DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ORDINARY DIPLOMOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
NTA LEVEL 4
CLASS ACTIVITY
SUBJECT CODE: EET04212
SUBJECT NAME: DC MACHINE
CLASS: OD23 ERE
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023/2024
LECTURE NAME: NICKSON MWASHA

GROUP NUMBER 01

NO NAMES RREGSTRATION NUMBER

01 MATIKO WAMBURA JOHN 23032396321

02 PRINCE SHIRIMA ELISAMEHE 23032301743

03 DAVID TIKO MUHULILA 23032309803

04 FARIDA .M. LANYA 23032322780

05 TAWIEL CHADIEL 23032324745

06 THOMAS MARSELIN MLELWA 230424466373

 1. What principle DC generator works?
Works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which states that;
“Whenever a conductor is moved in the magnetic field, an emf is induced and the magnitude
of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage”.

2. In D.C machine which parts are stationary and which are rotating?

i. The stationary are

 Yoke(frame);this is the outer part of the machine that provide
mechanical support and act as protective cover.
 Field poles; this are attached to the yoke and provide the magnetic
field
 Pole shoes; these are attached to the filed poles and helps to spread the
magnetic flux over armature.
 Field winding; these winding are placed on the pole and create
magnetic field when current flow through them.
 Inter-poles; these are smaller poles placed between the main poles to
improve commutation.
 Brushes; facilitate the transfer of electrical current between the
rotating commentator and the external circuit.
 Bearing; is the stationary part that provide the balance between
rotating part and stationary part so as the rotating part and reduce
friction in machine, and maintain alignment.
ii. The rotating part are,
 Armature core; this is the rotating part that support the armature
winding and rotates within the magnetic field created by the field
poles.
 Armature windings; this are windings are placed in the slots of the
armature core and rotate with it the are responsible for cutting the
magnetic flux and emf generation.
 Commentator; this cylinder structure is attached to the armature and
rotates with it works with the stationary part brushes to convert the
alternating current induced in the armature windings into direct
current.
 Shaft; this is the central axis of the armature on which it rotates .

3. What is the function of carbon brush used in D.C generator?

is to collect current from commentator and supply to external load circuit.
4. Distinguish between lap and wave winding used in D.C generator?

LAP winding WAVE winding

1 Number of Parallel paths = Number of Poles Number of parallel paths=2
2 Number of brush pairs= Number Number of Brush pairs= 2
Of poles
3 Number of brush pairs= Number used for high voltage, low current machine
Of poles
4 Ends of armature coil are connected to Ends of armature coil are connected to
adjacent commentator segments commentator segments some distance apart
 5. What is the function of armature in the D.C generator?
is to generate electromotive force EMF through the process electromagnetic
induction, produce magnetic cutoff through the magnetic line of flux

6. Name things required for generation of EMF?

 Conductor
 Magnetic field
 Relative motion.

7. What do you mean by field excitation?

 Is to create the magnetic field in the machine.
8. What is the constructional difference between D.C series generator?
i) Field winding
ii) Field poles
iii) Armature
iv) Commentator and brushes
9. A D.C generator fails to self-excite. List the causes for the failure?
i) Wrong field winding connection.
ii) Absence of residual magnetism.
iii) Wrong direction of rotation.
10. Why generators are paralleled?
Paralleled generators is a strategic approach to enhance the efficiency, reliability
adaptable and flexibility of the power generation to the operational system such as
home, automobile service are rarely duplicated.

11. What is yoke? What purpose does it serve?

a yoke is stationary part of the machine to which the main and commutating poles
are fixed and also the means by which the machine is bolted to its bed plate, it’s also
preferred as (frame).

12. Purpose of yoke;

it acts as protecting cover for whole machine and provides mechanical support for
the poles
it carries magnetic flux produced by the poles.

13. Why armature core in D.C machine are is constructed with laminated steel
sheets instead of solid steel sheets?
Lamination highly reduces the eddy current loss and steal sheet provide low
reluctance path to magnetic field and decreases hysteresis loss.

14. How to design the number of brushes for a D.C machine?

The number of brush location is decided by the type of winding. In lap winding the
number of brush location is equal to number of poles and in wave winding it is always
two. In each location there may be more than one brush mounted on a spindle,
 whenever the current per brush location is more than 70A. Hence the number of
brushes in a spindle is selected such that, each brush does not carry more than 70A.

15. How can one differentiate between long shunt compound generator and short
shunt compound generator?
If the shunt field winding is in parallel with both the armature and the series field
winding combination this is called a long shunt compound , while for a short shunt
generator if the field winding is parallel with the armature only.

16. Write down the emf equation for D.C generator?

φ=magnetic flux per pole∈Wb
z=total number of armature conductors
P=number of poles
A=number of∥path
where A=P … . For LAP Winding=2 for wave winding
N=Speed of armature∈ RPM
E g=¿Generated EMF=EMF per paraller path ¿
t here fore the magnetic flux cut by one conductor ∈one revolutionofthe
armature being
φ=magnatic flux per pole∈WBdφ=→ P ×φWb
time taken∈completing one revolution is given by
60
dt Seconds
N
Hence according to the law of electromagnetic induction ,the emf generated per
conductor is
Eg dφ Pφ PφN
conductor= = =
per dt 60/ N 60
Since the number of conductor per parallel path is
coductor Z
No . of =
¿ path A
Therefor the total generated EMF, Eg=EMF per parallel path
E g=( E g / perconductor × No of coductore / per paraller path )
PφN Z
E g= ×
60 A
Hence ,the emf equation of a DC generator is
PφNZ
E g=
60 A

Mention the two types of winding used in the D.C machines.

i) Lap winding
ii) Wave winding

17. What are the dummy coils?

this are coils that are used for providing mechanical balance for the armature, because
if the armature will have empty slots without windings it will be mechanically
imbalanced.
dummy coils are also known as( idle coils)

18. Why square pole is preferred?

if the cross section of the pole body is square then the length of mean turn of field winding is
minimum hence to reduce the cooper requirement, a square cross section is preferred for the
pole of dc machine.

19. How are armature windings are classified based on placement of coil inside the
armature slots?
Single and double layer winging.

20. How is the voltage built up in shunt generator?

Generator is rotated by prime mover due to the presence of flux emf is induce by
faradays law of electromagnetic induction current will also flow through field
winding hence more flux is produce so more emf is induced in armature so again
more field current and hence more flux.
21. What is the critical resistance of D.C shunt generator?
the resistance of field winding at which the generator just excites for a given speed
and start voltage building.
22. On what occasion D.C generator may not have residual flux?
the generator maybe put for operation after its construction, in previous operation the
generator would have been fully demagnetized
23. What are the methods to eliminate armature reaction effect?
 Provide extra demagnetizing at on field windings
 Using compensating winding
24. How can the voltage in a D.C generator be increased?
voltage can be increased by increasing the field flux produced by the field windings
and also increasing the armature speed.
25. Name the two methods of improving commutation

i)resistance commutation
ii)EMFcomutation

26. Give application of all types of D.C generators.

d.c generators are classified into two which are separate and self-exited generators of
which the self-exited are farther classified into shunt, compound, and series. The
below table shows each generator with its applications.

GENERATOR APPLICATION
separate exited motor -accurate for testing labs
-ward –Leonard control system
shunt motor -used when constant speed is required
-used in lathe, drills, boring, mills,
spinning, and weaving mills etc.
series motor -used for variable speed, high torque
-used in elevators, electric traction,
cranes, vacuum cleaners etc.
compound motor -used in heavy service railways
-line voltage booster for DC system