print), 2287-2388 (Online)
294 Farzad Ebrahimi, Mostafa Nouraei, Ali Dabbagh and Timon Rabczuk

thin and moderately thick plates subjected to large rotation. Most recently, Arefi et al. (2019) have studied the
They considered for the nonlinearity effects within the bending responses of the curved nanobeams which are
framework of von-Karman strain-displacement relations. reinforced with the GPLs and embedded on Pasternak
Shariyat (2010) introduced a new theory for analyzing the foundation based on the first-order shear deformation
thermally affected mechanical characteristics of sandwich theory. Also, the buckling analysis of the FG magneto-
plates to cover the continuity conditions between layers. electro-elastic nanoplates have been conducted by Ebrahimi
The effects of nonlinear elastic substrate on the static and Barati (2019) with employing the Eringen’s nonlocal
stability responses of the LC plates are considered by elasticity theory.
Baltacıoğlu et al. (2011) using a first-order shear Furthermore, once elements with at least one dimension
deformation theory coupled with the nonlinear relations of in nano scale are selected as reinforcements, the composite
von-Karman. Also, some investigations have been is named a nanocomposite. Indeed, the outstanding
performed on LCs via non-uniform rational B- mechanical properties of nanoparticles were appealing
splines (NURBS) method (Shojaee et al. 2012, Thai et al. enough in the engineers’ opinion to be employed as
2012). Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) was employed reinforcement in composites. One of the most famous nano
by Tornabene et al. (2014) in order to analyze the stability size reinforcing elements is carbon nanotube (CNT) which
problem of doubly-curved shells. The Fourier-Ritz method is an important new class of technological materials that
was applied by Wang et al. (2017) with the aim of possesses numerous novel and useful properties. Therefore,
analyzing the vibrational behavior of LC shells and panels it is of high importance to analyze the mechanical behaviors
by considering various boundary conditions (BCs). Also of CNT reinforced (CNTR) nanocomposites. In a
some mechanical analysis of the FG sandwich plates have remarkable endeavor, the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka
been investigated by the Menasria et al. (2017) based on the homogenization model was employed by Formica et al.
analytical approaches. Sobhani et al. (2018) solved the (2010) to investigate the vibration behavior of CNTR
stability problem of LC with respect to the delamination nanocomposites via FEM. Single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs)
effects in the framework of acoustic emission and signal have attracted the attention of the researchers recently with
processing techniques. their evolving applications such as reinforcements in
Micro and nanostructures have been introduced as novel composites, additives in polymers, catalysts and so on. For
materials whose size of elemental structure has been example, Shen and Zhang (2010) investigated both thermo-
engineered at the micro or nanometer scale. The curiosity of elastic pre- and post-buckling response of nanocomposite
the researchers has been driven into nanostructures due to plates reinforced with SWCNTs to show how the
the novel applications of these structures in almost all nanofillers’ distribution type can improve the stability limits
branches of technology. For instant, the dynamic and static of nanocomposite plates. Also, Arani et al. (2011) employed
behaviors of some microstructures have been analyzed both FE and analytical methods to investigate effects of
recently to show hoe these structures can be applicable for some variants such as aspect ratio, BCs and CNTs’
engineering purposes. Some mechanical responses of the orientation on the buckling loads of SWCNT reinforced LC
nanobeams such as have been investigated by Bellifa et al. plates. Wang and Shen (2011) presented a thermal analysis
(2017) on the basis of nonlocal shear deformation theory. on the nonlinear vibrational behaviors of nanocomposite
Several effects such as thermal loadings, elastic foundations plates reinforced with SWCNTs via a higher-order plate
and magnetic field are applied to the nanostructures like theory. Both static and dynamic FEM analyses of SWCNT
nanobeams and nanoplates by the researchers (Karami et al. reinforced nanocomposite plates have been performed by
2017) in order to find out how these effects can influence Zhu et al. (2012) by considering different types of
the buckling and vibrational responses of these reinforcements’ distributions. In addition, Shen and Xiang
nanostructures. The wave propagation analysis of the (2012) probed the nonlinear thermal vibration behaviors of
nanoshells and magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) nanotubes CNTR nanocomposite shells with respect to various
have been investigated by Ebrahimi et al. (2019) based on distribution patterns of nanofillers. Yas and Samadi (2012)
the nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory. In addition, the solved the vibration and buckling problems of the CNTR
wave dispersion analysis of the rotating FG nanobeams nanocomposite beams numerically by considering the
have been conducted by the same authors (Ebrahimi et al. influences of elastic foundation. Moreover,
2018a, Ebrahimi and Haghi 2018b) by utilizing nonlocal Wattanasakulpong and Ungbhakorn (2013) surveyed
elasticity theory. Moreover, considering the thermal effect bending, buckling and vibration behaviors of the embedded
on the wave propagation analysis of the rotation nanocomposite beams reinforced with SWCNTs by the
nanostructures for different purposes have been carried out means of Navier method. Lei et al. (2013) implemented the
by the same authors (Ebrahimi and Haghi 2018a, Ebrahimi Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka homogenization technique to account
et al. 2018b). Some of researchers in recent years have for the nanotubes’ aggregation while investigating the
analyzed mechanical behaviors of FGM nanoplates based buckling behaviors of CNTR nanocomposite plates via a FE
on various plate shear deformation plate theories. (Ebrahimi based element-free method. In another research, Liew et al.
and Barati 2016a-e, Ebrahimi et al. 2016, Ebrahimi and (2014) introduced a meshless approach for the purpose of
Dabbagh 2016, Ebrahimi and Hosseini 2016a, b). Analysis studying the post-buckling responses of axially compressed
of nano-structure’s mechanical behaviors is one of recent CNTR nanocomposite panels. Also, Zhang et al. (2015)
interesting research topics. (Ebrahimi and Barati 2016f-n, employed first-order shear deformation plate theory
2017). incorporated with Ritz method to analyze the vibrational
 Thermal buckling analysis of embedded graphene-oxide powder-reinforced nanocomposite plates 295

behaviors of CNTR skew nanocomposites. Wu et al. (2016) nanocomposite beams rested on viscoelastic foundation.
found it significant to account for the geometrical Also, Thai et al. (2019) investigated the dynamic and static
imperfections once examining the nonlinear vibration responses of the GPLR polymeric nanocomposite plates by
behaviors of FG-CNTR nanocomposite beams. Ebrahimi considering uniform and non-uniform distribution patterns
and Farazmandnia (2017) employed a higher-order shear of GPL based on the NURBS formulation. In addition, the
deformation beam theory to analyze the thermo-mechanical effects of thermal loadings and external pressure on the
vibration of sandwich beams with FG-CNTR buckling behavior of the graphene sheets reinforced shells
nanocomposite face sheets. Ebrahimi and Rostami (2018) investigated by Kiani (2019) based on the first-order shear
have just analyzed the wave propagation problem of CNTR deformation theory.
nanocomposite beams via different shear deformation Graphene oxide also is a novel nanofiller with
theories. Also, Bakhadda et al. (2018) carried out the astounding thermal (Balandin et al. 2008, Cai et al. 2010),
dynamic and bending analyses of the CNTR mechanical and optical properties (Yazid et al. 2018). In the
nanocomposites. Most recently, SafarPour et al. (2019) recent years, it is found that graphene oxide can be a great
have carried out an analysis on the free vibration and reinforcement for the plates with polymer matrix in order to
buckling behaviors of piezoelectric rotating enhance the mechanical and functional properties of the
cylindrical CNTR nanocomposite shells with the aim of polymer materials due to its remarkable compatibility with
investigating the effect of applying critical voltage on the polymers (Potts et al. 2011). The experiments on this novel
structure. Moreover, Mehar et al. (2019) and Torabi et al. nanofiller show that monolayer GO has the Young modulus
(2019) implemented the numerical methods in order to find of 0.25  0.15 TPa (Gómez-Navarro et al. 2008). Due to
out the buckling responses of the CNTR nanocomposite this fact, nanocomposites reinforced with GO have
shells and plates in thermal environments. extraordinary tensile strength in addition to their low cost.
On the other hand, CNTs are not the only nano size GO has been also used in fabricating flexible displays and
reinforcement which is used in the nanocomposites. Nano transparent conducting films, accumulators, and
fillers consisted of other carbon based materials are utilized supercapacitors (Mikoushkin et al. 2011). Moreover, owing
in nanocomposites, too. For instant, graphene platelets to the GOs’ hierarchical structure, it can be utilized as an
(GPLs) and graphene oxide powders (GOPs) are recently adsorbent material. Recently, Zhang et al. (2018) surveyed
employed by researchers to design and analyze novel the buckling, bending and vibration of the GOP reinforced
nanocomposites. Suk et al. (2010) investigated the (GOPR) nanocomposite beams via Timoshenko theory.
mechanical properties of the GO by combining the AFM Except the aforementioned paper, no other research can be
measurement with the FEM in a new approach for found dealing with the mechanical behaviors of
evaluating the mechanical properties of ultrathin nanocomposite continuous systems reinforced with GOPs.
membranes. The static stability analysis of the single layer To the authors’ best knowledge, the thermal buckling
graphene sheets with focus on buckling behavior of this problem of an embedded FG-GOPR nanocomposite plate,
material, have been conducted by Bouadi et al. (2018) by subjected to different types of temperature rise, has never
utilizing new shear deformation theory. The Halpin-Tsai been studied up to now.
model was employed by Feng et al. (2017) for Present research is devoted to include the effects of
homogenization of the nanocomposites in order to foundations’ stiffness and distribution patterns of nanofillers
investigate the effects of using GPLs, as reinforcements in a on the thermal-buckling responses of a FG nanocomposite
nanocomposite, on the nonlinear bending responses of a plate reinforced with GOPs once the plate is subjected to
beam. Also, a higher-order plate model is incorporated with temperature gradient. The material properties are achieved
the nonlinear theory of von-Kármán by some of the authors from Halpin-Tsai micromechanical scheme. Moreover, a
in order to consider for the impacts of thermal environment refined higher-order plate model is mixed with the
and elastic medium on the nonlinear bending and vibration Hamilton’s principle to reach the governing equations.
characteristics of functionally graded graphene-reinforced Afterwards, Navier’s method is implemented to solve the
composite (FG-GRC) laminated plates (Shen et al. 2017a, eigenvalue problem and compute the critical buckling load
b). Also, the issue of postbuckling problem of a porous GPL for a simply-supported plate. Also, three types of thermal
reinforced (GPLR) nanocomposite beam is undertaken and loading are taken into account. Finally, the influences of
studied by Barati and Zenkour (2017) with respect to the different variants are illustrated via non-dimensional form
influences of geometrical imperfection. Yang et al. (2017) of the parameters are presented for the sake of simplicity.
carried out an analysis on the stability of FG nanocomposite
beams reinforced with GPLs. Also, Zhao et al. (2017)
studied the bending and vibration behaviors of an FG 2. Theory and formulation
trapezoidal plate reinforced with GPLs by employing the
modified Halpin-Tsai model and the rule of mixture to 2.1 Material homogenization
predict the effective material properties. Besides,
researchers have also probed the vibration, bending and The studied structure is consisted of an initial polymer
compressive buckling of the GPLR polymeric matrix that is strengthened via a group of GOPs. The
nanocomposite plates via Mindlin-Reissner theory (Song et reinforcements are dispersed in the primary material via
al. 2018). Most recently, Qaderi et al. (2019) carried out an different patterns. These patterns can be generated by
investigation on the vibration behavior of the GPLR putting the nanofillers in a series of specified positions
296 Farzad Ebrahimi, Mostafa Nouraei, Ali Dabbagh and Timon Rabczuk

which can be calculated by following simple modeling form as Poisson’s ratio is achieved in Eq. (7). The volume
fractions are related to each other as
∗
𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 = 𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 GOPR-U
|𝑧| ∗ 𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 + 𝑉𝑀 = 1 (8)
𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 = (2 − 4 ) 𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 GOPR-O
ℎ
|𝑧| ∗ (1) Now, it is turn to calculate the coefficient of thermal
𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 = 4 𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 GOPR-X expansion (CTE) for the GOPR nanocomposite in the
ℎ
𝑧 ∗ following form Van Es (2001)
{𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 = (1 + 2 ℎ)𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 GOPR-V
𝛼𝑀 + 𝛼𝐺𝑂𝑃 1 1
∗
in which 𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝛼𝑀 + 1 1 [ + ] (9)
stands for the total volume fraction of + 𝐾𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐾𝑀
GOPs and can be formulated as 𝐾𝑀 𝐾𝐺𝑂𝑃

𝑊𝐺𝑂𝑃 in which K is the bulk moduli and α is the CTE. Also, the M
∗
𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 = 𝜌𝐺𝑂𝑃 (2) and GOP subscript is referred to the matrix and graphene
𝑊𝐺𝑂𝑃 + (
𝜌𝑀
) (1 − 𝑊𝐺𝑂𝑃 ) oxide powder respectively.

where GOP and M subscripts are related to GOP 2.2 Refined higher-order plate theory
reinforcements and the matrix, respectively. In addition, ρ
stands for mass density and WGOP denotes GOP weight The classical theory of plates possesses some
fraction. Afterwards, it is necessary to earn the effective simplifying assumptions which leads to some limitations in
Young’s modulus and the effective Poisson’s ratio of the modeling. For example, this theory cannot present reliable
nanocomposite. Herein, the Halpin-Tsai homogenization results whenever the length-to-thickness ratio is inside 10.
technique is extended for derivation of the material Due to this fact, the researchers have introduced some
properties (Van Es 2001, Zhang et al. 2018). Now, the mathematical modeling which is able to estimate the shear
Young’s modulus can be written as stress and strain of the plates and beams (Abdelaziz et al.
2017). Moreover, Bourada et al. (2019) employed
𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0.49𝐸𝑙 + 0.51𝐸𝑡 (3) sinusoidal shear deformation theory in order to investigate
the dynamic behavior of the FG porous beam. In
where El and Et account for longitudinal and transverse comparison to the other works in which the thickness
Young’s modulus of the composite, respectively. These stretching effect is taken into account (Bouhadra et al.
elastic parameters can be calculated as (Zhang et al. 2018) 2018) the very small difference was seen on the vibration
and stability analysis of FG plates which could be
1 + 𝜉𝑙 𝜂𝑙 𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 negligible for the sake of simplicity. On the other hand, in
𝐸𝑙 = × 𝐸𝑀 ,
1 − 𝜂𝑙 𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 some other researches, other versions of the classical
(4) kinematic theories are presented which are modified to be
1 + 𝜉𝑡 𝜂𝑡 𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃
𝐸𝑡 = × 𝐸𝑀 applicable in the cases that influences of the shear
1 − 𝜂𝑡 𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 deformation cannot be ignored. For the purpose of
Where capturing the shear effect in the higher-order theorems, a
shape function is presented in each theory. In this paper, the
𝐸𝐺𝑂𝑃 𝐸𝐺𝑂𝑃
( 𝐸𝑀
)−1 ( 𝐸𝑀
)−1 refined form of sinusoidal plate theory is utilized in order to
𝜂𝑙 = 𝐸𝐺𝑂𝑃
, 𝜂𝑡 = 𝐸𝐺𝑂𝑃
(5) achieve the kinematic relations of the plate. According to
( 𝐸𝑀
) + 𝜉𝑙 ( 𝐸𝑀
) + 𝜉𝑡 this theory, the displacement field of a plate can be written
as
in which EGOP and EM stand for GOPs and matrix Young 𝜕𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑤𝑠
modulus, respectively. Also, the geometry factors (ξl, ξt) can 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧) (10)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
be computed in the following form (Zhang et al. 2018)
𝜕𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑤𝑠
2𝑑𝐺𝑂𝑃 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧) (11)
𝜉𝑙 = 𝜉𝑡 = (6) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
ℎ𝐺𝑂𝑃

in which dGOP and hGOP are related to diameter and 𝑢𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑤𝑏 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑤𝑠 (𝑥, 𝑦) (12)
thickness of GOPs, respectively. Now, the effective
Poisson’s ratio of the composite can be achieved by using where, u is longitudinal displacement and wb, ws are
the rule of mixture in the following form bending and shear deflections, respectively. The
corresponding shape function of the employed theory can
𝜈𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜈𝐺𝑂𝑃 𝑉𝐺𝑂𝑃 + 𝜈𝑀 𝑉𝑀 be expressed as
(7)
ℎ 𝜋𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) (13)
where VGOP and VM correspond with the volume fractions of 𝜋 ℎ
GOPs and matrix, respectively. It is worth mentioning that The nonzero strains of the plate can be expressed by
the effective mass density can be computed in the same following equations
 Thermal buckling analysis of embedded graphene-oxide powder-reinforced nanocomposite plates 297

𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑥0 𝑘𝑥𝑏 𝑘𝑥𝑠 𝑄𝑖 = ∫𝑔(𝑧)𝜎𝑖 𝑑𝐴 , 𝑖 = (𝑥𝑧, 𝑦𝑧) (20)

𝐴
0 𝑏 𝑠
{𝜀𝑦 } = {𝜀𝑦 } + 𝑧 {𝑘𝑦 } + 𝑓(𝑧) {𝑘𝑦 },
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑠
0
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑏
𝑘𝑥𝑦 𝑘𝑥𝑦 (14) Now, the first variation of work done by applied forces
𝑠
𝛾𝑦𝑧 𝛾𝑦𝑧 can be stated as
{ } = 𝑔{ 𝑠 }
𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝛾𝑥𝑧
𝛿𝑉
where 𝜕𝛿(𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) 𝜕(𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 )
(𝑁𝑥0 + 𝑁𝑥𝑇 )
𝜕𝑢 −𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜀𝑥0 𝑘𝑥𝑏 𝜕 2 𝛿(𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝐿 −𝑘𝑤 𝛿(𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) + 𝑘𝑝 +
𝜕𝑣 −𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏 𝜕𝑥 2 (21)
𝜀𝑦0 = 𝑘𝑦𝑏 = =∫ ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦
, , 𝜕𝛿(𝑤 𝑏 + 𝑤 𝑠 𝜕(𝑤 𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 )
𝜕𝑦 2 0 0 𝑇
+(𝑁𝑦 + 𝑁𝑦 )
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
0 𝑏 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏
{𝛾𝑥𝑦 } + {𝑘𝑥𝑦 } −2 𝜕(𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) 𝜕(𝑤 𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 )
{𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥} { 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦} 0
+2𝛿𝑁𝑥𝑦
−𝜕 2
𝑤 ( 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 )
𝑠
𝑘𝑥𝑠 (15)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑤𝑠
2
𝑠
𝛾𝑦𝑧 In above relations, 𝑁𝑥0 =𝑁𝑦0 =𝑁𝑏 are in-plane applied
−𝜕 𝑤 𝑠 𝜕𝑦
𝑘𝑦𝑠 = { }= , loads and 𝑘𝑤 , 𝑘𝑝 are elastic foundation parameters. In this
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑠 𝜕𝑤𝑠
𝛾𝑥𝑧 study, it assumed that the nanocomposite plate is under a
𝑠 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠 { 𝜕𝑥 } biaxial Buckling loading (𝑁𝑏 ) and thermal loading (𝑁𝑥𝑇 =
{𝑘𝑥𝑦 } −2
{ 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦} 𝑁𝑦𝑇 = 𝑁 𝑇 ); also, the shear loading is ignored (𝑁𝑥𝑦
0
= 0).
𝑑𝑓(𝑧) 𝑇
The thermal loading (𝑁 ) can be defined as
𝑔(𝑧) = 1 −
𝑑𝑧
ℎ
2.3 Hamilton’s principle 2 𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑁𝑇 = ∫ ( 𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝛥𝑇) 𝑑𝑧 (22)
ℎ 1−𝜈
− 𝑒𝑓𝑓
2
Now, Hamilton’s principle can be defined as
𝑡 By Substituting Eqs. (18) and (21) into Eq. (16) and
∫ 𝛿(𝑈 + 𝑉)𝑑𝑡 = 0 (16) setting the coefficients of 𝛿𝑢, 𝛿𝑣, δ𝑤𝑏 and δ𝑤𝑠 to zero,
0 the following Euler–Lagrange equation can be obtained
where U and V account for strain energy and work done by 𝜕𝑁𝑥 𝜕𝑁𝑥𝑦
external forces, respectively. The variation of strain energy + =0 (23)
is written as 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝛿𝑈 = ∫ 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝜀𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑁𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑁𝑦

+ =0 (24)
𝑉
(17) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜎𝑥 𝛿𝜀𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝛿𝜀𝑦 + 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝛿𝛾𝑥𝑦
=∫( ) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
+𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝛿𝛾𝑦𝑧 + 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝛿𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑀𝑥𝑏 𝜕 2 𝑀𝑥𝑦
𝑏
𝜕 2 𝑀𝑦𝑏 𝜕𝑄
+ 2 + +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 (25)
Substituting Eqs. (10)-(15) in Eq. (17) yields −(𝑁𝑏 + 𝑁 𝑇 )𝛻 2 (𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) − 𝑘𝑤 (𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 )
𝛿𝑈 +𝑘𝑝 𝛻 2 (𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) = 0
𝜕𝛿𝑢 𝜕 2 𝛿𝑤𝑏 𝜕 2 𝛿𝑤𝑠 𝜕𝑤𝑠
− 𝑀𝑥𝑏
𝑁𝑥 2
− 𝑀𝑥𝑠 2
+𝑄 𝜕 2 𝑀𝑥𝑠 𝜕 2 𝑀𝑥𝑦
𝑠
𝜕 2 𝑀𝑦𝑠 𝜕𝑄𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑄𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 +2 + + +
2 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝛿𝑣 𝜕 𝛿𝑤 𝑏 𝜕 𝛿𝑤𝑠 (26)
𝐿 +𝑁𝑦 − 𝑀𝑦𝑏 − 𝑀𝑦𝑠 (18 −(𝑁𝑏 + 𝑁 𝑇 )𝛻 2 (𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) − 𝑘𝑤 (𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 ) +𝑘𝑝 𝛻 2 (𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) = 0
0
𝜕𝛿𝑢 𝜕𝛿𝑣 𝑏
𝜕 2 𝛿𝑤𝑏
+𝑁𝑥𝑦 ( + ) − 2𝑀𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 In which ∇2 is the Laplacian operator.
2
𝑠
𝜕 𝛿𝑤𝑠 𝜕𝛿𝑤𝑠 𝜕𝛿𝑤𝑠
−2𝑀𝑥𝑦 + 𝑄𝑦𝑧 + 𝑄𝑥𝑧
( 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 ) 2.4 Constitutive equations

In which the variables introduced in arriving at the last In this section, the stress-strain relations of isotropic
expression are defined as follows materials are reviewed for the purpose of deriving the
fundamental elastic equations of solids. Here, following
[𝑁𝑖 , 𝑀𝑖𝑏 , 𝑀𝑖𝑏 ] = ∫[1, 𝑧, 𝑓(𝑧)]𝜎𝑖 𝑑𝐴 , 𝑖 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥𝑦) (19) constitutive equations in a thermal environment can be
𝐴 expressed as
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝜀𝑘𝑙 (27)
298 Farzad Ebrahimi, Mostafa Nouraei, Ali Dabbagh and Timon Rabczuk

where σij and εkl are the components of second order stress 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠
and strain tensors, respectively; whereas, Cijkl corresponds −
𝑠 𝑠 𝜕𝑢2
with the components of the fourth order elasticity tensor. 𝐷11 𝐷12 0 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
Whenever extending the aforementioned equation for a + (𝐷21 𝐷22 0) − (31)
𝑠 𝜕𝑦 2
shear deformable plate, the following relations can be 0 0 𝐷66
reached 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠
−2
{ 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦}
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑄11 𝑄12 0 0 0 𝜀𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑄12 𝑄22 0 0 0 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝑢
𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 0 0 𝑄44 0 0 𝜀𝑦𝑧 (28) 𝑀𝑥𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝜕𝑥
𝐵11 𝐵12 0 𝜕𝑣
𝜎𝑥𝑧 0 0 0 𝑄55 0 𝜀𝑥𝑧 𝑠
{𝑀𝑦 } = (𝐵21𝑠 𝑠
𝐵22 0 )
𝜎
[ 𝑥𝑦 ] [ 0 0 0 0 𝑄66 ] [𝜀𝑥𝑦 ] 𝑠 𝑠 𝜕𝑦
𝑀𝑥𝑦 0 0 𝐵66
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
where +
{𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥}
𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏
𝑄11 = , 𝑄12 = 𝜈𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑄11 , −
1 − 𝜈𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 (29) 𝑠 𝑠 𝜕𝑢2
𝑄22 = 𝑄11 , 𝑄44 = 𝑄55 = 𝑄66 = 𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐷11 𝐷12 0 𝜕 2
𝑤𝑏
𝑠 𝑠
+ (𝐷21 𝐷22 0) − (32)
𝑠 𝜕𝑦 2
in which Eeff and Geff denote the Young and shear moduli of 0 0 𝐷66
𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏
the nanocomposite, respectively. Integrating from Eq. (28) −2
over the cross-section area of the plate, the following { 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦}
equations can be written for the stress resultants 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠
−
𝑠 𝑠 𝜕𝑢2
𝐻11 𝐻12 0 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠
𝜕𝑢 𝑠 𝑠
+ (𝐻21 𝐻22 0) −
𝜕𝑥 𝑠 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑁𝑋 𝐴11 𝐴12 0 0 0 𝐻66
𝜕𝑣 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠
{𝑁𝑦 } = (𝐴21 𝐴22 0 ) −2
𝜕𝑦 { 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦}
𝑁𝑋𝑦 0 0 𝐴66
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ 𝜕𝑤𝑠
{𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥}
𝑄𝑥 𝑠
𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏 𝐴44 0 𝜕𝑥
− {𝑄 } = ( 𝑠 ) 𝜕𝑤 (33)
𝜕𝑢2 𝑦 0 𝐴55 𝑠
𝐵11 𝐵12 0 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏 { 𝜕𝑦 }
+ (𝐵21 𝐵22 0 ) − (30)
𝜕𝑦 2
0 0 𝐵66 In Eqs. (30)-(33) the cross-sectional rigidities are given
𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏
−2 by following relations
{ 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦}
𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠 𝐴11 𝐵11 𝐷11 𝑠
𝐵11 𝐷11𝑠
𝐻11𝑠
− 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 𝜕𝑢2 {𝐴12 𝐵12 𝐷12 𝐵12 𝐷12 𝐻12 }
𝐵11 𝐵12 0 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠 𝐴66 𝐵66 𝐷66 𝑠
𝐵66 𝐷66𝑠 𝑠
𝐻66
𝑠 𝑠
+ (𝐵21 𝐵22 0 ) − 1 (34)
𝑠 𝜕𝑦 2 ℎ

0 0 𝐵66 2
𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜈𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠 =∫ 2
(1, 𝑧, 𝑧 2 , 𝑓(𝑧), 𝑧𝑓(𝑧), 𝑓 2 (𝑧)) {
1 − 𝜈𝑒𝑓𝑓
} 𝑑𝑧
−2 ℎ 1 − 𝜈𝑒𝑓𝑓
{ 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦} −
2
2

𝜕𝑢 𝑠
(𝐴22 , 𝐵22 , 𝐷22 , 𝐵22 𝑠
, 𝐷22 𝑠 )
, 𝐻22
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 (35)
𝑀𝑥𝑏 𝜕𝑥 = (𝐴11 , 𝐵11 , 𝐷11 , 𝐵11 , 𝐷11 , 𝐻11 )
𝐵11 𝐵12 0 𝜕𝑣
{𝑀𝑦𝑏 } = (𝐵21 𝐵22 0 ) ℎ
𝜕𝑦
𝑏
𝑀𝑥𝑦 0 0 𝐵66 2
𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝑠
𝐴44 𝑠
= 𝐴55 =∫ (𝑔2 (𝑧)) 𝑑𝑧 (36)
+ ℎ 2(1 + 𝜈𝑒𝑓𝑓 )
{𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥} −
2
𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏 (31)
−
𝜕𝑢2 By substituting Eqs. (30)–(33) into Eqs. (23)-(26), the
𝐷11 𝐷12 0 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏 governing equations of nanocomposite plate can be directly
+ (𝐷21 𝐷22 0 ) − written in terms of displacements (u, v, 𝑤𝑏 , and 𝑤𝑠 ) as
𝜕𝑦 2
0 0 𝐷66
𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏
−2 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 3 𝑤𝑏
{ 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦} 𝐴11 + (𝐴12 + 𝐴 66 ) + 𝐴 66 − 𝐵11 (37)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 3
 Thermal buckling analysis of embedded graphene-oxide powder-reinforced nanocomposite plates 299

𝜕 3 𝑤𝑏 11
𝜕 3 𝑤𝑠 Where 𝑈𝑚𝑛 , 𝑉𝑚𝑛 , 𝑊𝑏𝑚𝑛 and 𝑊𝑠𝑚𝑛 are the unknown
−(𝐵12 + 2𝐵66 ) − 𝐵𝑠 𝑚𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 3 Fourier coefficients and 𝛼 = , 𝛽 = . Once Eqs. (41)-
(37) 𝑎 𝑏
3
𝑠 𝑠 )
𝜕 𝑤𝑠 (44) are inserted in Eqs. (37)-(40) respectively, the
−(𝐵12 + 2𝐵66 =0
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 following relation can be obtained

𝑘11 𝑘12 𝑘13 𝑘14 𝑈𝑚𝑛

𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑣 𝑘21 𝑘22 𝑘23 𝑘24 𝑉
𝐴22 2 + (𝐴12 + 𝐴66 ) + 𝐴66 2 {( )} { 𝑚𝑛 } = 0 (45)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑘31 𝑘32 𝑘33 𝑘34 𝑊𝑏𝑚𝑛
𝜕 3 𝑤𝑏 𝜕 3 𝑤𝑏 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏 𝑘41 𝑘42 𝑘43 𝑘44 𝑊𝑠𝑚𝑛
−𝐵11 3
− 𝐵22 3
− (𝐵12 + 2𝐵66 ) 2 (38)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
3 3
𝜕 𝑤 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝜕 𝑤𝑠 in which K is stiffness matrix. The kij arrays can be
−𝐵𝑠22 − (𝐵12 + 2𝐵66 ) 2 =0 calculated in the following form
𝜕𝑦 3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑘11 = −(𝐴11 𝛼 2 + 𝐴66 𝛽2 ),
3 3 3
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑣 𝑘12 = −𝛼𝛽(𝐴12 + 𝐴66 ),
𝐵11 + (𝐵12 + 2𝐵66 ) + 𝐵22 3
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑘13 = 𝛼 3 𝐵11 + 𝛼𝛽2 (𝐵12 + 2𝐵66 )
𝜕3𝑣 𝜕 4 𝑤𝑏 𝑠 3
𝑘14 = 𝐵11 𝛼 + 𝛼𝛽2 (𝐵12𝑠 𝑠 ),
+ 2𝐵66
−(𝐵12 + 2𝐵66 ) 2 − 𝐷11 𝑘21 = 𝑘12 ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 4
𝜕 4 𝑤𝑏 𝜕 4 𝑤𝑏 𝜕 4 𝑤𝑠 (39) 𝑘22 = −(𝛽2 𝐴22 + 𝛼 2 𝐴66 )
𝑠
−2(𝐷12 + 2𝐷66 ) 2 2 − 𝐷22 4
− 𝐷11 𝑘23 = 𝛽3 𝐵22 + 𝛽𝛼 2 (𝐵12 + 2𝐵66 ),
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 4 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 ),
𝜕 4 𝑤𝑠 𝜕 4 𝑤𝑠 𝑘24 = 𝛽3 𝐵22 + 𝛽𝛼 2 (𝐵12 + 2𝐵66
𝑠 𝑠 ) 𝑠
−2(𝐷12 + 2𝐷66 − 𝐷22 𝑘31 = 𝑘13
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 4
𝑘32 = 𝑘23 , (46)
+(𝑘𝑝 − 𝑁𝑏 − 𝑁 𝑇 )𝛻 2 (𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) − 𝑘𝑤 (𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) = 0
𝑘33 = −(𝛼 4 𝐷11 + 2𝛼 2 𝛽2 (𝐷12 + 2𝐷66 ) + 𝛽4 𝐷22
+𝑘𝑤 + (𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 )(𝑘𝑝 − 𝑁𝑏 − 𝑁 𝑇 )
𝑠
𝜕3𝑢 𝑠 𝑠 )
𝜕3𝑢 𝑠
𝜕3𝑣 𝑠
𝑘34 = −(𝛼 4 𝐷11 𝑠
+ 2𝛼 2 𝛽2 (𝐷12 𝑠
+ 2𝐷66 𝑠
) + 𝛽4 𝐷22
𝐵11 + (𝐵12 + 2𝐵 66 + 𝐵 22 2 2 𝑇
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 3 +𝑘𝑤 + (𝛼 + 𝛽 )(𝑘𝑝 − 𝑁𝑏 − 𝑁 )
3 4
𝑠 𝑠 )
𝜕 𝑣 𝑠
𝜕 𝑤 𝑏 𝑘42 = 𝑘24 ,
−(𝐵12 + 2𝐵66 − 𝐷11
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 4 𝑘43 = 𝑘34 ,
𝜕 4 𝑤𝑏 𝜕 4 𝑤𝑏 𝜕 4 𝑤𝑠 (40) 𝑘41 = 𝑘14
𝑠 𝑠 ) 𝑠 𝑠
−2(𝐷12 + 2𝐷66 2 2
− 𝐷22 4
− 𝐻11 𝑠
𝑘44 = −(𝛼 4 𝐻11 𝑠
+ 2𝛼 2 𝛽2 (𝐻12 𝑠
+ 2𝐻66 𝑠
) + 𝛽4 𝐻22
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 4 2 2 𝑠 𝑇
𝜕 4 𝑤𝑠 𝜕 4 𝑤𝑠 +𝑘𝑤 + (𝛼 + 𝛽 )(𝐴 + 𝑘𝑝 − 𝑁𝑏 − 𝑁 )
𝑠 𝑠 ) 𝑠
−2(𝐻12 + 2𝐻66 − 𝐻22
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 4
𝑇 2
+(𝑘𝑝 − 𝑁𝑏 − 𝑁 )𝛻 (𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) − 𝑘𝑤 (𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠 ) = 0 4. Types of thermal loading

4.1 Uniform temperature rise (UTR)

3. Solution procedure
By assuming an FG-GOPR nanocomposite plate at
Here, on the basis of the Navier method, an analytical reference temperature 𝑇0 and final temperature 𝑇 , the
solution of the governing equations for buckling of a simply uniform temperature change can be defined as
supported FG-GOPR nanocomposite plate is presented. To
satisfy the simply supported boundary condition, the 𝛥𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇0
displacement fields are in the following form
4.2 Linear temperature rise (LTR)
∞ ∞

𝑢 = ∑ ∑ 𝑈𝑚𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝛼𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛽𝑦) 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑛 𝑡 (41) The temperature of a FG-GOPR nanocomposite plate
𝑚=1 𝑛=1 can be raised linearly through the thickness through the
following formulation by considering the plate to be thin
∞ ∞
enough
𝑣 = ∑ ∑ 𝑉𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛼𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝛽𝑦) 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑛 𝑡 (42)
1 𝑧
𝑚=1 𝑛=1 𝑇 = 𝑇0 + 𝛥𝑇( + )
2 ℎ
∞ ∞

𝑤𝑏 = ∑ ∑ 𝑊𝑏𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛼𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛽𝑦) 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑛 𝑡 (43) Where 𝑇 is the final temperature and 𝑇0 is the
𝑚=1 𝑛=1
reference temperature of the plate.

∞ ∞ 4.3 Sinusoidal temperature rise (STR)

𝑤𝑠 = ∑ ∑ 𝑊𝑠𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛼𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛽𝑦) 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑛 𝑡 (44)
𝑚=1 𝑛=1
When the plate is subjected to sinusoidal temperature
rise, the temperature distribution throughout the thickness
300 Farzad Ebrahimi, Mostafa Nouraei, Ali Dabbagh and Timon Rabczuk

(a) FG-X (b) UD

(c) FG-V
Fig. 1 Variation of dimenshpgionless buckling load of a GOPR nanocomposite plate versus temperature raise for (a) FG-
X; (b) UD; (c) FG-V; and (d) FG-O distribution type with respect to various types of thermal loading through the
thickness

can be expressed as 𝑎4 𝑎2
𝐾𝑤 = 𝑘𝑤 , 𝐾𝑝 = 𝑘𝑝 ,
𝐷𝐶 𝐷𝐶
𝜋 1 𝑧
𝑇 = 𝑇0 + 𝛥𝑇 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + )) 𝑎2 𝐸𝑀 ℎ3
2 2 ℎ
𝑁𝐶𝑟 = 𝑁𝑏 , 𝐷𝐶 = 2
100𝐷𝐶 12(1 − 𝜈𝑀 )
Where 𝛥𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇0 is the temperature change.
The static deflection of the CNT reinforced
nanocomposite square plates with the SSSS boundary
5. Numerical results and discussion condition and four types of nanofillers’ distribution are
obtained via present model and compared with those
Through this section, the effects of various parameters reported by (REFERENCE) in Table 1.
such as three kinds of thermal loading, GOPs’ weight Fig. 1 gives the variation of critical buckling load
fraction, aspect ratio, length to thickness ratio, two kinds of against temperature raise by considering different types of
elastic foundation and different types of GOPs’ distribution thermal loading for various types of GOPs’ distribution
on the critical buckling loads of GOPR nanocomposite including uniform distribution (UD), FG-O, FG-V and FG-
plates will be figured out by interpreting the numerical X. According to this figure, the critical buckling loads start
results stated in the following. For the sake of simplicity, to decrease due to the stiffness reduction caused by
the dimensionless form of the buckling load, Winkler and temperature raise. However, it is clear that the structure
Pasternak parameters are defined in the following form: under STR has higher range of dimensionless buckling load
 Thermal buckling analysis of embedded graphene-oxide powder-reinforced nanocomposite plates 301

Table 1 Comparison of the dimensionless static deflection followed by LTR and UTR, respectively. On the other hand,
responses of CNTR plates with simply-supported UTR makes the plate more flexible and causes higher
∗
boundary conditions (𝑉𝐶𝑁𝑇 = 0.11, q0 = 0.1 MPa) stiffness reduction in the plate compared with the other
types of temperature raise. As illustrated in Fig. 1, plates
b/h Distribution pattern Zhu et al. (2012) Present
with FG-O distribution pattern for the nanofillers have the
UD 3.739e-3 3.717e-3 lowest value of dimensionless buckling load, whereas, FG-
FG-V 4.466e-3 4.463e-3 X ones possess the highest value.
10 To investigate the influences of the foundation
FG-O 5.230e-3 5.2484e-3
parameters on the dimensionless buckling load of GOPR
FG-X 3.177e-3 3.150e-3
nanocomposite plates, the variation of dimensionless
UD 3.628e-2 3.644 buckling load is plotted against Winkler and Pasternak
FG-V 4.879e-2 4.874e-2 coefficients in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively for each GOP
20 distribution pattern by considering three types of
FG-O 6.155e-2 6.135e-2
temperature raise. As shown in Figs. 2 and 3, for the all
FG-X 2.701e-2 2.713e-2 types of temperature rise, an increase in the foundation
UD 1.155 1.164 parameters’ stiffness will improve the critical buckling load
FG-V 1.653 1.651 of the nanocomposite plate gradually. Moreover, comparing
50 these figures together, it can be also concluded that the
FG-O 2.157 2.123
Pasternak parameter can affect the structure fantastically
FG-X 0.79 0.804 more than Winkler parameter. From this sense, it can be

(a) FG-X (b) UD

(c) FG-V
Fig. 2 Variation of critical buckling load versus Winkler coefficient for (a) FG-X; (b) UD; (c) FG-V; and (d) FG-O
distribution type with respect to various types of thermal loading through the thicknes
302 Farzad Ebrahimi, Mostafa Nouraei, Ali Dabbagh and Timon Rabczuk

(a) FG-X (b) UD

(c) FG-V (d) FG-O

Fig. 3 Variation of critical buckling load versus Pasternak coefficient for (a) FG-X; (b) UD; (c) FG-V; and (d) FG-O
distribution type with respect to various types of thermal loading through the thickness

found that Pasternak parameter can improve the buckling change (𝛥𝑇 = 20), only the plate with X-distribution of the
behavior of the GOPR nanocomposite plates more GOPs can tolerate buckling load under every type of
efficiently than Winkler parameter. Also, it is interesting to thermal loading. Also, as seen in Figs. 5(b), (c) and (d),
note that applying a STR makes the structure less flexible, UTR has a huge softening effect on the structure in a way
hence, the critical buckling loads of the plates under this that nothing is able to prevent the structure’s failure. In
type of thermal loading have higher range in comparison addition, it is found from these two figures that STR
with other types of thermal loading. Also, as same as Fig. 1, provides higher range of dimensionless buckling loads and
the nanocomposite plate with X-distribution endures higher after that LTR is more desirable than UTR. As it is obvious
buckling loads. from these two figures, without applying thermal effects,
Figs. 4 and 5 show the variation of critical buckling load the plate undergoes larger range of dimensionless buckling
versus aspect ratio by exposing the plate to different types loads as a result of applying a growth in aspect ratio values.
of thermal loadings in order to compare the buckling It would be understandable form the interoperating of these
behavior of the structure with and without thermal effects. figures that only X-distribution type of reinforcements can
These figures are consisted of four parts for each type of tolerate the thermal loadings with UTR.
GOP distribution. In these figures, two values are assigned The next step is to analyze the effects of GOPs’ weight
to the temperature raise. It can be clearly observed that in fraction, different types of temperature rise and elastic
Fig. 4, with lower value of temperature change (𝛥𝑇 = 10), foundation on the critical buckling loads in detail. The
increment in the amount of aspect ratio can appropriately variation of the dimensionless buckling loads against GOPs’
withstand with the thermal effects which causes an increase weight fraction is presented in Fig. 6 for various types of
in the critical buckling load even under thermal loading. GOP distribution. The values of temperature change and
However, in Fig. 5, with higher value of temperature elastic foundation coefficient are considered to be constant
 Thermal buckling analysis of embedded graphene-oxide powder-reinforced nanocomposite plates 303

(a) FG-X (b) UD

(c) FG-V (d) FG-O

Fig. 4 Variation of critical buckling load versus plate aspect ratio for (a) FG-X; (b) UD; (c) FG-V; and (d) FG-O distribution
type with respect to various types of thermal loading through the thickness by considering the amount of temperature
change 𝛥𝑇 = 10𝐾

(a) FG-X (b) UD

Fig. 5 Variation of critical buckling load versus plate aspect ratio for (a) FG-X; (b) UD; (c) FG-V; and (d) FG-O distribution
type with respect to various types of thermal loading through the thickness by considering the amount of temperature
change 𝛥𝑇 = 20𝐾
304 Farzad Ebrahimi, Mostafa Nouraei, Ali Dabbagh and Timon Rabczuk

(c) FG-V (d) FG-O

Fig. 5 Continued

(a) FG-X (b) UD

(c) FG-V (d) FG-O

Fig. 6 Variation of dimensionless buckling load of a GOPR nanocomposite plate versus weight fraction of GOPs for
(a) FG-X; (b) UD; (c) FG-V; and (d) FG-O distribution type with respect to various types of thermal loading
through the thickness as well as the influence of elastic foundation
 Thermal buckling analysis of embedded graphene-oxide powder-reinforced nanocomposite plates 305

for all of the included subfigures. It can be evidently length-to-thickness ratio with various types of GOP
deduced from Fig. 6 that for each type of thermal loading distribution for both thermally affected and without thermal
and GOP distribution, an increase in the magnitude of effect conditions. As illustrated in this figure, for all types
GOPs’ weight fraction overcomes the thermal effects except of GOPs’ distribution, the reduction range of the buckling
in Fig. 6(d). Hence, the critical buckling loads increase loads under UTR is remarkably higher than other types of
during the addition of the GOPs’ weight fraction for the X, thermal loading followed by LTR and STR. In other words,
U and V distribution. According to the figure, the plate with the structure can be exposed to higher temperatures by
elastic foundation under uniform type of thermal loading applying the STR. Also, by neglecting the thermal effects as
(UTR) has lower range of critical buckling load compared seen in Fig. 7(d), the influence of the length-to-thickness
to the plate without elastic foundation under LTR or STR ratio on critical buckling of the plate would be negligible.
thermal loadings; means, the thermal loading with UTR To investigate how the GOPs’ negative coefficient of
prevails over the elastic foundation effects. By analyzing thermal expansion affect the structure, the variation of the
the plots of Fig. 6(d) in detail, for the O-distribution type, it dimensionless buckling load of the plate is plotted versus
can be figured out that an increase in the amount of weight length-to-thickness ratio with respect to different values of
fraction generates a decrease in the dimensionless buckling GOPs’ weight fraction and various types of thermal
loads of the plate under UTR. This trend reveals that in such loadings. From Fig. 8c and 8d, by comparing UTR type of
cases the softening influence of thermal expansion of the thermal loading with two different values of GOPs’ weigh
nanoparticles defeats the stiffness enhancement which is fraction, it was expected that the plate with higher amount
generated from dispersing nanoparticles in the media. of GOPs’ weight fraction should possess greater
Fig. 7 shows the comparison between the buckling dimensionless buckling load in the highest rate of length-to-
behaviors of the GOPR nanocomposite plates against thickness ratio (a/h = 40) but as seen, it doesn’t happen in

(a) UTR (b) LTR

(c) STR (d) Without thermal effect

Fig. 7 Variation of critical buckling load versus plate length-to-thickness ratio for (a) UTR; (b) LTR; (c) STR; and
(d) without thermal effect with respect to various types of GOPs’ distribution
306 Farzad Ebrahimi, Mostafa Nouraei, Ali Dabbagh and Timon Rabczuk

(a) FG-X (b) UD

(c) FG-V (d) FG-O

Fig. 8 Variation of dimensionless buckling load of a GOPR nanocomposite plate versus plate length-to-thickness ratio
for (a) FG-X; (b) UD; (c) FG-V; and (d) FG-O distribution type with respect to various types of thermal loading
through the thickness as well as the influence of GOPs’ weight fraction

this figure and an addition in the amount of GOPs’ weight The governing equations were obtained on the basis of a
fraction causes a reduction in the value of dimensionless refined higher order plate theory and then solved
buckling load. It can be inferred from this sense that the analytically via Navier method. According to the graphical
GOPs’ negative coefficient of thermal expansion is the results, the following highlights were obtained:
reason of this reverse trend. Also, as it was mentioned in the
previous figures, the UTR causes significant reduction in • It was discovered that although resting the structure
the stiffness of the structure. on elastic foundation improves the stiffness of the
structure, uniform thermal effect influences the
structure in the way that even by embedding the
6. Conclusion plate on an elastic foundation, the structure cannot
withstand under uniform type of thermal loading in
The thermal-buckling response of the FG-GOPR higher range of temperature change.
nanocomposite plates resting on the elastic substrate was • It was found that the nanocomposite plate under
investigated here. Various types of thermal effects were STR has higher range of dimensionless buckling
applied to the structure through the different types of loads followed by LTR and UTR, respectively.
temperature rises including uniform, linear and sinusoidal. • It was also revealed that buckling loads increase
Halpin-Tsai micromechanical scheme was employed to gradually as aspect ratio grows which is meant that
estimate the material properties of the plates with the aim of the more the plate is got out from the square model,
reinforcing the nanocomposite plates with uniform and the plate gets higher values of dimensionless
three FG types of GOP distribution through the thickness. buckling loads.
 Thermal buckling analysis of embedded graphene-oxide powder-reinforced nanocomposite plates 307

• It is deduced that the most efficient type of GOP deformation theory for nonlinear postbuckling of nanobeams”,
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