CHAPTER 01 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY

Q1. Define Atom?

Ans. Atom is the smallest part of an element. It is composed of the three fundamental particles, the
neutron, the proton and the electron.
Q2. Describe structure of an atom?
Ans, Atom consists of three fundamental particles which are called electrons, protons and
neutrons. An atom consists of two parts. External and Internal Part.
Q3. What is proton?
Ans. The neutron is one of the three subatomic particles that make up an atom. It exists in the
nucleus of the atom. It is the positively charged particle
Q4. What is Neutron?
Ans. The neutron is one of the three subatomic particles that make up an atom. It exists in the
nucleus of the atom. A neutron is neutral; it doesn't have a charge.
Q5. What is electron?
Ans. The electron is one of the three subatomic particles that make up an atom. It exists in the
nucleus of the atom. It is negatively charged.
Q6. Define energy level/shells?
Ans. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbit. These orbits are called shells. These
Shells are represented by K, L and M etc.
Electrons have a fixed energy in the orbit which is called as is Energy Level.
Q7. Describe valance electrons?
Ans. Electrons in outer most shell are called as the Valence Electrons and this shell is called as
the Valence Shell. Valence electrons lightly bound to the nucleus compared with those
electrons which are closer to the nucleus.
Q8. Describe Conduction Band?
Ans. Conduction Band
The higher energy level band is called the Conduction Band.
(a) It is also called as empty band of minimum energy.
(b) This band is partially filled by the electrons.
(c) In this band the electron can get energy from the external electric field.The electrons in the
conduction band are called as free electrons. They are able to move anywhere within the
volume of the solid. Current flows due to such electrons
Q9. Describe valance band?
Ans. Valence Bands: The energy band formed by a series of energy levels containing the valence
electrons is known as valence band. It has following characteristics.
(a) This band is always filled by electrons.
(b) This is the band of maximum energy.
(c) Electrons are not capable to gain energy from the external electric field.
(d) No flow of current due to such electrons.
(e) The highest energy occupied by the electron at 0 K° in the valence band is called as Fermi
Level.
Q10. Describe forbidden energy gap?
Ans. Forbidden Energy Gap:
The energy gap found between the conduction band and the valence band is called as
Forbidden Energy Gap.
Based on energy bands materials can also be classified as Conductors, Insulators and
Semiconductors. Following figure shows the difference between conductors, insulators
and semiconductors.
Q11. Define potential and unit of potential?
Ans. Potential:
Potential is a force or pressure which maintains the flow the charge through a conductor. It is
represented by V and its unit is volt.
Unit of Potential (Volt):
The SI unit of electric potential is the volt, which is defined as a joule per coulomb.
Hence, one joule per coulomb is equal to the unit of the potential difference. Therefore it
will be equal to one Volt. It is denoted by letter “V”.
Q12. Define current with its unit?
Ans. Electric Current:
The rate of flow of charge in a conductor is called current. It is denoted by I. Mathematically,
I = Q/t
Where Q is charge in coulomb and t is time in second.
The unit of current is Ampere. It can be define as: “If one coulomb of charge flows in one
second through a conductor, the amount of current is one ampere”
Unit of Current (Ampere):
The SI unit of electric current is the ampere, or amp, which is the flow of electric charge
across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. The ampere (symbol: A) is an SI
base unit Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter. It is denoted by
letter “A”.
Q13. What is difference between electron current and conventional current?
Ans. Conventional Current
The motion of positive charge in the opposite direction to the flow of electrons is called as
Conventional Current.
Electron Current: The motion of the negative charge due to the flow of the electrons is
called electron current.
CHAPTER 02 DC FUNDAMENTALS
Q1. Define Ohm's law?
Ans. Ohm's law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current
flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature, remain constant.
I α V when resistance is constant, I α1/ when voltage is constant
Q2. What is the resistance of a lamp if a current of 150mA flows through the lamp
when 6 volts is applied to its terminals?
Ans. I =150 mA = 150× 1000000 = 150000000 A, V =6 volts
V = IR, R = V/I, R = 6/1500000000 = 4×10 ohams −8

Q3. Describe the laws of resistance?

Ans. Laws of Resistance: The resistance of a material varies depending upon the properties
of the material and environmental conditions. Laws of resistance gives the four factors
where the material depends.
1. First Law: The First Law states that ” conductive material is directly proportional to the
length of the material”. R ∝ L
2. Second Law: The Second Law states that ” the conducting material is inversely proportional
to the cross-sectional area of the material”. R ∝ 1/A.
3. Third Law: The Third Law states that ” the conducting material depends on the nature
of the material”. Two wires made up of different materials and having the same length and
cross-sectional area will have different values.
4. Fourth Law: The Fourth Law states that “the conducting material depends on its
temperature”. R ∝ L/A i.e R = ρL/A where ρ is the specific resistance of the material.
Q4. Define specific resistance?
Ans. Specific resistance is defined as "the resistance offered per unit length and unit cross-
section area of that material when a known quantity of voltage applied at its end ''.
The unit of specific resistance is Ohm-m. (Ω cm)
Q5. Define conductor?
Ans. Conductor is a material or object through which an electric current can flow easily. Copper
wire is a good conductor.
Q6. Define conductivity?
Ans. Conductivity is the property of a conductor to transmit heat, electricity, or sound through it.
It is denoted by G, its symbol is σ . G = 1/R and its unit is 1/ohm or 1/ Ω
Q7. Define resistance?
Ans. Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current. It is
represented by the uppercase letter R. The standard unit of resistance is the ohm, (Ω).
Q8. Explain temperatures co-efficient of resistance?
Ans. The temperature coefficient of resistance is defined as the change in resistance per unit
resistance per degree rise in temperature based upon the resistance at 0oC. It is denoted by
α. If and are initial and final resistances, and and are initial and final temperatures, then
R t− R
temperature coefficient can be given as, α = o
RT = R0 [1+ α (∆T)]
Ro Δ t
Q9. Describe the resistance in series?
Ans. Two or more resistors are said to be connected in
series when the same amount of current flows
 through all the resistors.

Q10. Describe the resistance in parallel?

Ans. In a parallel circuit, all of the resistor leads on one side of the resistors are connected together
and all the leads on the other side are connected together.

Q11. What is the total resistance of four resistors connected in series if their individual
values are 1MΩ, 1.5MΩ, 150KΩ and 50,000 KΩ?
Ans. Rt= R1+R2+R3+…… 1 MΩ+1.5MΩ + 150MΩ +50000MΩ = 50152.5MΩ
Q12. Two resistors of 3.1Ω and 7.2Ω respectively are connected in parallel. Find the
equivalent resistance?
Ans. Req= 1/R1+1/R2 = 1/3.1Ω+1/7.2Ω = 10/31+10/72=
10× 72+10× 31 720+ 310 1030
= = =0.461Ω
2232 2232 2232
Q13. Define power?
Ans. Power: The rate of doing work is called as Power. In other words we can say the rate at
which energy is used is called as Power. It is represented by P. mathematically,
Power =Energy/Time or P = W/t
Q14. Define Watt?
Ans. Watt is the unit of power. It is defined as if 1 Joule of work is done in one second then the
power consumed is 1 watt. Watt = 1 Joule/Second
Q15. Define energy?
Ans. "The capability of doing work of a body is called as energy."
There are different forms of energy and these are interring convertible. For example
chemical energy, electric energy, and mechanical energy, Energy and work are same
quantities. The unit of energy is Joule. 1 Joule = 1 Volts × 1 Coulomb
Q16. Calculate the power of a 120V energy source that delivers 15A of current?
Ans. P=?, V = 120V, I = 15A, P = VI, P = 120×15 =1800 W
Q17. Calculate the voltage required to develop 10.5 KW with 5A current.
Ans. P=10.5 KW=10.5×1000=10500W, V = ?, I = 5A, P = VI, V = P/V =10500/5= 2100 V
Q18. Define KCL?
Ans. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) •It states that: “the algebraic sum of currents entering a
node is zero”. OR “ Sum of currents entering a node = Sum of currents leaving a node “ •Based
on Law of Conservation of Charge. •Mathematically, σ𝐼=0
Q19. Define KVL?
ANS. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• It states that: “algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.” OR
“ Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises.”
Based on Law of Conservation of Energy, Mathematically, σ 𝑉 = 0

Q20. List types of resistors?

Ans. Types of Resistors
1. Linear Resistors. 2. Fixed Resistors. 3. Variable Resistors. 4. Non-Linear Resistor.
Q21. A resistor has the following order of color codes: red, red, red, gold?
Ans. The band colours for resistor colour code in the order:
Band colours in order RED RED BLACK GOLD
Digit representation 2 2 1 ±5%
Value 22 Ω ±5 %
Q22. Describe power rating of resistor?
Ans. The resistor power rating refers to the maximum amount of power a resistor can dissipate
without damage.
Several factors can affect the resistor power rating, such as size, temperature coefficient,
material, ambient temperature, and mounting.
The power rating of a resistor plays a crucial role in PCB design because it impacts the
thermal management and reliability of the circuit.
Q23. Name type of DC sources?
Ans. DC can be obtained from the following sources.
(i) Cells : A cell is a device which produces dc voltage by the chemical reaction.
(ii) Batteries: When different cells are combined a battery is farmed.
 (iii) Generator: It produces dc by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

(iv) Power Supplies: Power supplies also provide dc. In power supplies ac is converted to dc
through rectification.

Q25. Describe series combination of cells?

Ans.Cells Connected in a Series. The cells are said to be connected in series if the positive terminal
of the first cell is connected to the negative terminal of the second cell, and the negative
terminal of the second cell is connected to the positive terminal of the third cell. The same
current flows through each cell.
Q26. Describe parallel combination of cells?
Ans.A series of cells is said to be in parallel when all the positive terminals are connected together
and all the negative terminals are connected together. In lieu of this arrangement, the potential
difference across each of these cells will be the same.
CHAPTER 03 ELECTROSTATICS
Q1. Define electrostatics?
Ans. Electrostatic is the branch of science in which we study the behavior of the charges at rest.
Q2, State the coulomb's laws?
Ans. The force of attraction or repulsion between two charged things is directly proportional to the
product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them,
Q3. Define permittivity?
Ans. Permittivity is the property of every material, which measures the opposition offered against
the formation of an electric field. It is represented by the Greek alphabet ∈.
Q4. Define charge?
Ans. Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when
placed in an electromagnetic field.
Q5. Describe electric field?
Ans. The space around a charged body in which it can exerts a force of attraction or repulsion on a
test unit charge is called as Electric Field.
E = F/q and unit is Newton/coulambs
Q6. Define electric flux?
Ans. Flux is defined as any effect that appears to pass or travel through a surface or substance.
Flux is an imaginary line through which a physical quantity can travel.
Q7. Describe electrostatic induction?
Ans. Electrostatic Induction is a phenomenon in which an un-charged body is charged by bringing a
charged body near to it.

Q8. Describe electric field strength?

Ans. The electric field strength at a point in an electric field is defined as the force experienced by a
unit positive charge placed at that point. It is denoted by E. Mathematically, E = V/d
The electric field strength is also called as Field Intensity.
Q9. What is capacitor?
Ans. Capacitor is a device which is used to store electric charge.
Q10. Describe capacitance?
Ans. Capacitance is the ability of a component or circuit to collect and store energy in the form of an
electrical charge. It is the amount of electric charge stored on a conductor for a stated
difference in electric potential.
Q11. Determine the capacitance of parallel plate capacitor having a plate area of 0.01m²& a
plate separation of 0.02m. The dielectric is mica which has a dielectric constant of 5.0?
−12
Ans. A = 0.01 m2 d = 0.02m, Q = CV, C=Q/V, ∈°=8.85× 10 F /m
A ∈° A ∈ o ∈r 0.01× 8 .85 ×10−12 × 5
C= = = =2.2125× 10-11 F
d d 0.02
Q12. What is dielectric?
Ans. The insulating material placed between the two charges or the two plates of a capacitor is
called as Dielectric.
Q13. Describe di- electric strength?
Ans. Dielectric strength is the maximum amount of the voltage applied to dielectric which it can
withstand without breaking down.

Q14. Enlist types of electrostatic capacitors?

Ans. There are two major types of capacitors
1. Fixed Capacitors 2. Variable Capacitors
Q15. Define fixed capacitor?
Ans. Fixed Capacitors:
Fixed capacitors are defined as the capacitors whose capacitance values cannot be changed.
There are two types of fixed Capacitors.
i. Electrostatic Capacitors ii. Electrolytic Capacitors
Q16. Define variable capacitor?
Ans. Variable capacitors are the capacitors whose values can be charged over a fixed range. In
these capacitors different components can move to vary the effective area due to which
capacitance varies.
Q17. What is capacitor’s tolerance?
Ans. The tolerance value is the extent to which the actual capacitance is allowed to vary from its
nominal value and can range anywhere from -20% to +80%.
Chapter 04 MAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETISM
Q1. Describe lines of force and magnetic field?
Ans. The magnetic lines of force, indicate the region in which the force of the magnet can be
detected. This region is called the magnetic field. The magnetic lines of force, or flux, leave
the North Pole and enter the South Pole.
Q2. Define flux?
Ans. The total number of magnetic lines of force passing through a particular point is called as
flux. It is denoted by φ.
Its unit is Weber. It is equal to 108 magnetic lines of force.

Q3. Define flux density?

Ans. Number of magnetic lines of force passing through per unit area is called as flux density. It is
represented by B. B = ∅ /¿A
Its unit is Weber/m². 1 Weber/m² is also called as 1 Tesla.

Q4. Define relative permeability?

Ans. The ratio of the magnetic flux density (B) to the magnetizing force (H) is called as
B
permeability of the magnetic material and is denoted by µ. μ=
H
Q5. Describe reluctance and its unit?
Ans. Reluctance is analog of resistance in the electric circuits. It is represented by ℛ. It is
opposition to the magnetic flux ℛ = Reluctance =MMF/φ
The unit of reluctance is ampere-turns per Weber (AT/Wb).
Q6. List the types of magnetic material?
Ans. Materials can be classified as magnetic and non-magnetic.
 Iron, Nickel and Cobalt are magnetic materials and are easily magnetized.
Non-magnetic materials cannot be magnetized. Examples are air, glass, wood, paper, plastic
and rubber etc.
Magnetic materials can be further divided into three types:
i. Diamagnetic material ii. Paramagnetic materials iii. Ferromagnetic materials
Q7. Describe the types of magnets?
Ans. Magnets are of following types:
1. Natural Magnets: Natural magnets are found in nature in the form of stones. For example
magnetite Fe3O4 has the magnetic properties. Our earth is also supposed to a very large
magnet.
2. Permanent Magnets: These are made from hard magnetic materials such as cobalt steel
magnetized by induction in the manufacturing process. A very strong field is needed for
induction in these materials.
3. Electromagnets: Electromagnets are temporary magnets. If a current is passed in a wire
conductor then a magnetic field is produced around the wire.
Q8. Describe magneto motive force?
Ans. The magneto motive force is analog of electromotive force for electric circuits. Magneto motive
force is a force which produces magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit.
Mathematically MMF=NI
Where, I represents current and N is the number of turns.

Q9. Explain electromagnetic induction?

Ans, Electromagnetic induction is a technique in which current or EMF is induced in a conductor
when it is moved in a magnetic field.
Q10. Define Inductor?
Ans. Inductor is a coil which can be formed by wrapping a wire on a core or without a core.
It is represented by L. the unit of inductance is Henry.
Q11. State Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction?
Ans. First law: It states that whenever there is a change in magnetic flux associated with a coil,
electromotive force is induced in that coil.
Second law: It states that the magnitude of electromotive force induced in the coil is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux associated with that coil.
Q12. Define Lenz's law?
Ans. Lenz's law states, the direction of the induced current be such that its own magnetic field will
oppose the action that produced the induced current.
Q13. Define self-inductance?
Ans. Self-inductance is the property of the current-carrying coil that resists or opposes the change
of current flowing through it. This occurs mainly due to the self-induced electromotive force
produced in the coil itself.
Q14. What is the total inductance of 1H, a 500mH, and a 1.5H inductor when they are
connected in parallel?
CHAPTER 05 AC FUNDAMENTAL
Q1. Describe alternating current?
Ans. Alternating current is defined as the current whose magnitude changes with time and also
reverses its direction periodically.
Q2. Define sine wave?
Ans. When an alternator produces AC voltage, the voltage switches polarity over time, but does so
in a very particular manner. When graphed over time, the “wave” traced by this voltage of
alternating polarity from an alternator takes on a distinct shape, known as a sine wave.

The simplest form of an alternating current or voltage as shown below is called as Sine Wave. It
is also called as Sinusoidal Wave.
Q3. Define cycle?
Ans. A cycle is one complete set of positive and negative value of the
 alternating current or voltage. It is measured in cycles.
Q4. Describe wavelength?
Ans. The distance covered by one cycle is called as wavelength. It is represented by λ

Mathematically, λ=v /f velocity of wave/frequency of wave.

Q5. Calculate ʎ for a radio wave with f of 30GHz?
Ans. For Radio Waves f = 3×1010 cm/sec
10 10
v 3× 10 cm ∕ sec 3 ×10
λ= = = 9
=1 cm
f 30 ghz 30× 10
Q6. Define period?
Ans. Period is the time taken by a wave to complete one cycle. It is represented by T.
Mathematically, T=1/f where f is frequency of the wave. Higher the frequency, shorter will be
the time period and vice versa. Unit of period is second and smaller units are mille seconds and
micro seconds etc.

Q7. For the 6m band used in radio, what is the corresponding frequency?
Ans. The speed of all form of electromagnetic wave is related by the equation c = λ.ν,
Where c is the speed of light = 3.00 x 108 m/s, λ is the wavelength in m and ν is the frequency
is s-1 or Hz. Therefore, ν = 3.0 x108 / 6 = 5 x 108 s-1 = 50 MHz
Q8. Define frequency?
Ans. Number of cycles per second is called as the frequency. If number of cycles completed is more,
frequency will be more and if cycles completed are less then frequency will be less. It is
measured in Hz (Hertz).
Q9. Describe amplitude?
Ans. Amplitude is the measurement of the energy transferred by waves. Waves can transfer
energy through displacement of matter, or through electromagnetic wave propagation.
Higher energy waves have higher measurements of amplitude.
Amplitude on a transverse wave is typically measured as the distance between the peak of
the wave and the medium at rest.
Q10. Define peak to peak value?
Ans. The peak to peak value of an ac waveform is the value between positive peak to negative
peak. It is represented by Vpp or Ipp.
Q11. Describe the average value of AC?
Ans. The average value of an alternating current or voltage is calculated for half cycle. The average
value of an alternating current or voltage is an arithmetic average of all the values for half
cycle. It is represented by Vav or Iav.
Q12. Define RMS value?
Ans. RMS stands for Root-Mean-Square of instantaneous current values. The RMS value of
alternating current is given by direct current which flows through a resistance. The RMS
value of AC is greater than the average value. The RMS value of sine current wave can be
determined by the area covered in half-cycle.
Q13. Define form factor?
Ans. Form Factor describes the shape or structure of a waveform and is the ratio of its root mean
square value to its average value.
Q14. Define peak factor?
Ans. Peak Factor is defined as the ratio of maximum value to the R.M.S value of an alternating
quantity. The alternating quantities can be voltage or current. The maximum value is the
peak value or the amplitude of the voltage or current.
Q15. What is Lag and lead?
Ans. Leading Power Factor In an AC system, when load current leads the supply voltage, then
the load is said to have a leading power factor.
The leading power factor can also be described as the load current that attains its peak value
up to 90° ahead of the voltage.
Lagging Power Factor: When the load current lags behind the supply voltage, then the load
is said to have lagging power factor.
The lagging power factor can also be described as the load current that attains its peak value
up to 90° later of the voltage.

Q16. Describe the phase difference?

Ans. The phase difference between the two electrical quantities is defined as the angular phase
difference between the maximum possible values of the two alternating quantities having the
same frequency. The angle between zero points of two alternating quantities is called angle
of phase differences.
Q18. Define impedance?
Ans. Impedance is a combination of resistance and reactance. It is essentially anything and
everything that obstructs the flow of electrons within an electrical circuit. Hence, it affects
the generation of current through the electrical circuit. It is present in all the possible
components of the circuit and across all possible electrical circuits. Impedance is
mathematically symbolized by the letter Z and has its unit as ohm
Q19. Define Capacitive Reactance?
Ans. The opposition offered by a capacitor alone to the flow of alternating current through it is
1
called the capacitive. It is denoted by X c, Its value is X c =
2 πfC
Q20. A series RL circuit has a resistance of 1KW and an inductance of 1mH.Find the time
constant.
−3
1× 10 −6
Ans. T=L/R= =1× 10 s∨1 micro sec.
1000