CHAPTER 10 BLOOD (Pretest)
CHAPTER 10 BLOOD (Pretest)
CHAPTER 10 BLOOD (Pretest)
35
and 7.45
Blood
- Blood temperature is slightly higher than
• Blood transports everything that must be carried body temperature, at 38°C or 100.4°F
from one place to another through blood vessels,
• BLOOD VOLUME
such as:
- About 5–6 liters, or about 6 quarts, of blood
- Nutrients
are found in a healthy adult
- Wastes
- Blood makes up 8 percent of body weight
- Hormones
- Body heat Plasma
Components of Blood ▪ 90 percent water
▪ Straw-colored fluid
• Blood is the only fluid tissue, a type of connective
▪ Includes many dissolved substances
tissue, in the human body
- Nutrients
• Components of blood - Salts (electrolytes)
- Respiratory gases
1. Formed elements (living cells) - Hormones
2. Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix) - Plasma proteins
• When blood is separated: - Waste products
Hemostasis
- HEMOSTASIS is the process of stopping the
bleeding that results from a break in a blood
vessel
- Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
- The clot remains as endothelium regenerates
- The clot is broken down after tissue repair
- Hemostasis involves three phases
1. Vascular spasms
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
Formation of Red Blood Cells
• STEP 1: VASCULAR SPASMS
- Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to
divide, grow, or synthesize proteins – Immediate response to blood vessel injury
- RBCs wear out in 100 to 120 days – Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm
- When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by – Spasms narrow the blood vessel - decreasing
phagocytes in the spleen or liver blood loss
- Lost cells are replaced by division of
• STEP 2: PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
- Reticulocytes are young RBCs which enter the – Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a
blood to become oxygen-transporting blood vessel
erythrocytes – Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
- Rate of RBC production is controlled by a – Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract
hormone called ERYTHROPOIETIN more platelets
- Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a – Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
- Homeostasis is maintained by negative • STEP 3: COAGULATION
feedback from blood oxygen levels – Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)
Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets – PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF,
blood protein clotting factors, and calcium
• WBC and platelet production is controlled by ions to trigger a clotting cascade
hormones – Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin
to thrombin (an enzyme)
- Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and
– Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into
interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate
hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin
leukocytes
– Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a
- Thrombopoietin stimulates production of
clot)
platelets from megakaryocytes
– Within the hour, serum is squeezed from the - Even normal movements can cause bleeding
clot as it retracts to pull edges of the blood from small blood vessels that require platelets for
vessel together clotting
o Serum is plasma minus clotting proteins - Evidenced by petechiae (small purplish blotches
on the skin)
Hemophilia
Figure 10.5 Events of Hemostasis
- Hereditary bleeding disorder
- Normal clotting factors are missing
- Minor tissue damage can cause life-threatening
prolonged bleeding
Blood Groups and Transfusions
• Large losses of blood have serious consequences
- Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes pallor and
weakness
- Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which
can be fatal
• Blood transfusions are given for substantial blood
loss, to treat severe anemia, or for
thrombocytopenia
Human Blood Groups
- Blood contains genetically determined proteins
known as ANTIGENS
- Antigens are substances that the body
recognizes as foreign and that the immune
system may attack
o Most antigens are foreign proteins
o We tolerate our own “self” antigens
- ANTIBODIES are the “recognizers” that bind
foreign antigens
- Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will
cause blood with certain proteins to clump
(agglutination) and lyse
- Transfusion reactions
o Lysed red blood cells release hemoglobin
into the blood stream
o Freed hemoglobin may block kidney tubules,
Disorders of Hemostasis causing kidney failure and death
o Fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting can also
• Undesirable clotting
result
Thrombus - There are over 30 common red blood cell
antigens
- A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken - The most vigorous transfusion reactions are
blood vessel caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens
- Can be deadly in areas such as the lungs
• ABO blood group
Embolus
- Blood types are based on the presence or
- A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in absence of two antigens
the bloodstream 1. Type A
- Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as 2. Type B
the brain - Presence of both antigens A and B is called type
• Bleeding disorders AB
- Presence of antigen A is called type A
Thrombocytopenia - Presence of antigen B is called type B
- Lack of both antigens A and B is called type O
- Insufficient number of circulating platelets
- Arises from any condition that suppresses the – Type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O blood
bone marrow
o Type AB is the “universal recipient”
– Type B can receive B and O blood • Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood
can result in fetal cyanosis, resulting from
– Type A can receive A and O blood
destruction of fetal blood cells.
– Type O can receive O blood
• Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin
o Type O is the “universal donor” produced after birth