ENERGY AUDIT AND

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES IN SMEs

WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON

ENERGY STORAGE
DR BINOY K CHOUDHURY, PROFESSOR, ENERGY MANAGEMENT, IISWBM
 PART I
Introduction to the Energy Intensive SMEs Sector;
Challenges and Prospects of Sustainability and Energy
Conservation in the Sector
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Definition
• Role of SMEs
• Equipments & Machineries
• Sustainability Issues
• Players in SMEs
• Scope of Energy Audit and DCs in SMEs
• Application Software
• Way Forward
 DEFINITION
EVOLUTION THROUGH 2006, 2014 & 2020
• Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 the
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) are classified in two Classes
• (a) Manufacturing Enterprises The enterprises engaged in the manufacture
or production of goods pertaining to any industry specified in the first
schedule to the industries (Development and regulation) Act, 1951). The
Manufacturing Enterprise are defined in terms of investment in Plant &
Machinery.
• (b) Service Enterprises The enterprises engaged in providing or rendering of
services and are defined in terms of investment in equipment. The limit
for investment in plant and machinery / equipment for manufacturing /
service enterprises
2014 Amendment to the 2006 MSMED Act
• The Present Definitions as per Industries (Development and
Regulation) Act, 1951 and MSMED Act, 2006
• A need for change has been raised by the various stakeholders from
time to time. Further, in its 258th Report, it had recommended that
the Act should be amended to make it more flexible. Ministry of
MSME has accordingly decided in November 2014 for an amendment
to the 2006 MSMED Act, to double the investment limits of Micro and
Small Enterprises and triple the investment limits of Medium Scale
Enterprises. The bill is yet to be tabled in the Parliament.
 Manufacturing Sector
Enterprises Investment in plant & machinery
Micro Enterprises Does not exceed twenty five lakh rupees
Small Enterprises More than twenty five lakh rupees but does not
exceed five crores rupees
Medium More than five crores rupees but does not
Enterprises exceed ten crore rupees
Service Sector
Enterprises Investment in equipments
Micro Enterprises Does not exceed ten lakh rupees
Small Enterprises More than ten lakh rupees but does not exceed
two crores rupees
Medium More than two crores rupees but does not
Enterprises exceed five core rupees
 Revised Classification applicable w.e.f 1st July 2020
COMPOSITE CRITERIA: INVESTMENT IN PLANT &
MACHINERY/EQUIPMENT AND ANNUAL TURNOVER
Classification Micro Small Medium
Manufacturi Investment in Investment in Investment in
ng Plant and Plant and Plant and
Enterprises Machinery or Machinery or Machinery or
and Equipment: Equipment: Equipment:
Enterprises Not more Not more Not more
rendering than Rs.1 than Rs.10 than Rs.50
Services crore and crore and crore and
Annual Annual Annual
Turnover ; Turnover ; Turnover ;
not more not more not more
than Rs. 5 than Rs. 50 than Rs. 250
crore crore crore
MSME Importance: India Vs World
• Small and Medium Enterprises have been the backbone of the Indian
economy. These self-funded proprietary firms, private co-operatives,
private self-help groups, Khadi and Village and Coir industries, not only
provide huge employment opportunities but also ensure regional balance
by taking industrialisation to rural and backward areas. Presently, about
20% of MSMEs operate in rural & backward areas employing close to 40%
of India's workforce only next to the agricultural sector.
• The country's 1.3 million SMEs account for 40% of India's total exports.
Experts are exploring use of technology solutions to become efficient. Ever
since the onset of the financial crisis, the global economy has been
struggling to revive itself and achieve a healthy growth rate.
• The global growth rate for last year and this year are projected at 3.40%
and 3.80%.
MSME Importance in India
• The micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) sector in India is
heterogeneous in terms of products manufactured, firm size,
processes and technological advancement, and volume and types of
output.
• MSMEs that are engaged in manufacturing account for 45 per cent of
India’s total industrial output and eight per cent of the national GDP
(MoMSME, 2017).
GDP Contribution and its Growth
• With around 63.4 million units throughout the geographical expanse
of the country, MSMEs contribute around 6.11% of the
manufacturing GDP and 24.63% of the GDP from service activities as
well as 33.4% of India's manufacturing output.
• Provide employment to around 120 million persons and contribute
around 45% of the overall exports from India.
• The sector has consistently maintained a growth rate of over 10%.
• Globally, the Services sector contributes a whopping 75% of the
global GDP and overall employment. India’s GDP composition,
according to multiple sources, is as follows: Agriculture: 16%;
Industry: 26%; Services: 58%. In other words, the Service sector
contributes more to India’s economy than that of the other two
sectors.
MSME Bottlenecks
• When compared with large enterprises, MSMEs have smaller scale
operations and a smaller capital base; therefore, they typically do not have
access to affordable financing and readily available technology solutions.
Instead, they opt for low-cost and inefficient solutions.
• Absence of comprehensive data on the energy consumption of the
estimated 6,000 MSME manufacturing clusters in India - of which about
400 clusters have been identified by various studies as ‘energy-intensive’ -
hampers the government’s and other stakeholders’ efforts to offer robust
recommendations to improve energy efficiency in MSMEs.
• A budgetary analysis of the TEQUP scheme, which primarily aims to
increase manufacturers’ awareness of the benefits of energy efficiency and
to facilitate financing of energy-efficient technologies (EETs) through capital
subsidies, shows a high percentage of un-utilised funds (71 per cent), and
the scheme itself constitutes less than one per cent of the overall budget of
the ministry.
MSME Bottlenecks (2)
• Being on the concurrent list of the Constitution, MSMEs are affected by both, state-specific
policies as well as central government initiatives. A budgetary analysis of eight states (Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and West Bengal)
indicated that the budgetary expenditure in all states except Telangana has declined over the last
three financial years.
MSME Bottlenecks (3)

• 1. Inadequate access and marketing platform

• 2. Lack of access to new technology
• 3. Lack of required credit
• 4. Cumbersome regulatory practices
• 5. Lack of sustainable work
• 6. Lack of Capital
• 7. Absence of Affordable and Accountable Marketing Channels
• 8. Excessive Regulation for Starting, Running and Closing a Business
• 9. Energy Efficiency
Opportunities
• 1) Leveraging the e-commerce trend : SMEs now can make their presence in the
online world by going digital.

• 2) Adoption of technology : Since social media, mobile phones, and cloud

technology is the talk of the town now, SMEs can take help of these platforms for
revenue growth and operational efficiency.

• 3) Taking advantage of Government schemes : SMEs need to receive benefits of

Government initiatives such as, ‘Start up India’ and ‘Skill India’.

• 4) Abundance of Fintech firms: With the number of Fintech firms and lenders on
the rise, SMEs will have the opportunity to get accessible and affordable financing
options.
Challenges to be Overcome
• India still ranks quite low in the World Bank’s list of Ease of Doing
Business. It almost seems as if market players are too afraid to fully
realise their own potential, and are being subsequently held back due
to such doubts; which is quite a trivial fact considering the imminent
growth of various industries, especially, the SME sector that has the
potential to create an explosive economy overnight with the right
instruments, such as :
MSME Management
• The Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME), which is
the apex body for drafting policies under the Development Commissioner
(DC-MSME) wing, has implemented or launched 26 schemes which target
MSMEs.
• Target technological upgradation (TU) and energy efficiency in MSMEs:
Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS), Credit Guarantee Trust Fund
for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE), and Scheme for Technology and
Quality Upgradation Support to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(TEQUP).
• Others include: District Industries Centres [DIC], and departments of
Industries of various states); financial institutions such as the Small Industries
Development Bank of India (SIDBI) and Yes Bank; cluster associations; and
various multilateral and bilateral institutions working towards improving the
energy efficiency of MSMEs, including United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO), Foundation for MSME Clusters (FMC),
Stenum Asia, Center for the Development of Glass Industry (CGDI),
Development Envionergy Services Ltd. (DESL), and IamSMEofIndia, Council
for Energy Environment and Water (CEEW) and Small and Medium
Enterprises Energy Efficiency Knowledge Sharing Platform (SHAMEESKHSA
http://sameeeksha.org/index.php)
MSME Clusters
• The energy-intensive clusters were selected according to several criteria,
including:
• total aggregate energy consumption by the enterprises in the cluster;
• average annual energy intensity;
• a higher potential for technological upgradation as identified by a study conducted by
UNIDO (UNIDO, 2003); and
• the number of operational enterprises engaged in a specific manufacturing process in a
particular geographic area.

• Clusters were selected from across the country: from the Ludhiana and Haryana
brick clusters in the north; the Varanasi brick cluster and Bargarh rice cluster in
the east; the Jamnagar foundry cluster, Morbi ceramic cluster, Surat textile
cluster, and Malegaon power loom cluster in the west; and the Belgaum foundry
cluster and Tirupur textile dyeing cluster in the south.
A Modern
Foundry
Machine
A Modern
Foundry
Product
Before and
After
Finishing
Operation
Case Study: SMEs in West Bengal
• West Bengal has the highest number of MSMEs in the country with
52,69,814 units, a development which had boosted the state during the
just ended Bengal Global Business Summit. Bengal accounted for 11.62% of
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, the most among the top 10 states of
the country. This is a reflection on what the state is doing towards
generating businesses, entrepreneurs and job opportunities in the state,
even the Growth of MSMEs offer huge scope for large scale industries.

• MSME-DI, Kolkata is one of the Nodal Development Agencies of the State

working for the growth & promotion of the MSME sector. The activities of
the Institute & its Branches have been chalked out and framed to provide
support to the MSMEs in the fields of credit, marketing, technology,
infrastructure and awareness.
Case Study from
West Bengal

111 & 112, B.T Road, Kolkata – 700 108

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF MSME
MSME-DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
KOLKATA

• Ph.: 033-2577-0595/0597/0598
• Tele Fax: 033-2577-5531
• e-mail: [email protected]
• Website: www.msmedikolkata.gov.in
 Jurisdiction
Siliguri
MSME-DI Inst.

Branch Inst.

Suri
Durgapur
Kolkata Port Blair
 MSME scenario in West
Bengal
As per 3rd All India Census of MSE units, West Bengal
ranks 6th in terms of number of MSME units covering both
registered and unregistered.
Majority of the units got registered in the category of -
1. Food products 2. Readymade garments
3.Rubber and plastic products 4. Metal products
5. Chemical products 6. Non-metallic mineral
products 7. Leather products Electrical products
 MSME scenario in West
Bengal

Thrust areas of the State.

▪ Food processing,
▪ Plastic products,
▪ Leather products
▪ Readymade garments
▪ Jewellery

▪ IT sector
Contd…..
 MSME scenario in West
Bengal

42148 No. working units in the State.

46000 registered units.
6% of the total MSME sector are registered.
Since 2001, about 1000 – 1200 units were added
Units are unaware of registration provision.
.
 Resources Available at MSME-DI, Kolkata
for Development of MSME Units

4Consultancy Services
4Multifaceted Training
4IT & Web based support
4Library support
4Workshop Facilities
 Sphere of activities of MSME-DI

4Motivation
4Entrepreneurship Development
4Management Development
4Entrepreneurship AND Skill Development
4Rural Development
4Common Facility Services
4Export Promotion Contd..
 Sphere of activities of MSME-DI

4Marketing Assistance Program & Support

through VDP

4District Industrial Potential Survey

4ISO-9000 Program
4W.T.O./IPR/Sensitization Program
4Reimbursement scheme for STAR RATING
BAR CODING ,CE MARKING ETC.
Marketing Assistance Program & Support

Marketing Assistance offered to MSME Units Through

:-
4National Level Vendor Development
Program cum Exhibition

4Buyers' - Sellers' Meet

4Plant Level Committee Meeting

4Advertisement through our website

MSME SCHEMES

• Incentive for ISO:9000 Certification Scheme for market

development assistance for MSME exporters
• Applicable to registered MSME Exporters
• Must be a member of FIEO/EPC
• Once in a financial year
ISO - 9000 Program

4Improves Product Quality

4Improves Productivity
4Improves Corporate Image
4Govt. Incentives
4Helps Marketing & Facilitates
Export
4Minimize Wastage
Consultancy Services In:-

4Mechanical
4Electrical
4Electronics
4Chemical
4Glass & Ceramics
4Metallurgy
4Leather
4Hosiery
4Export Promotion
 Workshop Facilities at MSME-DI, Kolkata

4Turning
4Drilling
4Grinding
4Milling
4Jig Boring
4Fitting
4Heat Treatment
Contd...
Workshop Facilities at MSME-DI,Kolkata

4 Glass & Ceramics

4 Spark Erosion

4 Wire Cut EDM

4 CNC Lathe

4 Jig Boring by DRO system

4 Manufacturing of Press Tools, Jig-fixtures, Die-casting-

dies, Plastic moulds etc.

4 Computer Aided Drawing (proposal)

 Types of Consultancy Provided by MSMEDI KOLKATA

4Assistance / Consultancy to prospective

Entrepreneurs
4Technical Assistance / Consultancy rendered
to Existing Units
4Management Related Assistance /
Consultancy Rendered
4Marketing Assistance
 Assistance / Consultancy to Prospective
Entrepreneurs

4Selection of Product/Location
4Selection of Machinery/Technology
4Marketing/Financial Assistances
4Through Training/Campaigns
4Through DIC/other agencies
4Plant & Machinery including Layout
 OTHER ACTIVITIES OF MSME-DI, KOLKATA

• Appraisal of Project Reports

• Preparation of Project Profiles
• Preparation of Technical Reports
• Status Report
• Preparation of Feasibility Reports
• Preparation of Modernization Guide

END OF CASE STUDY ON MSME-DI, KOLKATA, WB

 Application Software : Some Examples for
MSME Sector
• Energy Audit Software (Eg. Measur, MotorMaster+ Tools,
AIRMaster+, etc.)
• Energy Accounting, Billing and Trend Analysis Software (Eg.
Spreadsheets, Energy Star Portfolio Manager, Labs 21 for laboratories
and commercial versions such as, EnergyCap, Energy Watchdog Pro,
Matrix, etc.)
• Energy Performance Simulation Software (Eg. DOE-2, eQuest,
EnergyPlus, TRNSYS and commercial versions of these as well as
TRACE of TRANE, HAP of Carrier, etc.)
• Other Software (Eg. US DoE, LBNL Tools)
SMEs Energy Audit & Management Software Sources
• RETScreen Expert :
https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/maps-tools-publications/tools/data-analysis-software-modelling/retscreen/7465
• https://www.autodesk.com/ https://energyplus.net/
• https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/software-tools MATLAB (https://matlab.en.softonic.com/)
• https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/downloads/motormaster-tool
• https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/measur
• 50001 Ready Navigator (https://navigator.lbl.gov/)
• https://www.green-buildings.com/articles/free-energy-audit-software-available/
• https://www.energyauditsoftware.com/download.htm
• http://poet.lbl.gov/cal-arch/links.html
• Building Life Cycle Cost including Renewble Energy:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/information/download_blcc.html
• Building specific software at http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/doe_sponsored.cfm
• https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/plant-water-profiler-tool-excel-version-10-pwpex-v10
• Others at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/analysis/
Example of the 50001 Ready Navigator
• What is Energy Management?
• Why is Energy Management important?
• Why should one use the 50001 Ready Navigator?
• What is 50001 Ready?
• How do I use the 50001 Ready Navigator?
What is Its Relevance in Energy Intensive
SMEs?
• Energy management is a culture for continual improvement of energy
performance and efficiency that’s integrated within an SME’s
everyday business practices.
• SME Organizations with an energy management system achieve
energy and cost savings through informed decision making and the
implementation of energy saving practices for facilities, processes,
equipment and operations.
• ISO 50001 is the international standard for establishing and
maintaining energy management systems.
Why is Energy Management Important in
Energy Intensive SMEs?
• Energy is a critical component to your organization’s operations. It’s
important to realize that energy can be managed and controlled; it’s
not a fixed overhead cost.
• Energy management helps to reduce your organization’s energy costs
through improved energy performance and optimized use of energy
sources and energy-related assets.
• No matter how large or small your organization, implementing some
form of energy management can be a key step to save energy, cut
costs, and stay competitive—just ask the 23,000+ ISO 50001-certified
facilities!
Why should One use the 50001 Ready
Navigator?
• The 50001 Ready Navigator has been developed by the U.S.
Department of Energy to align with the energy management system
best practices outlined in ISO 50001.
• Use of the Navigator ensures that your organization shares a
consistent definition of energy management systems, and facilitates a
team-based approach to its implementation.
• The Navigator is designed to help organizations build towards all
parts of ISO 50001, so that you can self-attest to being “50001 Ready”
or pursue ISO 50001 or Superior Energy Performance
(SEP) certification.
What is 50001 Ready?
• 50001 Ready is a U.S. Department of Energy designation for facilities
and organizations that have implemented an ISO 50001-based energy
management system using the guidance in the 50001 Ready
Navigator, and that have demonstrated energy performance
improvement.
• To be 50001 Ready recognized, organizations are responsible for
completing the 50001 Ready Navigator tasks, self-attesting to their
completion, and measuring and improving energy performance over
time.
• Users of the Navigator can submit their facilities for 50001 Ready
recognition directly through Navigator.
How do I use the 50001 Ready Navigator?
• The 50001 Ready Navigator is comprised of 25 tasks, with each task
corresponding directly with establishing the energy management system
requirements specified in ISO 50001. Each task includes three tabs that
describe the high level (“Getting It Done”), general synopsis (“Task
Overview”), and technical requirements (“Full Description”) to help you
complete the task.
• Once you are logged in, you can use Navigator to track your progress on
the completion of each task, and of the project as a whole. You can set up
multiple projects in Navigator, with each project being a facility as defined
in Task 1: Scope and Boundaries. You can also assign tasks to members of
your energy team, and use the 50001 Ready Navigator to coordinate and
streamline your team’s efforts.
MEASUR (https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/measur)

• The DOE has developed an integrated tool suite (MEASUR) to aid

manufacturers in improving the efficiency of energy systems and
equipment within a plant.
• MEASUR, upcoming in 2019, will ultimately contain capabilities to analyze
most major support systems found within manufacturing facilities,
including: Pumps, Fans, Process Heat, Steam and Compressed Air.
• This effort provides for an extensively more user-friendly, modern and
versatile set of tools. There is more interoperability between the individual
tools, and the entire suite is accessible in an open-source environment.
Several calculators are built into the tool that allow users to independently
calculate system parameter estimations and graphical analysis (e.g.,
estimate pump head, examine the pump-system curve, converting energy
requirements for different heat sources, etc.)
MEASUR consists of the following tools
• Pumping System Assessment Tool (PSAT)
• Process Heating Assessment and Survey Tool (PHAST)
• Fan System Assessment Tool (FSAT)
• Steam System Assessment Tool (SSAT)*
• AIRMaster+*
*under development
Sustainability of SMEs
(5 W and 1 H approach)

• The Concept, Strategies and Implication of Sustainable Transportation

• What
• When
• Which
• Where
• Why
• How
• Discussions on coverage and plan outline
What is Sustainability
• The idea is outcome of Sustainable Development initiatives. The “official”
definition of sustainable development was developed for the first time in
the Brundtland Report in 1987: Sustainable development is the idea that
human societies must live and meet their needs without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• The question of sustainability has been getting increasing importance due
to growing pressure on infrastructure (especially urban infrastructure),
environment, resource allocation and utilization, use of energy among
others caused by high rate of growth of population and unorganized human
settlements and human activities.
• In “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development”, United Nations (https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda) set 17
goals and 169 targets with a plan of action for people, planet and
prosperity. This has been a follow up of Millennium Development Goals.
• They are integrated and indivisible and balance the three dimensions of
sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental.
Sustainable Transportation is an essential inter-linking element
Human Development
• United Nations documents emphasize on “human development,” measured by
life expectancy, adult literacy, access to all three levels of education, as well as
people’s average income. In a broader sense the notion of human development
incorporates all aspects of individuals’ well-being, from their health status to their
economic and political freedom. According to the Human Development Report
1996, published by the United Nations Development Program, “human
development is the end—economic growth a means.” Latest (2019) Human
Development Index (HDI) Ranking
(http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/latest-human-development-index-ranking) and
per capita energy use (PCEU in kg oil equivalent per year)
(https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE): Norway (1, 0.96,
5818), Germany (6, 0.95, 3818), UK (13, 0.93, 2765) , Canada (16, 0.93, 7631), US
(17, 0.93, 6806), Japan (19, 0.92, 3429) , Cuba (70, 0.78, 1035), China (85, 0.76,
2237), Bhutan (129, 0.65, 367) , India (131, 0.64, 637), Bangladesh (133, 0.63,
229). Higher HDI at higher PCEU to a certain extent but not linear.
• Huge variation calls for a clear understanding of sustainable development
• Modern challenge is to set the development process on sustainable path – how
will it be possible? Countries like Cuba attained HDI 0.78 at PCEU 1035 but China
could achieve 0.76 at 2237 kgoe respectively.
When it Happened
• In June 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Agenda 21, a
comprehensive plan of action to build a global partnership for sustainable
development to improve human lives and protect the environment.
• In September 2000 Summit led to the elaboration of eight Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce extreme poverty by 2015.
• The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and the Plan of
Implementation, adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable
Development in South Africa in 2002
• In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, Member States adopted the outcome
document "The Future We Want" in which they decided, inter alia, to
launch a process to develop a set of SDGs to build upon the MDGs
• In January 2015, the General Assembly began the negotiation process on
the post-2015 development agenda. The process culminated in the
subsequent adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
with 17 SDGs at its core, at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in
September 2015, followed by Paris Agreement on Climate
Change (December 2015)
How?
Sustainable Development Goals
• Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture
• Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
• Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
• Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
• Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
• Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
• Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all
• Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization
and foster innovation
Sustainable Development Goals
• Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
• Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
• Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
• Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
• Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
• Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation
and halt biodiversity loss
• Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels
• Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership
for sustainable development
Implication of Sustainable Energy (SE)
• Long term approach
• Essential to meet the Sustainable Development Goals
• Important to attain higher Human Development Index and Human
Happiness Index as
• Sustainable energy plays important link and carrier for sustainable
development. Sustainable energy is essential not only to achieve Goal
7 but also to achieve each of the remaining 16 goals.
WHERE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

• Case Studies are proof that sustainable energy is a reality and

evolving as per present need:
• In pre-industry revolution era, energy sources was inherently sustainable –
food and its production, firewood, cow-dung, solar, wind, etc.
• In post-industry revolution era, energy systems is occupying increasing share
of economy and bringing new challenges to our society through pollution,
gradual extinction of natural resources, diminishing return on investment,
etc. Many cities and industries however have shown significant achievements
to re-rail the development on sustainable path. These are the success stories
to learn and replicate.
WHICH SE? HOME ASSIGNMENT
• Prepare Case Studies on any one topic of SME
• Sustainable Energy Policy
• Renewable Energy Eg: 100% RE in Steel Industry, Airplane, Cities & Villages
• Circular Economy
• Any One You Practice at Workplace
• Case Study Presentation to Comprise
• Three to Six Slides in ppt (typically four, as indicated below)
• 1. Your name, Roll number, Name of SME, Location, 2.Description, 3. Graph
(Before & After implementation of SE in SME) Showing Improvement, 4.
Benefit to Company/Society & way forward
Some Hint for Home Assignment: E-mobility
– Possible Role of SMEs
• Source: https://wrirosscities.org/research/publication/bus-karo-20-case-studies-india
• Expand: In the last few years, Indian cities dramatically transformed their mobility through the
implementation of many bus transit solutions. Urban India experienced several major
accomplishments on multiple fronts as placed below.
• Innovative policy-based initiatives in public transport
• Various pilot reforms to enhance operational efficiency
• The growing potential of technology applications
• Wide-reaching and successful strategies in branding and marketing approaches
• A significant increase in Bus Rapid Transit Systems and the optimisation of city bus
services
• Pilot initiatives and trends indicate that the citybus will continue to be the backbone of urban
mobility in India. In the Bus Karo Guidebookv2.0, the objective is to analyse and document the
implementation of these practices in the urban Indian context. Multiple case studies are
investigated in great detail and the learnings are highlighted. These learnings are assessed as
per the needs of bus operators, and contextualized ina way to inform planning, design and
operational decisions. The purpose of this guide is to parallel the many initiatives of the Indian
Government, and to strenghten bus-based public transport towards establishing larger mode
shares.

• Follow Pattern as given at:

https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/case-studies/closing-the-loop-on-single-use-food-
packaging
Conclusion on Sustainability of SMEs
• The Indian SME/SMB sector stands to benefit the most from various
Government subsidies and policies like the Credit Guarantee Fund
Scheme and the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
that provide financial assistance to such companies. However, the
need of the hour is to introduce more such policies within the SME
ecosystem in order to ensure its positive growth in future.
• The following is the Conclusion on Application of Circular Economy in
SMEs:
Acknowledgement
• Referred books
• Referred websites and Case Studies
• https://www.vaughan.ca/projects/projects_and_studies/sustainable_trans
portation/Pages/default.aspx#:~:text=Sustainable%20Transportation%20re
fers%20to%20any,car%20sharing%2C%20and%20green%20vehicles.
• https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/2_Concept%20of%20Sustaina
ble%20Transport_ESCAP.pdf
• https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabletransport
• https://ficcices.in/pdf/FICCI-Accenture_Circular%20Economy%20Report_O
ptVer.pdf
Sample Case Studies
• http://www.ijcstjournal.org/volume-4/issue-3/IJCST-V4I3P49.pdf
• http://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/sdmimd/article/view/24142/19158
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/case-studies-on-transport-policy/vol/3/issue/3
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285767709_Achieving_sustainable_transportation_sy
stem_for_Indian_cities_-_Problems_and_issues
• https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Study-of-Parameters-in-the-Development-of-System%3
A-A-Dhakras/6b41861415146792bf8ce088aa904e8c93348cce#paper-header
• https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/case-studies/closing-the-loop-on-single-use-food-pa
ckaging
• https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/case-studies/developing-an-electric-mobility-system
-in-the-city
• https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/case-studies/the-eus-circular-economy-action-plan
• https://www.cbd.int/business/case-studies/wbcsd-8-business-cases-for-the-circular-economy-en.
pdf
• https://www.circulareconomyclub.com/listings/case-studies/

• TO ATTEND A VALUABLE COURSE ON CIRCULAR RCONOMY AT FREE OF COST

• https://www.circulareconomyclub.com/listings/circular-economy-sustainable-materials-manage
ment/
• https://www.circulareconomyclub.com/listings/education/courses-online/
Resources
• https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3AFB507B668AF162
• https://msme.gov.in/know-about-msme
• Lecture Note of Prof Dr Sankar Sanyal
• Advocate, Calcutta High Court, Former President, Howrah Chamber of
Commerce & Industry
• Senior Industrial Consultant
• 97/3, Naskarpara Road, Ghusuri, Howrah – 711107
• Contact : 09831224445 / 033-2655 6621 / 6161; Email :
[email protected]
• Website : www.sankarsanyal.com
PART II
Role of SMEs in Energy storage and grid applications
VARIED BENEFITS OF ENERGY STORAGE
• Reduced expenses for consumers
• Greater energy flexibility and reliability
• Decreased strain on the grid
• Integration of varied power generating sources like solar and wind
• Lessened climate impact, especially when used alongside renewable
generation sources
Various Energy Storage Systems and Applications
• Electrical energy storage
• Eg. Super Capacitor Energy Storage (or SCES) system
• Mechanical energy storage
• Eg. Flywheel Energy Storage (or FES) System
• Thermal energy storage
• Eg. Latent Heat / Phase Change Energy Storage (PCES) system
• Chemical energy storage
• Eg. Fossil Fuels Storage system
• Electro-chemical energy storage
• Eg. Li-ion Battery Energy Storage (LBES) system
• Electro-mechanical energy storage
• Eg. Pumped Hydro-electric Energy Storage (or PHES) System
• Magnetic energy storage
• Eg. Super-conductor Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system
BASIC PARAMETERS FOR SELECTION OR
STUDY OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
Seven Technical and One Economic Parameters:
• 1 — Energy Density
• 2 — Input and Output Power from Storage System (Time of Charging and
Discharging)
• 3 — Input and Output Energy from Storage System (Full Charging and then
Discharging)
• 4 — Capacity (In terms of Power and Energy it can deliver)
• 5 — Number of Cycles of Charging-Discharging within the useful Life : 1-10000 (for
about 5-10 Years),
• 6 — Working Temperature (for Some Storage Systems),
• 7 — Overall or Return Efficiency
• 8 — Cost (Economic Parameter)
ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE
• It is commonly told that ‘Electricity cannot be stored’, however, that actual was
meant for large scale storage. But recent development has made MW scale
storage techno-economically viable. In terms of business volume, smaller cells less
than 12 V, battery of 12 to 120 V and larger systems of above 120 V are all have
sizable market share.
• Cells less than 12 V has age old applications in portable gadgets, such as, watches,
calculators, torches and night lamps, etc
• Battery of 12 V up to 120 V are also for portable applications - widely used in
vehicles of any kind as stand-by power storage for proper functioning of the
electronic gadgets and starting of IC engines, and more recently in Electric
Vehicles, market doubling every one or two years.
• Battery system for storage of large capacity electricity for grid applications are
stationary and of above 120 V. These systems help grid become more efficient
and large scale renewable energy systems become viable
Figure Showing the Benefit of Grid-Scale Energy Storage : Battery or Pumped Hydro
ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE CASES
Super Capacitor Energy Storage (or SCES) system (source: https://www.futurebridge.com)
The first Supercapacitor was created by GE (General Electric) in the year 1957. Standard
Oil, accidentally in 1966, discovered the double-layer capacitor when working on fuel cells.
Still, it wasn’t until the late 1970’s that the Japanese company, NEC, began commercially
offering the first “Supercapacitor” for computer memory backup.
Peugeot-Citroen, Toyota, Mazda, and even Lamborghini have all released models of vehicles
that use some combination of Supercapacitors and conventional Li-Ion batteries.
Elon Musk had recently stated that Tesla’s acquisition of Maxwell would have a significant
impact on batteries. It was concerning an announcement from Tesla regarding their
acquisition of the San Diego-based Ultracapacitor and battery company Maxwell for over
$200 million. It wasn’t clear if it was for the company’s main business, Supercapacitors, or
its latest battery technology IP, like a new dry electrode technology for battery cells.
Based on recent research in Supercapacitors, a breakthrough could be achieved from
Graphene-based Supercapacitors, leading to significant advances in Supercapacitors.
MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE
• Flywheel Energy Storage (or FES) System
• FESS Applications: Power Quality, Frequency Regulation, Voltage Sag Control, UPS,
• A short term (seconds to minutes) energy storage device with control
electronics is referred to as uninterruptible power supply (UPS). A UPS is
one of the existing markets and the most successful application for high
power flywheels to supply power for occasions which usually don’t last
longer than 15 s. More than 80% of the power outages last for less than a
second and 97% of them last for less than 3 s [10]; however, this causes
voltage and frequency problems, as well as power interruptions. In these
applications, the UPS, as a backup storage, bridges the gap between the
loss of the grid and the start of backup sources during an interruption. The
most developed and widely used storage medium in UPS applications is
batteries. FESS canbe used as a substitute for batteries or in combination
with batteries.
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
• Latent Heat / Phase Change Energy Storage (PCES) system
ENERGY
DENSITY
TEMPERATURE RANGE FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS
SCHEME OF THE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
UNIT WITH A PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL
CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
• Fossil Fuels Storage system
• Bio-mass such as agricultural waste pellets has huge opportunities
for SMEs
• Battery storage system is another area with the important role
being played by SMEs
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
• Li-ion Battery Energy Storage (LBES) system
• Lead-Acid Battery Energy Storage
• Hydrogen Energy Storage
• Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell (ITM Power, UK)
SIZING METHODS FOR POWER AND ENERGY
APPLICATIONS (UTILITY SCALE APPLICATION)
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE
• Pumped Hydro-electric Energy Storage (PHES) are also known as
Pumped Hydro Reservoir (PHR) System
MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE
• Super-conductor Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system
COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ENERGY
STORAGE SYSTEMS
• Electricity Storage Options – Cost & Characteristics (David Elliott,2017)
• Discharge Time and Capacity of Electrical Energy Storage Technologies (EIA,
2011)
• Storage Technologies – Round Trip Efficiency and Capacity (IEA, 2005)
• Energy Storage Density, Efficiency and Cycles (Dinçer, I., Rosen, M. A., 2021)
India EV Charging Infrastructure Market
• Charging Infrastructure is essential condition for success of e-mobility
mission and will create the necessary ‘market pull’ to e-mobility while
availability of electric vehicles with affordable price and increasing cost of
oil are creating the ‘market push’.
• Thus, just like equal investment opportunity for T&D as that of power
plant installation of same capacity, the huge and growing investment
opportunity exists for production of e-vehicles as well as for EV Charging
Infrastructure
• India is likely to see around 48,000 additional electric vehicle chargers at
an investment of around Rs 14,000 crore over the next 3-4 years
• Source:https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables
/india-to-see-48k-more-ev-chargers-with-investment-of-rs-14000-cr
ore-in-3-4-years-icra/articleshow/90685995.cms
• SMEs thus would play an important role in directly participating and
also both in upstream and down-stream industries of EV Charging
Infrastructure in India
• West Bengal have great
potential along with
Gujarat, UP, Rajasthan
and Maharasashtra
GLOBAL ANNUAL ENERGY STORAGE MARKET (IN
GWh), TILL 2030

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, 2020.

PROJECTED GLOBAL ANNUAL TRANSPORTATION
ENERGY STORAGE DEPLOYMENTS
GLOBAL ANNUAL STATIONARY-SOURCE
PROJECTIONS BY SECTOR (ENERGY STORAGE)
GLOBAL PROJECTED GRID-RELATED ANNUAL
DEPLOYMENTS BY APPLICATION (2015–2030)
MARKET SIZE AND DEMAND FORECAST
(IN USD BILLION) TILL 2025
RENEWABLE POWER
Installed Capacity in GW, Global, 2010-2018
ENERGY STORAGE MARKET
Size and Demand Forecast in USD billion, Batteries, Global, 2018-2025
Critical review with reference to visit to site and Application of
Software
• Biomass Energy Storage and use in Haldia Energy Limited

Case Studies: Best Practices Adopted in SME Industries

Bio-mass waste such as Agricultural Waste being pelletized
As per recent regulation, all coal based thermal power plants have to
utilize 5 to 7% bio-mass pellets along with coal.
REFERENCES
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Government of India (2015) – Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities, Book
• Handbook on Battery Energy Storage System. (2018). Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
• David Elliott (2017), Energy Storage Systems, Open University, UK
• Erik Schaltz (2020); Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles; MDPI
• Hamdi Abd (2017); Energy Storage Systems
• Dinçer, I., Rosen, M. A. (2021). Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Applications. United Kingdom: Wiley.
• Xiong R. (2020) Battery Management Algorithm for Electric Vehicles. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0248-4_1
• Capeheart B, Turner W C and Kennedy W J; Guide to Energy Management (8th Edition, International Version), The Fairmount Press/ CRC Press,
Taylor & Francis Group.
• Satyender Singh (Ed), (2021). Energy Storage Systems: An Introduction. United Kingdom: Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated.
• Gunawardane, K., Kularatna, N. (2021). Energy Storage Devices for Renewable Energy-Based Systems: Rechargeable Batteries and
Supercapacitors. United Kingdom: Elsevier Science.
• Kim, H. (2019). Solar Power and Energy Storage Systems. Singapore: Jenny Stanford Publishing.
• Huggins, R. (2015). Energy Storage: Fundamentals, Materials and Applications. Germany: Springer International Publishing.
• Thermal, Mechanical, and Hybrid Chemical Energy Storage Systems. (2020). United Kingdom: Elsevier Science.
• Rufer, A. (2017). Energy Storage: Systems and Components. United Kingdom: CRC Press.
WEBSITES
• https://greenmobility-library.org/public/index.php/resources
• https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/479891/handbook-battery-energy-storage-sys
tem.pdf
• https://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-7503-1531-9.pdf
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/energy-storage-system
• https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/2821
• https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/ViewEBookDetail_1.aspx?fileid=E3-14&catid=8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obWVBOYrGr4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyByLxq9mxM (how rice hull is handled?)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USw7612XBck&t=16s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I39fYJ3Hg6I
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7moYXe6YAc
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4yabOc0Ch8 (to start business)