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this change, it may be asked, less hazardous than one which
purposes only to guard against the corruption, and to correct those
abuses which have almost imperceptibly crept into the
representation?—As the existence of corruption in the representative
is too probable, so is its prevalence in the constituent body too
notorious:—election by ballot, it has been supposed, will provide a
remedy against this evil;—it will remain unknown to the candidates
for whom the voters may poll, the application of bribery therefore will
be ineffectual, as, notwithstanding his acceptance of a bribe, the
voter may still poll, according to his inclination or his conscience,
without the fear of a discovery.
In regard to the universal suffrage, it must be acknowledged that
every individual, in the state, has an interest in the proper
administration of its affairs, and that Government will, sometimes,
need the support, even of its meanest subjects; if, therefore, they are
interested in, and contribute to the support of Government, they are
entitled to a participation in its privileges;—the privilege they claim is
the Elective Franchise, and as the lower house is called the
Commons House of Parliament, why should not the members,
instead of representing property, be in fact the representatives of the
People?—At the same time such material changes adopted on a
sudden, might produce tumult and disorder, they might occasion
convulsions, attended with far more dreadful effects, than the evils
they purpose to remedy;—but when a minister acknowledges
corruption in his own conduct;—when the sale of Boroughs is
notoriously practised;—when, in some instances, the representatives
of a County are returned by the influence alone of a few powerful
individuals;—when the late convictions, in the House of Commons,
for bribery, prove that it is frequently, if not generally practised by the
candidates for seats in that house, and that it has a pernicious
influence upon the constituent body;—it cannot be disputed, but that
some remedy ought instantly to be applied, in order to eradicate, or
at least to check the wide spreading infection.
Lord Grey, Lord Grenville, the Whig party, even the members of
the opposition are collectively abused by this Author; Lord Grey and
Lord Grenville, however, together with many other individuals whom
he severely censures, are men of acknowledged talents and
information, as is evident from their general conduct, and the
speeches they have delivered in various Parliamentary debates; but
they differ in opinion from his Reverence, if however, every man,
who thinks differently from the learned Author, be a profligate or a
blockhead, we suspect that, besides himself, he will scarcely find a
wise or a virtuous individual throughout the great Empire.
He again resumes his attacks upon the Catholics, we shall,
however, in the first instance, notice three questions, one particle of
which he so confidently defies them to refute:
1st. “Does not a Papist kneel down before, pray and bow to
images, pictures, and pieces of old wood representing our Blessed
Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and many Saints, and does he not do this
for the purpose either of paying adoration to these identical pieces of
wood, old sheets of oil cloth, with faces smeared on them, almost as
hideous as most of those you will see at the Catholic Board, on
reading one of Robert Peele’s Anti-catholic speeches, or to their
likenesses?”—In answer to this question we beg leave to refer to the
catechisms of the catholics, in which occur the following questions
and answers:—Is it lawful to adore the blessed Virgin or the saints?
—No: for by adoration is here meant the honor due to God alone.—
Do the commandments forbid us to honor the Saints?—No: for the
honor we give them is different from that which we pay to God, we
honor the Saints as friends and faithful servants to God.—If it is
forbid in Catholics to worship the Saints, can it be supposed that
they will pay adoration to their image, pictures or representations?—
Or, is it consistent with probability that the same Church will direct
them, in their riper years, to practise, what it has taught them when
pupils, to reject and avoid?—The council of Trent has, without doubt,
declared, that due honor and respect be given to images of Christ,
the Virgin Mary, and the other Saints;—and who can deny that that
degree of honor and respect, to which they are entitled, should be
paid these, or any other representations?—It is natural to be affected
at the Representation of a dear departed friend and benefactor; the
Catholics look upon them as their best of benefactors, they therefore
pay them a due degree of honor and respect, should they, however,
exceed this degree, they are not only culpable, but obnoxious
likewise, to the censures of their own Church:—the Protestants
themselves regard King William III. as their benefactor, of course
they honor and drink to his memory, some even have been so far
inflamed with enthusiasm, as to drink to his glorious and immortal
memory on their bare knees, are not these Protestants equally
idolatrous with the Catholics?
Secondly, “He wishes to know whether a Papist does not pray to
Saints and Angels, and invoke their intercession, thereby making
Gods, not only of Angels, but even of dead men, although expressly
informed, by God himself, that there is but one mediator with the
Father, not only of redemption but of intercession also, which is our
blessed Saviour, and in doing so is he not guilty of idolatry?” That the
Roman Catholics intreat of Saints and Angels to forward petitions in
their behalf, for obtaining the divine mercy, is acknowledged, but
that, in doing so, they mean to worship them as Gods, or to incur the
guilt of idolatry, is as confidently denied:—they dread through an
humble confidence of their own demerits, to offer from themselves
an immediate address to the Deity:—and as Christ himself has given
an example of praying for others, even his persecutors, in those
memorable words, “Pardon them O Lord, for they know not what
they do;” so the Catholics may probably imagine that the Saints and
Angels whom they address, will petition in their behalf, and as they
are pure in comparison with themselves, these petitions will have
greater effect, than the immediate addresses of a polluted sinner—
we think also, that the answer to the first, is a sufficient answer to
this question.
Thirdly, “He is induced to enquire whether a Papist does not pay
divine adoration to a mixture of flour and water, made up by the
hands of an illiterate and possibly profligate priest, contrary to the
figurative sense and meaning of the Holy Scripture, and in direct
opposition to reason and common understanding? does he not
believe that a Popish Priest has the power of making a God? and
does he not bow down and worship this worse than golden
image?”—It may be asked the Revd. Baronet if he ever enquired
before administering the holy Communion to his own flock, whether
the bread provided for the purpose, were made by pure and
undefiled hands, whether the wine were genuine, or brewed by some
rascally vintner;—and is not the term profligate, equally applicable to
a minister of the establishment, as to a Popish Priest, particularly, if
the minister devotes much of his time to the joys of the chase, and
(we may naturally suppose) its consequent festivity; whilst the Priest
is laboriously and almost constantly employed in the conscientious
discharge of his sacred functions? as to the adoration paid to the
Host, the Catholic believes that the Body and Blood of Christ
(acknowledged to partake of the Godhead) are actually present, and
can he justly be called idolatrous for paying adoration to the
presence of Divinity?—the learned gentleman may also be
requested to explain what he means to impress upon the mind of a
Catechumen, by the following words: “the Body and Blood of Christ
are verily and indeed taken and received by the faithful in the Lord’s
Supper.”—Let it be understood, that we by no means, recommend
these doctrines, they may possibly give occasion of offence to such
tender consciences as the Baronet possesses, they are matters of
belief, and therefore left to every man’s own determination;—since,
however, some particles of his questions have been absolutely and
with truth denied, whilst others have been so far answered, we hope,
as to exculpate the Catholics from all criminality either in act or
intention, we may conclude, that should a Cardinal’s hat be now
engaged to the Revd. Baronet, he will perhaps, not only be almost,
but altogether inclined to renounce his own faith, and turn Papist.
In treating of the monstrous doctrines ascribed by Sir Harcourt
Lees to the Catholics, we may premise that their own general
conduct sufficiently refutes his accusation:—his strong assertions
however, may seem to demand some farther enquiry.
The 4th Lateran council was held in the year 1215, at which were
present, most of the christian sovereigns;—this council therefore
may be properly termed a general congress of the temporal, as well
as spiritual Powers of Christendom; they assembled for the purpose
of suppressing the heresy of the Manchæans, or Albigenses, whose
doctrines were (according to Mosheim) not only subversive of
morality, decency, and good order, but even destructive to the
human species,—it was supported by the Counts of Thoulouse,
Cominges, Foix, and aided by numerous bodies of banditti, hired for
this purpose.—The heresy was condemned by the spiritual authority
of the church; and the Fiefs of the princes encouraging it, were
declared forfeitures to their liege lords, by the authority of the
sovereigns, there assembled:—the censures of this council or rather
congress were never promulgated, and scarcely known in this island,
but were directed (we believe, solely) against the Manchæans or
Albigenses, and the princes above mentioned, who encouraged and
protected the votaries of this pernicious heresy.
The council of Constance, held in the year 1414, expressly
declares that it is heretical to affirm it lawful for a subject to kill his
prince, on any pretence whatsoever, session 15. One solitary
instance of the contrary doctrine being maintained, occurs in
Mariana, whose book was condemned, and publicly burnt by a
provincial council of her own order; this Mariana was a Spaniard,
born at Talavera, in the year 1537, who became a Religious in the
year 1554;—he was also condemned by the parliament of Paris, and
by the doctors of Sorbonne, and his book burnt by the hands of the
common hangman.
The council of Trent assembled in the year 1545, and continued to
the year 1563, declares, that to violate the least point of public faith
given to heretics, is a crime punishable by the laws of God and Man;
session, 15 and 18. The doctrine then of the Catholics teaches them
that no power on earth can absolve them from allegiance to their
sovereigns and civil magistrates, and obliges them to keep faith with
all men:—when therefore, the Revd. Author asserts, that according
to the 4th Lateran council, oaths taken contrary to the interest of the
Popish church are not to be called oaths, but perjuries, and that it is
still in force, we must question the accuracy of his information, in
regard to its being a received doctrine among the catholics;—the
council of Constance, and subsequently the council of Trent decreed
the very reverse, and the doctrine of the last general council must
now be like the prevailing one:—the oaths taken by the priests and
Bishops regard only spirituals, that part which refers to the Rights,
Honors, State and Power of the Pope is confined (as the Catholics
assert) to such as live under the Pope’s temporal jurisdiction, or the
jurisdiction of a Catholic Sovereign;—Our own sovereigns are bound
(the author proceeds) by the coronation oath “to the utmost of their
power to maintain the true profession of the gospel,” but by gospel,
we are enjoined to do unto all men as we would they should do unto
us; persecution therefore, in the slightest degree, is a departure from
this precept,—“and the Protestant reformed religion as established
by the laws”—whether will the Protestant Religion be better
maintained by an observance of, or a deviation from, the doctrine
contained in the Gospel? “to preserve the Bishops and Clergy of this
Realm, and to the churches committed to their charge, all such rights
and privileges as by law, do or shall appertain to them, or any of
them,” Catholic Emancipation will not encroach upon these rights
and privileges, it will only procure an equal participation of civil rights
and privileges for the Catholics, which in compliance with the
Gospel, the Protestants are bound to grant, as they in a like
situation, would wish to obtain the same privileges for themselves.
As Sir Harcourt Lees is so very liberal in his application of censure
upon individuals, upon Parties, upon Sects, who may differ from
himself in opinion, with respect to the three natural points which
concern human Life, Religion, Morals and Politics, we presume that
he bears in mind and accords with the assertion of Demosthenes,[1]
“that all men are, by nature, prone to delight in detraction and
invective,” but that, through the multiplicity of his studious pursuits,
the remainder of the sentence, in which this assertion is contained,
has entirely escaped his recollection, “but to be disgusted with those
who praise themselves,” as he is no less liberal in self
Commendation;—The Athenian Orator indeed recounts to his
Audience the services he had rendered the State, during his
Administration, but handsomely, apologizes for this conduct, by
premissing that he was obliged to pursue this method, in order to
refute the Calumnies of his Adversary, and that therefore the odium,
naturally attendant upon self Praise, ought to rest upon the
Individual, who had compelled him to bring forward such a Relation:
Sir Harcourt Lees, however had no adversary to contend with; no
one disputed his merits; of course he had no Calumnies to refute; we
must conclude therefore, that he expects some material Reward for
his present and former Exertions, and therefore points out his
peculiar claims lest they should remain unknown and extinguished;
his success we wish not to prevent; our aim is to guard the Public
(since men are naturally inclined to delight in censure) from imbibing
prejudice through the agreeable medium of invective.
πασῃ φυλαχῃ την ψυχην τηρητεον, μη δια της των λογων ἡδονης
παραδεξαμενοι τι λαθωμεν των χειρονων ὡσπερ ὁι τα δηλητηρια μετα του
μελιτος προσιεμενοι.
Φυσει πασιν ανθρωποις ὑπαρχει των μεν λοιδοριων και των κατηγοριων
ακουειν ἡδεως, τοις επαινουσι δ’ αὑτονς ἀχθεσθαι.
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