Nova School of Business and Economics

Fall Semester
2019/2020

Calculus I

Exercise Book 2

Topology

João Farinha
Maria Helena Almeida
Patrı́cia Xufre
Pedro Chaves
 Calculus I 2019/2020 S1
List 2.1 Real Numbers

List 2.1 Real Numbers

Class Exercises

1. State to which sets, between N, Z, Q and R, the following numbers belong:

π 2
(a) 1 (e) 4 (i) 0
√
(b) 0 (f) − 256
5
(j) 3, 01001000100001000001...
(c) 2 (g) 1256231, 078934210986
1
√
(d) 3 (h) 24, 370 (257) (k) −1

2. State and justify the truth value of the following statements:

(a) All real numbers are rational.

(b) No non-terminating number is rational.
(c) There is at least one irrational number which is natural.
(d) The quotient of two non-zero rational numbers is rational.
(e) The sum of two irrational numbers is irrational.
(f) The sum of a rational number and an irrational number is irrational.
(g) The product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is irrational.
(h) The product of two irrational numbers is irrational.

3. Find, when they exist, the set of lower bounds, set of upper bounds, infimum, supremum, minimum and
maximum of the following sets of R:

(a) A = {0, 4} (g) G = E ∩ F

(b) B = ]−1, 0] ∪ ]2, 6] (h) H = E ∪ F
(c) C = {x ∈ N : 2x−3 > 8}
x−2
(i) I = {x ∈ Q : x > 0}
(d) D = {x ∈ R : x+3 < 1}
1
(e) E = {x ∈ Q : x ≤ 0} (j) J = {x ∈ R : x2 ≤ 1}

(f) F = {x ∈ R \ Q : x > −1} (k) K = I ∩ J

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Calculus I 2019/2020 S1
List 2.1 Real Numbers

Extra Exercises

1. Find, when they exist, the set of lower bounds, set of upper bounds, infimum, supremum, minimum of the
following sets of R:

x−1

(a) A = {1, 2} (e) E = x ∈ R : x ≥2

(b) B = ]−2, 1] ∪ ]3, 5] (f) F = {x ∈ Q : x > 0}

(g) G = {x ∈ R \ Q : x ≤ 1}
(c) C = {n ∈ N : 2n > 15}
(h) H = E ∩ F
n
x−3 o
(d) D = x ∈ N : 12 > 1
16 (i) I = E ∪ F

2. State and justify the truth value of the following statements:

(a) The set of lower bounds of a set A ⊂ R may have a finite number as its cardinality.
(b) Set B ⊂ R being bounded is not a sufficient condition for B to have a supremum and minimum.
(c) If C ⊂ R is a non empty set, it is possible to ensure that the cardinality of the intersection between the
set of upper bounds of C and the set of lower bounds of C is 0.
(d) If D ⊂ R is a set with infinite cardinality, d ∈ R being an upper bound of D is a necessary condition of
d to be not lower than infinitely many elements of D.

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 Calculus I 2019/2020 S1
List 2.2 Topology in Rn

List 2.2 Topology in Rn

Class Exercises

1. Consider the folowing vectors: a = (0, 1), b = (1, 0), c = (2, 1, 3) and d = (5, 1, 7).

(a) Find the distance between a and b and between c and d.

(b) If u = a − b and v = c − d, find kuk and kvk.
(c) How do you interpret the relationship between the results of parts (a) and (b)?

2. Consider function f : R × R → R defined by:


1 if a 6= b
f (a, b) =
0 if a = b

Also, consider function m : R2 × R2 → R defined by m ((x1 , y1 ) , (x2 , y2 )) = f (x1 , x2 ) + f (y1 , y2 ).

(a) Find m ((1, 2) , (−1, 3)).

(b) Show that m is a distance in R2 .

3. State if each of the following sets of Rn is an open ball or a closed ball and, if so, find its center and radius:

(a) ]0; 4[ (d) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 > 16}

(b) [−1; 5[ (e) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 − 2x < 8}
(c) [−π; π + 1] (f) {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : k(x, y, z) − (1, 2, 3)k ≤ 4}

√
4. Consider a ∈ R+ such that a is a solution to x3 + 16x = 10x2 , and the set of real numbers A = ]−a; 3
a] ∩ Q,
which does not have a maximum.

(a) Find the value of a.

(b) Is A a closed set? Justify.
(c) Find the set of points b ∈ R such that ∃ε > 0 : A ∩ Bε (b) = {b}.
(d) Consider c > 3, ε1 > 0 and C = Bε1 (c). We are given:
• Bε1 (c) ∩ B 21 (2) = ∅
• Bε1 (c) ∪ B 21 (2) = 23 ; c + ε1 \ 25
  

• c + 2ε1 = 7
Find the set of upper bounds of C.

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Calculus I 2019/2020 S1
List 2.2 Topology in Rn

5. For each of the following sets of Rn , find its interior, boundary, exterior, closure and derived set, and state,
justifying, if it is open, closed, bounded, compact, connected or convex:

(a) A = [2, 5] (i) I = (R \ Q) ∪ [−1, 1]

(b) B = ]2, 5] (j) J = {x ∈ R : x = 1
∧ n ∈ N}
n
(c) C = [0, 3] ∪ {6}
(k) K = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : (x > 0 ∧ x + y < 1) ∨
(d) D = {−1, 1} (1 < x < 3 ∧ 0 < y < 2)}
(e) E = [1, 2[ ∪ {3} ∪ [4, 5] xy
(l) L = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : y−x2 ∈ R ∨ xy = 0}
(f) F = R \ {1}
(g) G = Q (m) M = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| + |y| ≤ 1}

(h) H = (R \ Q) ∩ [−1, 1] (n) N = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 ≤ z < 1}

6. Find the isolated points of the following sets of Rn :

 
n n+1
(a) A = [0, 2] (e) E = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : (x, y) = (−1) , (−1) ∧
(b) B = {0, 2} n ∈ N}
2
(c) C = [−2, 2] ∪ {1, 2, 3} (f) F = Q2 ∩ [2, 4]
(−1)n 3 3
(d) D = {x ∈ R : x = 3n ∧ n ∈ N} (g) G = (R \ Q) ∩ [2, 4]

7. Consider the following sets of R:

A = {x ∈ R : 16 ≤ x4 ≤ 81}; B = {x ∈ R : 0 ≤ ln x ≤ 1}

(a) Find A \ B and write it in terms of intervals.

(b) Consider C = (A ∩ Z) ∪ (B ∩ Q). Find the interior, boundary, exterior, closure and derived set of C, and
state, justifying, if C is open or closed.
(c) Consider D = (A ∩ Z) ∪ fr (B). Find the interior, boundary, exterior, closure and derived set of D, and
state, justifying, if D is open or closed.

8. Consider the following sets of R:

[ 1 1
 \ 1 1

A= −1 + , 2 − ; B= −1 − , 2 +
n n n n
n∈N n∈N

State whether A and B are open or closed.

9. Consider A ⊂ R2 . We are given that A = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| ≤ 2 ∧ y x3 − y ≥ 0}.

(a) Graphically represent A.

(b) State, justifying, whether A is bounded.


(c) Consider that fr (A) = fr A and A is open.
i. Analytically define fr (A).
ii. State, justifying, whether A is connected.

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 Calculus I 2019/2020 S1
List 2.2 Topology in Rn

10. Where possible, give an example of a set of R and of a set of Rn , with n > 1, which:

(a) Is finite, closed and non empty.

(b) Is open and not bounded.
(c) Is equal to its interior.
(d) Is equal to its boundary and not finite.
(e) Has as its exterior an unbounded interval.

11. Consider A ⊂ Rn . Find and justify the truth value of the folowing statements:

(a) An isolated point of Amay also be an exterior point of A.

(b) A accumulation point of A may also be a boundary point of A.
(c) If a point is in the closure of A, then it may not be an exterior point of A.
(d) There are points in Rn which are not exterior, interior or boundary points of A.
(e) There are points in Rn which are not limit or isolated points of A.

12. Consider A, B ⊂ Rn . Show that the following statements are true:

(a) A is open if and only if, for any x ∈ A, there is an open ball centered at x and contained in A.
(b) If A and B are open, A ∪ B is open.
(c) If A is non empty and open, it has at least one accumulation point.

Extra Exercises

1. Show that, if d is a distance in a space, then m = ln (1 + d) is also a distance in that space.

2. Find and justify the truth value of the following statements:

(a) 5 ∈ B3 (8) (f) x, y, z, w ∈ R ∧ k > 0 ∧ (x, y) ∈ Bk (z, −w) ⇒

2 2
(b) a, b ∈ R ∧ ε > 0 ∧ a ∈ Bε (b) ⇒ a ∈ B 43 ε (b) (x − z) + (y + w) ≤ k 2

(c) k ∈ B 2 (6) ⇔ k ∈ (B2 (6) ∪ {4; 8}) (g) (5, 1, 0) ∈

/ B3 (5, 1, 2)

(d) B 1 (4) ∩ B2 (7) = {5} (h) (−2, 1, 0) ∈ B3 (1, 0, 1)

(e) (1, 2) ∈ B2 (2, 1) (i) (−1, 2, −2) ∈ (B4 (−1, 4, −2) \ B1 (−1, 4, −2))

3. For each of the following sets of Rn , find its interior, boundary, exterior, closure and derived set, and state,
justifying, if it is open, closed, bounded, compact, connected or convex:

(a) A = [1, 3] ∪ {5} (e) E = R

(b) B = k2 ∈ R : k ∈ Z

(f) F = R \ Q

(c) C = {1, 2, 3} (g) G = Q ∩ [−1, 1]

(d) D = [1, 3[ ∪ {5} ∪ [6, 9] (h) H = (Q ∩ [−2, −1]) ∪ (R \ Q ∩ [1, 2])

6
Calculus I 2019/2020 S1
List 2.2 Topology in Rn
n o 
(i) I = x ∈ R : x−1
x+3 > x
x+2
(o) O = (x, y) ∈ R2 : y ≤ 2x ∧ y ≥ x ∧ y ≤ −x + 8

(j) J = {x ∈ R \ Q : x > 0}

(p) P = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x < 2 ∪ {(4, 0)}
n o
x−1
(k) K = x ∈ R : 2x+3 ≤0 
(q) Q = (x, y) ∈ R2 : xy 6= 0
(l) L = J ∩ K n o
 (r) R = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 4−x2x
2 −y 2 ∈ R ∨ x = 0
(m) M = (x, y) ∈ R2 : ln (xy) ≤ 0
 
(n) N = (x, y) ∈ R2 : y < −x2 + 9 ∧ y > x2 − 9 (s) S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1 ∧ y = x

4. Consider the following sets of R:

A = {x ∈ R : 1 ≤ x2 ≤ 9}; B = {x ∈ R : 1 ≤ 2x ≤ 4}

(a) Find A \ B and write it in terms of intervals.

(b) Consider C = (A ∩ Z) ∪ (B ∩ Q). Find the interior, boundary, exterior, closure and derived set of C, and
state, justifying, if C is open or closed.
(c) Considere D = (A ∩ R− ) ∪ fr (B). Find the interior, boundary, exterior, closure and derived set of D,
and state, justifying, if D is open or closed.

5. Consider the following sets of R:

 
1
A = {x ∈ R \ Q : −4 ≤ ln x < −1}; B= ;π ∩ Z
e

(a) Write A in terms of intervals.

(b) State, justifying, whether A is convex.
(c) Find the set of isolated points of A ∪ B.
(d) Find the interior of the derived set of A ∪ B.

6. Consider a ∈ R and ε ∈ R+ , and the set of R, A = B2ε (a) \ Bε (a).

(a) Write A in terms of intervals.

(b) Find, where they exist, the supremum and minimum of A.
(c) Find the interior and the boundary of C = A \ a + 23 ε .


(d) Find the interior and the derived set of D = A ∩ (R \ Q).

7. Consider the set of Rn , A = {x ∈ Rn : kxk = 1}. Find the interior, boundary, exterior, closure and derived
set of A, and state, justifying, if C is open, closed, bounded, compact, connected or convex.

8. State, justifying, the truth value of the following statements:

(a) For a ∈ R and A ⊂ R, if there is ε > 0 such that Bε (a) has simultaneuosly points in A and in Ac , then
a ∈ fr (A).
n o
(b) If A = x ∈ R : x−1
x+3 > x
x+2 , then fr (A) ∩ ]−3; −2[ 6= ∅.

(c) Sets R, R \ Q and Q have the same derived set.

(d) For A, B ⊂ R such that A and B are not disjoint and have an upper bound, sup (A ∩ B) = max {sup A, sup B}.

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 Calculus I 2019/2020 S1
List 2.2 Topology in Rn

(e) An accumulation point of a set is always an adherent point of that set.

(f) An isolated point of a set may not be an adherent point of that set.
(g) A point not being interior to a set is a necessary condition for that point to be an accumulation point of
that set.

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Calculus I 2019/2020 S1
Exercise Book 2 Solutions

Solutions

List 2.1

Class Exercises

2. (a) F (b) F (c) F (d) T (e) F (f) T (g) T (h) F

Extra Exercises

2. (a) T (b) T (c) F (d) F

List 2.2

Class Exercises
√ √
1. (a) 2; 5 (b) 2; 5
2. (a) 2
3. (a) Open; 2; 2 (b) No (c) Closed; 12 ; π + 1
2 (d) No (e) Open; (1, 0); 3 (f) Closed; (1, 2, 3); 4
(d) 11
 
4. (a) 2 (b) No (c) ∅ 2 ; +∞

5. (a) Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact; Connected; Convex (b) Not open; Not closed; Bounded; Not com-
pact; Connected; Convex (c) Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact; Disconnected; Not convex (d) Not open;
Closed; Bounded; Compact; Disconnected; Not convex (e) Not open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Dis-
connected; Not convex (f) Open; Not closed; Not Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (g) Not
open; Not closed; Not Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (h) Not open; Not closed; Bounded;
Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (i) Not open; Not closed; Not Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected;
Not convex (j) Not open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (k) Open; Not
closed; Not Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (l) Not open; Not closed; Not Bounded; Not
compact; Connected; Not convex (m) Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact; Connected; Convex (n) Not
open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Connected; Convex
7. (a) [−3; −2] ∪ ]e; 3] (b) int (C) = ∅; fr (C) = [1; e] ∪ {−3; −2; 3}; ext (C) = R \ ([1; e] ∪ {−3; −2; 3}); C =
[1; e] ∪ {−3; −2; 3}; C 0 = [1; e]; Not open; Not closed (c) int (D) = ∅; fr (D) = D; ext (D) = R \ D; D = D;
D0 = ∅; Not open; Closed
8. A open; A not closed; B not open; B closed
9. (b) Yes (c) ii. No
11. (a) F (b) T (c) T (d) F (e) T

Extra Exercises

2. (a) F (b) T (c) T (d) F (e) T (f) T (g) F (h) F (i) T

3. (a) Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact; Disconnected; Not convex (b) Not open; Closed; Not Bounded;
Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (c) Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact; Disconnected; Not convex
(d) Not open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (e) Open; Closed; Not Bounded;
Not compact; Connected; Convex (f) Not open; Not closed; Not Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected; Not
convex (g) Not open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (h) Not open; Not closed;

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 Calculus I 2019/2020 S1
Exercise Book 2 Solutions

Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (i) I = ]−∞; −3[∪]−2; −1[; Open; Not closed; Not Bounded;
Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (j) Not open; Not closed; Not Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected;
Not convex (k) K = − 23 ; 1 ; Not open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Connected; Convex (l) Not
 

open; Not closed; Bounded; Compact; Disconnected; Not convex (m) Not open; Not closed; Not Bounded;
Not compact; Disconnected; Not convex (n) Open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Connected; Convex
(o) Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact; Connected; Convex (p) Not open; Not closed; Not Bounded; Not
compact; Disconnected; Not convex (q) Open; Not closed; Not Bounded; Not compact; Disconnected; Not
convex (r) Not open; Not closed; Not Bounded; Not compact; Connected; Not convex (s) Not open; Closed;
Bounded; Compact; Connected; Convex
4. (a) [−3; −1] ∪ ]2; 3] (b) int (C) = ∅; fr (C) = [0; 2] ∪ {−3; −2; −1; 3}; ext (C) = R \ ([0; 2] ∪ {−3; −2; −1; 3});
C = [0; 2] ∪ {−3; −2; −1; 3}; C 0 = [0; 2]; Not open; Not closed (c) int (D) = ]−3; −1[; fr (D) = {−3; −1; 0 : 2};
ext (D) = R \ ([−3; −1] ∪ {0; 2}); D = D; D0 = [−3; −1]; Not open; Closed
5. (a) e14 ; 1e ∩ (R \ Q) (b) No (c) {1; 2; 3} (d) e14 ; 1e
   

(d) int (D) = ∅; D0 = [a − 2ε; a − ε] ∪ [a + ε; a + 2ε]

6. (b) sup (A) = a + 2ε; @ min (A)

Disconnected if n = 1
7. Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact; ; Not convex
Connected if n > 1
8. (a) F (b) F (c) T (d) F (e) T (f) F (g) T

10