Ayaw Ko Na

FILDIS
LAGASCA, JOHN BENEDICK
RAMOS, MICA JOYCE
DIMALANTA, SYDNEY CHOLE
GUTIERREZ, ZIELA MARIE
FEBRERO, JARIMAINE
RELATED REVIEW LITERATURE
Road defects, such as cracks, potholes, and other damages, are significant
concerns in pavement management and transportation infrastructure. These defects not
only compromise the safety of road users but also lead to increased maintenance costs
and reduced service life of the pavement. As a result, there is a growing interest in the
development of efficient methodologies for the assessment and monitoring of road
defects. This literature review aims to provide an overview of existing research findings
related to remote sensing methodologies, construction safety monitoring, and cost-
effective solutions for pavement defect inspection.
RELATED LITERATURE
Road Defect
According to the study of Yong Zhou, Xinming Guo, et al (2022), Road defects
are important factors affecting traffic safety. Intelligent road disease detection
technologies have been created to increase the effectiveness of road disease
identification as well as the relevance of maintenance and management. The issues of
excessive expense and ineffectiveness associated with artificial road disease inspection
are effectively resolved, and the quality of road building is rehabilitable. Not only is the
quality of the highway guaranteed, but also the lives and safety of people are
guaranteed.
This study focuses on the intelligent identification of road diseases and provides
an overview of the detection tools that are frequently employed in this field, such as
cameras, GPR, LiDAR, and IMU. The origin and evolution of road illness detection
technologies are methodically described. This paper examines the prevalent issues with
road disease detection technologies and makes recommendations for improvements in
response. In conclusion, the road detection technology development trend is examined,
which holds practical implications for the field's future advancement.
Furthermore, as defined in the study of Azmanali., (2023) Roads are one of the
most important infrastructures that enable human movement and transportation of
goods and services. One of the most important things that has shaped modern
civilization and made it more linked and accessible is road development. Since ancient
times, building and maintaining roads has been a continuous process that has changed
throughout time to meet the increasing needs of contemporary society. This essay will
go over the significance of roads for contemporary civilization and how they affect
several facets of daily life.
Road Accidents
One of the main causes of non-disease deaths in the Philippines is traffic

accidents on the roads. According to WHO statistics, 1.35 million individuals worldwide
lose their lives as a result of traffic accidents each year. According to the MMARAS
(Metro Manila Accident Recording and Analysis System) report, which was issued yearly
by the MMDA (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority), the number of accidents in
Metro Manila alone more than doubled between 2005 and 2019. Marvin I. Noroña and
Ryan M. Paradina (2021).
Additionally, in the study conducted by Padilla, et al. (2019), Rough surfaces

have a significant impact on a vehicle's speed, fuel efficiency, and tire wear, among
other things, and raise the expense of maintaining the road surface. The abrupt rate of
change of the acceleration, often known as a jerk or jolt, has a significant impact on
ride quality. A jolt is typically felt when a driver abruptly alters their continuous
acceleration at a specific moment. As a result, there will be an inertial force opposing
the driver's applied brakes. A static load will be produced by acceleration without a jerk.
Although they are suggested as a critical metric for assessing road quality, the direct
ride quality requirements using Jolt are not well established. Professors will endeavor to
establish a national speed-related ride quality standard in light of this.
Thus, The IRI, or International Roughness Index, is a criterion for a pavement's

ride quality and describes this unevenness as a "distortion of ride quality." It is a factor
in the analysis of the deterioration in road conditions and a descriptor used to show and
compute the amount of rising and lowering of an investigated lengthwise profile. The
IRI is the most widely used pavement index today and serves as the global standard for
determining pavement roughness. IRI, a scientific name for the extended profile of the
road's flatness, is an empirical predictor of road success. Orlean G. Dela Cruz, et al.
(2021).
Lastly, The International Roughness Index, or IRI, is a road success empirical

predictor and a global standard for assessing pavement roughness. Every day high
traffic numbers put strain on the infrastructure of metropolitan roads. Observing the
pavement structure and roughness in urban agglomerations is more difficult than on
highways in less populated areas. The International Roughness Index (IRI), which
measures roughness, has a direct impact on the quality and safety of road traffic. It is
crucial to anticipate when a road must be rebuilt within the context of pavement
management for safety and the achievement of the highest riding comfort. The
approach for evaluating the level of ride comfort and safety on urban roads described in
this study is based on vehicle vibration measurements. In the article, vehicle vibration
measurements were made on Zagreb's main urban roads (Croatia). Roads with various
levels of pavement surface roughness were measured. This approach to pavement
management may be employed quickly and easily to improve riding comfort and road
safety.
Remote Sensing Methodologies for Pavement Management
Schnebele, Tanyu, Cervone, and Waters (2019), conducted a comprehensive

review of remote sensing methodologies for pavement management and assessment.
The study highlighted the potential of remote sensing technologies, such as LiDAR and
ground-penetrating radar, in detecting and characterizing road defects. The authors
emphasized the importance of these methodologies in providing accurate and timely
information for decision-making in pavement maintenance and management. However,
the review also identified the need for further research to enhance the applicability and
cost-effectiveness of remote sensing techniques in real-world pavement management
scenarios.
Cost-Effective Solutions for Pavement Crack Inspection
Mei and Gul (2020) presented a cost-effective solution for pavement crack
inspection using cameras and deep neural networks. The study demonstrated the
feasibility of using computer vision and machine learning techniques to automate the
detection and classification of pavement cracks. The proposed approach offers a
promising alternative to traditional manual inspection methods, potentially reducing
inspection time and costs. However, further research is needed to evaluate the
performance of this solution in different environmental and pavement conditions, as
well as its scalability for large-scale pavement networks.
RELATED STUDIES
A study conducted by Scolobig, et al, it shows sudden failure of road

pavement structure from Minna through Kataeregi to Bida in Niger State, Nigeria,
occurred in 2020 due to high traffic volume of overloaded trucks. The high traffic
volume was necessitated by the collapse of two alternative routes (Tegina-Makera-
Mokwa and Lambata-Bida-Mokwa roads) that were previously being used by these
heavy trucks. Methodology used to study the causes of this sudden failure includes
interaction with the Niger State Ministry of works, visual route survey of the entire road,
conduction of trial pits within the worst sections of the road and collection of soil
samples for analysis and finally, generation of soil profile within these sections to show
the probable causes of the sudden failure. Result of visual route survey revealed that
the entire stretch of the road which geologically cut across basement complex from
Minna to Kataeregi and Bida basin from Kataeregi to Bida, has failed with potholes,
pavement cracks, ruts, large depressions and embankment failures. However, some
sections were observed to have collapsed completely. Trial pits conducted within the
collapsed sections also showed defects including thick organic soil layer underlying road
embankment, clay of high plasticity underlying organic soil layer and shallow water
table within the region of the basement complex. A long and high embankment across a
wide river channel was observed to have failed due to the failure of the thin metal sheet
tubes employed to move the heavy flood water across the embankment. It was then
concluded that these defects resulted from poor geotechnical investigation prior to
construction and the poor expertise of the firm involved in the construction of the road.
The current methods that aim at monitoring the structural health status (SHS) of
road pavements allow detecting surface defects and failures. This notwithstanding,
there is a lack of methods and systems that are able to identify concealed cracks
(particularly, bottom-up cracks) and monitor their growth over time. For this reason, the
objective of this study is to set up a supervised machine learning (ML)-based method
for the identification and classification of the SHS of a differently cracked road
pavement based on its vibro-acoustic signature. The method aims at collecting these
signatures (using acoustic-sensors, located at the roadside) and classifying the
pavement's SHS through ML models. Different ML classifiers (i.e., multilayer perceptron,
MLP, convolutional neural network, CNN, random forest classifier, RFC, and support
vector classifier, SVC) were used and compared. Results show the possibility of
associating with great accuracy (i.e., MLP = 91.8%, CNN = 95.6%, RFC = 91.0%, and
SVC = 99.1%) a specific vibro-acoustic signature to a differently cracked road
pavement. These results are encouraging and represent the bases for the application of
the proposed method in real contexts, such as monitoring roads and bridges using
wireless sensor networks, which is the target of future studies.
In this paper Pavement failure is defined in terms of decreasing serviceability

caused by the development of cracks and ruts. Before going into the maintenance
strategies, we must look into the causes of failure of bituminous pavements. Failures of
bituminous pavements are caused due to many reasons or combination of reasons.
Application of correction in the existing surface will enhance the life of maintenance
works as well as that of strengthening layer. It has been seen that only 3 parameters ie
unevenness index, pavement cracking and rutting are considered while other distresses
have been omitted while going for maintenance operations. Along with the maintenance
techniques there are various methods for pavement preservation which will help in
enhancing the life of pavement and delaying of its failure. The purpose of this study
was to evaluate the possible causes of pavement distresses, and to recommend
remedies to minimize distress of the pavement. The paper describes lessons learnt from
pavement failures and problems experienced during the last few years on a number of
projects in India. Based on the past experiences’ various pavement preservation
techniques and measures are also discussed which will be helpful in increasing the
serviceable life of pavement.
Despite the advancements in remote sensing technologies, construction safety

monitoring, and cost-effective inspection solutions, there are several knowledge gaps
and opportunities for future research in the field of road defect assessment and
management. Firstly, there is a need for the development of integrated methodologies
that combine remote sensing, sensor-based monitoring, and automated inspection
techniques to provide a comprehensive and real-time understanding of road conditions.
Additionally, research efforts should focus on the standardization and validation of these
methodologies for widespread adoption in pavement management practices.
Furthermore, the exploration of advanced materials and technologies for durable and
resilient pavement design could contribute to the prevention of road defects and
prolong the service life of road infrastructure.
In conclusion, road defects pose significant challenges to pavement management

and transportation infrastructure. The integration of remote sensing, sensor-based
monitoring, and automated inspection methodologies presents opportunities for
addressing these challenges. However, further research is essential to bridge the
existing knowledge gaps and advance the development of effective and sustainable
solutions for road defect assessment and management.
REFERENCES:
Shtayat, A., Moridpour, S., Best, B., Shroff, A., & Raol, D. (2020, October 1). A review of
monitoring systems of pavement condition in paved and unpaved roads.
Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2020.03.004

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FILDIS

LAGASCA, JOHN BENEDICK

RAMOS, MICA JOYCE

DIMALANTA, SYDNEY CHOLE

GUTIERREZ, ZIELA MARIE

One of the main causes of non-disease deaths in the Philippines is traffic

Additionally, in the study conducted by Padilla, et al. (2019), Rough surfaces

Thus, The IRI, or International Roughness Index, is a criterion for a pavement's

Lastly, The International Roughness Index, or IRI, is a road success empirical

Remote Sensing Methodologies for Pavement Management

Schnebele, Tanyu, Cervone, and Waters (2019), conducted a comprehensive

Cost-Effective Solutions for Pavement Crack Inspection

A study conducted by Scolobig, et al, it shows sudden failure of road

In this paper Pavement failure is defined in terms of decreasing serviceability

Despite the advancements in remote sensing technologies, construction safety

In conclusion, road defects pose significant challenges to pavement management

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