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Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of A handbook of
library appliances
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: A handbook of library appliances

Author: James Duff Brown

Editor: Sir John Young Walker MacAlister

Thomas Mason

Release date: May 19, 2022 [eBook #68130]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: David Stott, 1892

Credits: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A

HANDBOOK OF LIBRARY APPLIANCES ***
 Library Association of the United
Kingdom.
This Association was founded on 5th October, 1877, at the
conclusion of the International Conference of Librarians held at the
London Institution, under the presidency of the late Mr. J. Winter
Jones, then principal librarian of the British Museum.
Its objects are: (a) to encourage and aid by every means in its
power the establishment of new libraries; (b) to endeavour to secure
better legislation for rate-supported libraries; (c) to unite all persons
engaged or interested in library work, for the purpose of promoting
the best possible administration of libraries; and (d) to encourage
bibliographical research.
The Association has, by the invitation of the Local Authorities, held
its Annual Meetings in the following towns: Oxford, Manchester,
Edinburgh, London, Cambridge, Liverpool, Dublin, Plymouth,
Birmingham, Glasgow, Reading, Nottingham, and Paris.
The Annual Subscription is One Guinea, payable in advance, on
1st January. The Life Subscription is Fifteen Guineas. Any person
actually engaged in library administration may become a member,
without election, on payment of the Subscription to the Treasurer.
Any person not so engaged may be elected at the Monthly or Annual
Meetings. Library Assistants, approved by the Council, are admitted
on payment of a Subscription of Half-a-Guinea.
The official organ of the Association is The Library, which is issued
monthly and sent free to members. Other publications of the
Association are the Transactions and Proceedings of the various
Annual Meetings, The Library Chronicle, 1884-1888, 5 vols., and
The Library Association Year-Book (price one shilling), in which will
be found full particulars of the work accomplished by the Association
in various departments.
A small Museum of Library Appliances has been opened in the
Clerkenwell Public Library, Skinner Street, London, E.C., and will be
shown to any one interested in library administration. It contains
Specimens of Apparatus, Catalogues, Forms, &c., and is the nucleus
of a larger collection contemplated by the Association.
All communications connected with the Association should be
addressed to Mr. J. Y. W. MacAlister, 20 Hanover Square, London,
W. Subscriptions should be paid to Mr. H. R. Tedder, Hon.
Treasurer, Athenæum Club, Pall Mall, London, W.

COTGREAVE’S LIBRARY INDICATOR.

This Invention is now in use in some 200 Public Libraries (30 in
London and Suburbs), and has everywhere given great
satisfaction. The following is a brief summary of its more useful
features:
1. Show at a glance both to borrower and Librarian the books or
magazines in or out. Also the titles can be shown to the borrower if
desired. 2. Who has any book that is out, and how long it has been
out. 3. The names of every borrower that has had any book since it
was added to the Library. 4. The dates of accession, binding, or
replacement of any book. 5. The title, author, number of volumes,
and date of publication. 6. The book any individual has out, and
every book he has had out since joining the library. 7. If a borrower’s
ticket has been misplaced in the indicator, it will instantly denote, if
referred to, the exact number where such ticket will be found. 8. It
will show at a glance by a colour arrangement the number of books
issued each day or week, and consequently which are overdue. 9.
Stocktaking can be carried out in one quarter of the time usually
required, and without calling the books in. 10. Wherever it has been
adopted the cost of labour and losses of books have been very
greatly reduced, so much so that in a very short time it has recouped
the cost of purchase. Thus all book-keeping or other record may be
entirely dispensed with.
Sole Agent and Manufacturer:
W. MORGAN, 21 CANNON STREET, BIRMINGHAM.
 Cotgreave’s Rack for Periodicals and
Magazines.
This design is now used in a large number of Libraries and Reading
Rooms with great advantage. Periodicals of any size can be
kept alphabetically arranged either in covers or without. There
are no clips, springs, or other mechanical fittings, but everything
is as simple as can be.
Manufacturer:
WAKE & DEAN, 111 LONDON ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

Cotgreave’s Solid Leather Covers for

Periodicals.
These covers are made of solid leather and will last longer than a
dozen of any other material. Several Libraries have had them in
use for a dozen years or more, without any appearance of wear.
Manufacturer:
W. MORGAN, 21 CANNON STREET, BIRMINGHAM.
N.B. Any special information required may be obtained from the
inventor, A. COTGREAVE, Public Libraries, West Ham, London, E.

Remington Standard Typewriter.

 Used and endorsed as the best
everywhere. The following is one of the
strongest testimonials which could possibly
be received:—
AMERICAN NEWSPAPER PUBLISHERS’
ASSOCIATION.
Officers:

President, JAMES W. SCOTT—Chicago Herald.

Vice-President, E. H. WOODS—Boston Herald.
Secretary and Treasurer, L. L. MORGAN—New Haven Register.

Executive Committee:

W. C. BRYANT—Brooklyn Times.
C. W. KNAPP—St. Louis Republic.
J. A. BUTLER—Buffalo News.
M. A. McRAE—Cincinnati Post and St. Louis Chronicle.
A. S. PEASE—Woonsocket Reporter.
 Address all communications to the Secretary, care NEW YORK
OFFICE, 206 POTTER BUILDING.

To the Members of the American Newspaper Publishers’

Association.
NEW YORK, MAY 11, 1892.
Gentlemen,
The undersigned, a committee appointed by the President
to investigate into the merits of the various typewriting
machines with a view to the adoption of some machine for the
use of members of this association, respectfully report that in
their judgment, all things having been considered, the
“Remington” is the machine which they would recommend for
adoption, believing that in its superiority of design and
excellence of workmanship, its great simplicity, durability and
easy manipulation, it is more desirable for use in newspaper
offices than any other. In addition, the fact that it is
understood and operated by a great many thousands of
young men and women, that the use of it is being taught not
only in the public schools, but in commercial schools and
colleges throughout the land, and, its being generally referred
to as the standard: the large number of offices which the
company have scattered throughout the country, making it
easy to have repairs made at the least expense, have all had
some effect in basing their judgment.
L. L. MORGAN, J. S. SEYMOUR, W. C. BRYANT.

Write for Further Information:

WYCKOFF, SEAMANS and BENEDICT,
100 Gracechurch St., London, E.C.

Library Association Series

 EDITED BY THE HON. SECRETARIES OF THE ASSOCIATION

No. 1.
LIBRARY APPLIANCES
BY
JAMES D. BROWN

THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS.

The Library Association Series

EDITED BY J. Y. W. MacALISTER AND THOMAS MASON
HON. SECRETARIES OF THE ASSOCIATION

No. 1.
 A HANDBOOK OF
LIBRARY APPLIANCES:
THE
TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT OF
LIBRARIES:
FITTINGS, FURNITURE, CHARGING SYSTEMS,
FORMS, RECIPES
&c.

BY
JAMES D. BROWN
CLERKENWELL PUBLIC LIBRARY, LONDON

PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY DAVID STOTT

370 OXFORD STREET, W.
LONDON
1892
PRICE ONE SHILLING NET
 PREFACE.
The Council of the Library Association have arranged for the issue
of a series of Handbooks on the various departments of Library work
and management. Each Handbook has been entrusted to an
acknowledged expert in the subject with which he will deal—and will
contain the fullest and latest information that can be obtained.
Every branch of library work and method will be dealt with in detail,
and the series will include a digest of Public Library Law and an
account of the origin and growth of the Public Library Movement in
the United Kingdom.
The comprehensive thoroughness of the one now issued is, the
Editors feel, an earnest of the quality of the whole series. To mere
amateurs, it may appear that it deals at needless length with matters
that are perfectly familiar; but it is just this kind of thing that is really
wanted by the people for whom Mr. Brown’s Handbook is intended. It
seems a simple matter to order a gross of chairs for a library; but
only experience teaches those little points about their construction
which make so much difference as regards economy and comfort.
With this Handbook in their possession, a new committee, the
members of which may never have seen the inside of a public
library, may furnish and equip the institution under their charge as
effectively as if an experienced library manager had lent his aid.
The second issue of the series will be on “Staff,” by Mr. Peter
Cowell, Chief Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Libraries.
The Editors.
London, August, 1892.
 LIBRARY APPLIANCES.
THE TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT OF LIBRARIES, INCLUDING
FITTINGS AND FURNITURE, RECORDS, FORMS, RECIPES, &c.

By James D. Brown, Librarian, Clerkenwell Public Library, London.

This Handbook bears some analogy to the division “miscellaneous” usually found in most
library classifications. It is in some respects, perhaps, more exposed to the action of
heterogeneity than even that refuge of doubt “polygraphy,” as “miscellaneous” is sometimes
seen disguised; but the fact of its limits being so ill-defined gives ample scope for
comprehensiveness, while affording not a little security to the compiler, should it be
necessary to deprecate blame on the score of omissions or other faults. There is,
unfortunately, no single comprehensive word or phrase which can be used to distinguish
the special sort of library apparatus here described—“appliances” being at once too
restricted or too wide, according to the standpoint adopted. Indeed there are certain
bibliothecal sophists who maintain that anything is a library appliance, especially the
librarian himself; while others will have it that, when the paste-pot and scissors are
included, the appliances of a library have been named. To neither extreme will this tend, but
attention will be strictly confined to the machinery and implements wherewith libraries,
public and other, are successfully conducted. It would be utterly impossible, were it
desirable, to describe, or even mention, every variety of fitting or appliance which ingenuity
and the craving for change have introduced, and the endeavour shall be accordingly to
notice the more generally established apparatus, and their more important modifications. It
is almost needless to point out that very many of the different methods of accomplishing the
same thing, hereinafter described, result from similar causes to those which led in former
times to such serious political complications in the kingdom of Liliput. There are several
ways of getting into an egg, and many ways of achieving one end in library affairs, and the
very diversity of these methods shows that thought is active and improvement possible. As
Butler has it—

“Opiniators naturally differ

From other men: as wooden legs are stiffer
Than those of pliant joints, to yield and bow,
Which way soe’er they are design’d to go”.

Hence it happens that all library appliances are subject to the happy influences of
disagreement, which, in course of time, leads to entire changes of method and a general
broadening of view. Many of these differences arise from local conditions, or have their
existence in experiment and the modification of older ideas, so that actual homogeneity in
any series of the appliances described in this Handbook must not be expected. It will be
sufficient if the young librarian finds enough of suggestion and information to enable him to
devise a system of library management in its minor details which shall be consistent and
useful.
 FITTINGS AND FURNITURE.
To some extent the arrangement of fittings and furniture will be dealt with in the
Handbook on Buildings, so that it will only be necessary here to consider their construction,
variety, and uses.

BOOK-CASES, SHELVES, &c.

Standard cases or presses, designed for what is called the “stack” system of
arrangement, are constructed with shelves on both sides, and are intended to stand by
themselves on the floor. They are without doors or glass fronts, and their dimensions must
be decided entirely by the requirements of each library and the class of books they are to
contain. For ordinary lending libraries a very convenient double case with ten shelves of
books to the tier can be made about 9 feet 6 inches wide × 8 feet 6 inches high, including
cornice and plinth × 18 inches deep—the depth of the shelves being about 9 inches, their
length 3 feet, and their thickness, as finished, not less than ¾″ nor more than 1 inch. Such
a case will hold about 1800 volumes in 8vo and 12mo sizes, and the top shelf can be
reached by a middle-sized person from a step or stool 12 inches high. Lower cases should
be provided if rapidity of service is particularly required and there is plenty of floor space to
carry the stock. The top shelf of a case 7 feet high, including cornice and plinth, can be
reached from the floor by any one of ordinary height, small boys and girls of course
excluded. These cases are made with middle partitions between the backs of the shelves,
though some librarians prefer a simple framework of uprights, cornice, and plinth. For the
sake of security and the necessary rigidity a central partition ought to be included, and if
this is formed of thin ¼″ boarding, double and crossing diagonally, with a strong iron strap
between screwed tight into the outer uprights, all tendency to bulging will be obviated, and
the cases will be firm and workmanlike. The skeleton or framework cases have to be stayed
in all directions by iron rods and squares fixed in the floor, and, when empty, look very
unsightly and rickety; besides, books get pushed or tumble over on to the adjoining shelf,
and the plea of ventilation, which is practically the only recommendation for this plan of
construction, loses much of its weight in a lending library where most of the books are in
circulation.
Fig. 1.[1]—Standard Book-case.
 Fig. 2.[2]—Standard Book-case without Partition.

The shelves should have rounded edges, and ought not to exceed 3′ or 3′ 6″ in length. If
longer ones are used they must be thin, in order to be easily moved, and so these become
bent in course of time, especially if heavy books are placed on them. The objection to long
shelves which are very thick is simply that they are unhandy and difficult to move and waste
valuable space. All shelves should be movable, and if possible interchangeable. No paint or
varnish should be applied to any surface with which the books come in contact, but there is
nothing to be said against polishing. Indeed, to reduce as far as possible the constant
friction to which books are exposed in passing to and from their resting-places, it ought to
be remembered that smooth surfaces are advantageous. Few libraries can afford leather-
covered shelves like those of the British Museum, but all can have smoothness and
rounded edges.
 Fig. 3.—Ledged Wall Book-Case.

Reference library cases are constructed similarly to those above described; but as folio
and quarto books require storage in this department, it is necessary to make provision for
them. This is usually done by making the cases with projecting bases, rising at least 3′ high,
and in the enlarged space so obtained fair-sized folios and quartos can be placed. Very
large volumes of plates or maps should be laid flat on shelves made to slide over hard
wood runners like trays, as they frequently suffer much damage from standing upright. A
special, many-shelved press should be constructed for books of this generally valuable
class, and each volume should be allowed a tray for itself. If the tray is covered with leather,
felt, or baize, so much the better. Wall cases, and cases arranged in bays or alcoves, are
generally much more expensive than the plain standards just described, because, as they
are intended for architectural effect as well as for storage, they must be ornamental, and
possibly made from superior woods. The plan of arranging books round the walls has been
almost entirely abandoned in modern lending libraries, but there are still many librarians
and architects who prefer the bay arrangement for reference departments. The matter of
arrangement is one, however, which depends largely upon the shape and lighting of rooms,
means of access, and requirements of each library, and must be settled accordingly.
 The question of material is very important, but of course it depends altogether upon the
amount which is proposed to be spent on the fittings. It is very desirable that the cases
should be made durable and handsome, as it is not pleasant to have bad workmanship and
ugly fittings in a centre of “sweetness and light”. For the standards previously mentioned
there can be nothing better or cheaper than sound American or Baltic yellow pine, with, in
reference cases, oak ledges. This wood is easily worked, wears very well, and can be
effectively stained and varnished to look like richer and more expensive woods. Of course if
money is no object, oak, mahogany, or walnut can be used; but the cost of such materials
usually works out to nearly double that of softer woods. Cases with heavily moulded
cornices should be boarded over the top, and not left with huge empty receptacles for dust
and cobwebs. This caution is tendered, because joiners very often leave the space made
by the cornice vacant and exposed.

SHELF FITTINGS.

Fig. 4.—Metal Shelf Fitting.

Shelf fittings for wooden book-presses are required in all modern libraries where movable
shelves are almost universally used. Cases with fixed shelves are much cheaper than
those fitted with one of the button or other spacing arrangements now in the market, but the
serious disadvantage of having to size the books to fit the shelves disposes of any
argument that can be urged on behalf of fixtures. There are many varieties of shelf fitting
designed to assist in the necessary differential spacing of shelves, from the old-fashioned,
and by no means cheap, wooden ratchet and bar arrangement to the comparatively recent
metal stud. The fitting which is most often adopted in new libraries is that of Messrs. E.
Tonks, of Birmingham. It consists of metal strips, perforated at 1-inch intervals, let into the
uprights of the cases and small gun-metal studs for supporting the shelves. As is shown in
the illustration, the studs fit into the perforations and support the shelves on little points
which sink into the wood, and prevent tilting or sliding. The strips should not go either to the
top or bottom of the uprights, and at least two feet can be saved in every division by
stopping 6 inches from both ends. Though rather more expensive than pegs, or the studs
mentioned below, it is very desirable to have Tonks’ fittings, because of their superiority to
all others in the matters of convenience and ease in adjusting. Another form of stud often
used is the one shaped like this which fits into holes drilled in the uprights and
supports the shelf on the lower rectangular part. These are most effective in operation
when let into grooves as broad as the studs, otherwise the shelves must be cut shorter than
the width of the divisions; and in that case end spaces are caused and security is
considerably sacrificed. The peg part of this stud is very apt in course of time, to enlarge
the wooden holes, and when any series of shelves have to be frequently moved, the result
of such enlargement is to make the studs drop out. If perforated metal strips are used, of
course the price immediately goes up, and there is then no advantage over the Tonks’
fitting. Another form of peg for use in the same kind of round hole is that similar in shape to
the pegs used for violins, and, like them, demanding much judicious thumbing before they
can be properly adjusted. There are many other kinds of shelf fitting in the market, but none
of them are so well known or useful as those just described.

IRON BOOK-CASES.
The iron book-cases manufactured by Messrs. Lucy & Co. of Oxford are very convenient,
and in buildings designed as fire-proof, in basements, or in certain cases where much
weight is wanted to be carried, they should be useful. They can be fitted up as continuous
wall-cases, or supplied as standards holding books on both sides. The size B, 7′ 6″ high ×
4′ 1″ wide × 1′ 3″ deep, will hold about 640 demy 8vo books, and the ironwork costs £4,
shelves £1 4s. Other sizes are made, and the continuous wall-shelving is charged per yard
run—7 feet high, £3 3s.; shelves of wood, 12 inches deep, 5s. each; if iron, felt covered, 4s.
6d. each. The durability of these cases is beyond question, and the expense is not great
when their security, strength, and neatness are considered. The arrangement for spacing
the shelves is convenient and effective. The sliding iron book-cases swung in the galleries
of the British Museum, and their prototype[3] at Bethnal Green Free Library, London, have
been so often and so fully described elsewhere[4] that it is needless to do more here than to
briefly refer to them. The British Museum pattern, the invention of Mr. Jenner of the Printed
Books Department, consists of a double case suspended from strong runners, which can
be pushed against the permanent cases when not in use, or pulled out when books are
required. Only libraries with very wide passages between the cases could use them, and
only then by greatly strengthening the ordinary wooden presses in existence.[5] The
revolving wooden book-cases now so extensively used for office purposes, and in clubs or
private libraries, can be bought for £3 and upwards. They should not be placed for public
use in ordinary libraries to which all persons have access, though there is no reason why
subscription libraries and kindred institutions should not have them for the benefit of their
members.
Other fittings connected with book-cases are press and shelf numbers, contents or
classification frames, blinds, and shelf-edging. The press marks used in the fixed location
are sometimes painted or written in gold over the cases, but white enamelled copper
tablets, with the numbers or letters painted in black or blue, are much more clear and
effective. They cost only a few pence each. The numbering of shelves for the movable
location, or their lettering for the fixed location, is usually done by means of printed labels.
These are sold in sheets, gummed and perforated, and can be supplied in various sizes in
consecutive series at prices ranging from 2s. 6d. per 1000 for numbers, and 1d. or 2d. each
for alphabets. Shelf numbers can also be stamped on in gold or written with paint, and
brass numbers are also made for the purpose, but the cost is very great. The little frames
used for indicating the contents of a particular case or division are usually made of brass,
and have their edges folded over to hold the cards. Some are made like the sliding carte-
de-visite frames, but the object in all is the same, namely—to carry descriptive cards
referring to the contents or classification of book-cases. They are most often used in
reference libraries where readers are allowed direct access to the shelves, and are
commonly screwed to the uprights. A convenient form is that used with numbered presses,
and the card bears such particulars as these—

Shelf. Case 594.

A Buffon’s Nat. Hist.
B Geological Rec.
C Sach’s Bot.; Bot. Mag.
D &c.
E &c.
F &c.

Others bear the book numbers, while some simply refer to the shelf contents as part of a
particular scheme of classification, viz.:—
941·1 Northern Scotland.
To keep these contents-cards clean it is usual to cover them with little squares of glass.
Glazed book-cases are not recommended, wire-work being much better in cases where it
is necessary to have locked doors. The mesh of the wire-work should be as fine as
possible, because valuable bindings are sometimes nail-marked and scratched by
inquisitive persons poking through at the books. It is only in very special circumstances that
locked presses are required, such as when they are placed in a public reading-room or in a
passage, and though glazed book-cases are a tradition among house furnishers, no
librarian will have them if it can possibly be avoided. Their preservative value is very
questionable, and books do very well in the open, while there can be no two opinions as to
their being a source of considerable trouble. Blinds concealed in the cornices of book-cases
are sometimes used, their object being to protect the books from dust during the night, but
they do not seem to be wanted in public libraries. In regard to the various shelf-edgings
seen in libraries, leather is only ornamental, certainly not durable; while scalloped cloth,
though much more effective, may also be dispensed with.

COUNTERS, CUPBOARDS, &c.