Blood
Blood
Blood
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from the body, life departed as well.
Instructor: Catherine F. Tambis, RN, MAN
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• Color: Depending on the amount of oxygen it is carrying, the color of blood varies
• Weight: Blood is heavier than water and about five times thicker, or more viscous,
Components of Blood
Essentially, blood is a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells, the formed
elements, are suspended.
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A. Plasma
Plasma makes up 55% of whole blood.
Plasma proteins are the most abundant solutes in plasma; make up about 7% of
plasma; normally retained within the blood.
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A. Plasma
Plasma proteins
a) Albumin - contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood, which acts to keep
water in the bloodstream; act as carrier molecules for lipids and steroid
hormones.
b) Globulins – formed in the liver and the remainder in lymphoid tissue; function as
antibodies (immunoglobulins), transport of some hormones and mineral salts.
3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
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B. Formed Elements
RBCs contain the iron-rich protein called hemoglobin, which transports the
bulk of oxygen that is carried in the blood; give blood its RED colour.
A single RBC contains about 250 million of hemoglobin molecules.
RBCs differ from other blood cells because they are anucleate, that is,
they lack a nucleus; they also contain a very few organelles.
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B. Formed Elements
Number of RBCs: There are normally about 5 million cells per cubic millimeter
Normal blood: Clinically, normal blood contains 12-18 grams of hemoglobin per
100 milliliters (ml); the hemoglobin content is slightly higher in men (13-18 g/dl)
• In adults, this tissue is found mainly in the flat bones of the skull, pelvis, ribs,
sternum, humerus and femur.
• All the formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell, the
hemocytoblast.
• Life span: As they age, RBCs become more rigid and begin to fragment, or fall apart, in
100 to 120 days.
• Lost RBCs: Lost cells are replaced more or less continuously by the division of
hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow.
• Immature RBCs: Developing RBCs divide many times and then begin synthesizing huge
amounts of hemoglobin.
• Suddenly, when enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the nucleus and most
organelles are ejected and the cell collapses inward; the result is the young RBC, called
a reticulocyte because it still contains some rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
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Formation of Red Blood Cells
• Mature erythrocytes: Within 2 days of release, they have rejected the
remaining ER and have become fully functioning erythrocytes; the entire
developmental process from hemocytoblast to mature RBC takes 3 to 5 days.
What depresses
erythropoietin release
and RBC production?
• Over abundance of
erythrocytes
• Excessive amount
of oxygen
BLOOD GROUPS
HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS
Blood loss of 15 – 30% can be fatal.
Blood saves lives but incompatible or mismatched blood can also be fatal.
ABO Blood group are based on two antigens, type A or type B, a person inherits.
BLOOD GROUPS
HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS
Blood Type RBC Antigen Antibody Blood type that
can be received
A A antigen Anti-B A, O
B B antigen Anti-A B, O
AB A & B antigen None A,B, AB, O
O None Anti-A & Anti-B O
B. without Agglutination
A. with
Agglutination
BLOOD GROUPS
Rhesus (Rh) BLOOD GROUPS
are so named because one of the eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) was
originally identified in Rhesus monkeys.
Rh - Rh + (Rh incompatibility)
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B. Formed Elements
2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
There are 4,000 to 11,000 WBC/mm³ , and they account for less than 1 percent
of total body volume.
Leukocytes form a protective, movable army that helps defend the body
against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells.
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B. Formed Elements
2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
I. Granulocytes (B-E-N)
A. Basophils (20-50/mm³)
They are the least common of the granulocytes which contain large
cytoplasmic granules.
These cells are best known for their role in asthma and their result in
inflammation and bronchoconstriction in the airways.
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2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
I. Granulocytes (B-E-N)
B. Eosinophils (100-400/mm³)
I. Granulocytes (B-E-N)
II. Agranulocytes
II. Agranulocytes
A. Monocytes
Functions:
Migrate into tissues and clean up dead cells (they transform into
macrophages with huge appetites)
II. Agranulocytes
3. Platelets (250,000-450,000)
which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet “pieces” that quickly seal
Platelets are needed for the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood
FOUR STEPS:
4. Clot retraction/Fibrinolysis
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Hemostasis
1. The immediate response to blood vessel injury is vasoconstriction, which
causes that blood vessel to go into spasms; the spasms narrow the blood vessel,
decreasing blood loss until clotting can occur.
2. Injury to the lining of vessels exposes collage fibers; platelets adhere to the
damaged site and platelet plug or white thrombus forms.
3. At the same time, the injured tissues are releasing thromboplastin, a substance
that plays an important role in clotting.
4. PF3, a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the platelets, interacts with Tissue
Factor, vitamin K, and other blood clotting factors to form an activator that triggers
clotting cascade.
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Hemostasis
5. This prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme).
* Normally, blood clots within 3-6 minutes. Once the clotting cascade has
started, the triggering factors are rapidly inactivated to prevent widespread
clotting (solid blood).
CLOTTING PROCESS
CLOTTING FACTORS
Source: https://medizzy.com/
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