UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA

COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

STS 201 APPLIED STATISTICS FOR NON MAJORS

(Lecture Note)

COURSE SYNOPSES

1. Nature of statistics
2. Data presentation
3. Diagrammatic representation of data
4. Summarization of data
5. Probability
6. Sampling distribution
7. Estimation of parameters
8. Test of hypothesis
9. Correlation
10. Others
NATURE OF STATISTICS

1. Explain the following:

a) Data (b) Observation
c) Information (d) Phenomenon
e) Statistics (f) Population
g) Variable (h) Sample
i) Attribute (j) Census
k) Descriptive statistics (l) Statistical method
m) Discrete variable (n) Continuous variable

2. Mention the two types of data and illustrate with examples.

3a) Discuss the sources of data and the various methods of data
collection.
b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of these methods?

4. What are the characteristics of a good questionnaire?

5a) What is measurement scale?

b) Explain the four basic types of measurement scale.
DATA PRESENTATION

1. Explain the following:

a) Raw data (b) Array
c) Distribution (d) Frequency distribution
e) Cumulative frequency distribution
f) Relative frequency distribution

2. Differentiate between a histogram and frequency polygon and

illustrate each with an example.

3. From the following distribution:

Classes No. of Object

10 – 14 19
15 – 19 24
20 – 24 37
25 – 29 81
30 – 34 43
35 – 39 30
40 – 44 16
250

a) Find the class interval

b) Find the class boundaries
c) Find the class mark
d) Find the class width or size of class
e) Find the cumulative frequency of the distribution
f) Find the relative frequency of the distribution

4. Consider the distribution given below

Age (Year to the next birthday) Frequency

15 < 20 37
20 < 25 81
25 < 30 43
30 < 35 24
35 < 40 9
40 < 45 6
Total 200
a) Construct a cumulative frequency graph
b) Construct a histogram
c) Construct a frequency polygon
d) Construct a bar chart

5. A company administers an aptitude test to 100 applicants for a job

with, the company. The following are the times taken to complete a
simple task for each applicant, measured to the nearest second.

44 92 72 45 85 61 66 46 59 57 52 40 93 54
52 64 65 44 51 66 92 58 74 42 43 56 46 52
45 56 68 40 48 76 71 99 51 72 52 56 69 58
40 76 70 42 52 46 73 59 41 55 74 66 64 47
58 46 52 54 63 89 87 41 57 68 59 81 82 60
67 68 97 57 47 53 61 52 49 47 86 55 54 48
85 45 84 53 49 47 70 78 58 96 54 62 60 57
58

a) Construct a frequency table for the above data using classes of

40 – 49, 50 – 59, 60 – 69, etc.
b) Construct a cumulative frequency distribution.
c) Construct a relative frequency distribution.
d) Draw the histogram.
e) Draw the Ogive.
DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF DATA

1. Explain the following:

a) Bar chart (b) Component bar chart
c) Multiple bar chart (d) Pie charts

2. Differentiate between a bar diagram and a pie chart

3. Draw a pie chart using the following information

Marital status No. of Women

Single 670
Married 480
Separated 120
Divorce 330
Widow 400

4. The following data gives the enrolment of junior students in a

secondary school.

Session No. of Male No. of Female No. of Students

90/91 500 1,000 1,500
91/92 750 1,000 1,750
92/93 840 960 1,800
93/94 1,050 950 2,000

Present the information in:

a) Simple bar diagram.
b) Component bar.
c) Percentage component bar.
d) Multiple bar diagram.
SUMMARISATION OF DATA

1. Explain the followings:

a) Measures of Central Tendency b) Skewness
c) Measures of Variability d) Coefficient of Variation

2. What are the properties of a typical value or our central tendency?

3. Consider the following distribution

Age in year to the next birthday No. of observation
15 < 20 37
20 < 25 81
25 < 30 43
30 < 35 24
35 < 40 9
40 < 45 6
200

Calculate:
a) The mean (b) median (c) mode (d) variance
(e) Standard deviation (f) Quartile deviation
(g) Coefficient of Variation (h) Skewness
PROBABILITY

1. Define the following:

(a) Experiment (b) Sample Space
(c) Sample Point (d) Event
(e) Permutation (f) Combination
(g) Mutually Exclusive (h) Independent event
(i) Dependent event (j) Conditional Probability

2a) List two types of probability distribution.

b) List four types of discrete probability distribution.
c) What are the properties of binomial distribution?
d) What are the properties of Normal distribution?

3a) Show that the letters of the word ANTICIPATION can be arranged in
three times as many ways as the letters of the word COMMENCEMENT.
b) In the random experiment of tossing 5 coins, list the event that
i.) at least 3 heads occur
ii.) exactly 2 heads
iii.) no heads at all.

4a) Simplify the following:

i.) 10P4 (ii) 10P4 (iii) 5C2 (iv) 5P2
b) If nP5:nP3 = 2:1, what is the value of n?
c) If nP3 / nC4 = 6, find n.

5.) Using normal tables, find the values of the following probabilities:
a) P(Z < 0.20) (b) P(Z< -1.62)
c) P(0.57 < Z < 1.62) (d) P(-1.50 < Z < 2.50)
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

1. Explain the following:

a) Sample distribution (b) Population distribution
c) Sampling distribution (d) Statistic
e) Parameter (f) Central Limit Theorem
g) Sampling with replacement (h) Sampling without replacement

2. A finite population consists of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

a) Construct the sampling distribution of the mean (X) when samples of size
are drawn.
i.) with replacement (ii.) without replacement
2 2
b) Verify that µx = µ and σ x = σ /n

3. The distribution of student height of 168cm and the standard deviation of

4cm. What is the probability that the mean of a random sample of 64
students is greater than 162cm?

4. A normal population with unknown variance is believed to have an

average of 20, is unlikely to obtain random sample of size 9 from his
population which has a mean x = 24 and a standard deviation s = 4/1?
If not, what conclusion would you draw?

5. a) Find t0.025 when V = 14

b) Find t0.1 when V = 10 (c) Find t0.995 when V = 7
d) Find P(-t0.005 < t < t0.00) (e) Find P(t > t0.025)

6. Given a random sample of size 24 from a normal distribution. Find K

such that
a) P(-2.069 < t < k) = 0.965
b) P(k < t < 2.807) = 0.095
c) P(-k < t < ) = 0.90

7. The UNAAB feed mills claims that the average content of each bag of
feed is 50kg. if a random of 10 bags selected at random have average
contents as 52, 48, 50, 53, 51, 50, 49, 47, 50, 52 kilogrames, would you
agree with the manufacturer’s claim?
ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS

1. Explain the following:

a) Point estimate (b) Interval estimate
c) Unbiased estimate (d) Biased estimate
e) Estimator (f) Estimate
g) Efficient estimator (h) Confidence interval

2. A random sample of 25 UNAAB employees showed an average

contribution of N12,500 to Ogun State Poverty Alleviation Programme, with
a standard deviation of N225. Construct
a) 90% Confidence interval
b) 95% Confidence interval
c) 99% Confidence interval
For the average contribution by all employees of UNAAB to Ogun State
Poverty Alleviation Programme. Assume normally distributed.

3. A random sample of 400 smokers at Abeokuta is selected and 125 are

found to have a preference for a brand called Benson and Hedges. Construct
a) 90% confidence interval
b) 95% confidence interval
c) 99% confidence interval
for the proportion of the population of cigarettes smokers at Abeokuta who
prefer Benson and Hedges.

4. A study is to be made by UNAAB students offering STS201. On

Adolescent Sexuality and Fertility at Abeokuta. How large a sample is
needed if they wish to be at least
a) 90% confidence interval
b) 95% confidence interval
c) 99% confidence interval
the estimate differs from the true proportion by an amount not exceeding
0.01?
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

1. Explain the following:

a) Statistical hypothesis (b) Null hypothesis
c) Alternative hypothesis (d) Type 1 error
e) Type 2 error (f) One tailed test
g) Two tailed test (h) Critical region
i) Acceptance region (j) Level of significance

2. State the null and alternate hypothesis to be used in the following claims
and determine generally where the critical region is located:
a) the mean rainfall at Abeokuta during the month of June is 68cm.
b) On the average, students attend lectures within 2.5 kilometers of their
homes at UNAAB, Abeokuta.
c) No more than 20% of the students of UNAAB contributed to Ogun State
Poverty Alleviation Fund.
d) The proportion of voters favouring the new Student Union President is
0.63.

3. In Abeokuta, men have a mean height of 168cm, Standard deviation 8cm,

and women have a mean height of 160cm, Standard deviation 5cm. In a
random of 100 married couple, the average height difference between
husband and wife was 5cm. Does this suggest that height of partner affects
the decision to propose marriage?

4. Two drugs, A and B, were tested for a certain effect on UNAAB

Laboratory mice. Two samples, each 50 mice were chosen randomly. One
drug administered to each, and a measure, X of the effect obtained. The
results were as follows:
Drug A: Σx = 1,750 Σx2 = 62,520
Drug B: Σx = 1,980 Σx2 = 85, 610
Test at 1% and 5% levels of significance. The hypothesis that the two drugs
have the same mean effect against the alternative hypothesis that drug B has
a higher mean effect. You may assume that the effect on mice, of each drug
is normally distributed.
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

1. Explain the following:

(a) Regression (b) Correlation (c) Scatter diagram
(d) Regression coefficient (e) Correlation coefficient
(f) Positive correlation (g) Negative correlation (h) Regression line
(i) Coefficient of determination (j) Rank correlation

2. The table below gives the index figures for production and the price of an
article over ten consecutive years

Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Production 92 96 103 108 109 108 96 103 109 103
Price 109 111 94 93 89 84 100 106 87 97

a) find an equation that expresses the index figure for production in terms of
the price of an article.
b) Calculate the Coefficient of Correlation (r).
c) Use Spearman’s Rank Correlation to calculate the correlation coefficient
rs
d) Determine the percentage of observation that is explained by the
regression equation.

3. A study was made by UNAAB Mills Ltd to determine the relationship

between weekly advertising expenditures and sales. Assuming the
coefficient of determination is r2 = 0.81 and the prediction equation is
y = 0.957 – 0.032x
a) What is the relationship between advertising and sales.
b) find the correlation coefficient r.

4. The following are estimated average of employment percentages, 1990 –

2000, for 10 states in Nigeria.
 State Male (x) Female (y)
Lagos 4.12 3.29
Abeokuta 2.60 1.61
Anambra 3.24 3.58
Imo 4.32 4.99
Benue 2.88 3.02
Plateau 3.26 3.19
Kano 2.97 3.19
Kaduna 3.21 2.56
Rivers 1.12 0.19
Delta 1.04 0.99

Fit regression lines: (i) for y on x

(ii) for x on y and find the coefficient of correlation between x and y.
OTHERS STATISTICAL METHODS

1a) What is ANOVA?

b) Write an assumption for analysis of variance.
The data in the table below represent 5 random samples each of 5 from
independent normal distribution with µ1, µ2, …, µ5 and common variance σ2.
Test the hypothesis at α = 5% that µ1 = µ2 = … = µ5

A B C D E
5 9 3 2 7
4 7 5 3 6
8 8 2 4 9
6 6 3 1 4
3 9 7 4 7
TOTAL 26 36 20 14 33

2. Four different test were used in the treatment of a course and the final
grades of the students were recorded below

1 2 3 4
60 80 97 67
80 81 84 84
69 73 93 90
65 69 79 78
75 92 61 72

Test the hypothesis at α = 5% that there is no differences in the final grades

from the four different tests.

3a) What is a run?

b) From the following arrangement of M and F, is their evidence
randomness = 5%

MM F MMMM FF MMMM FM FF MMMM F

M FF MMMMM F MMM F M F MMM

4) Consider the following measurements, which are weights of some people

in kilograms.
163, 165, 160, 189, 161, 171, 158, 151, 169, 162, 151, 169,
162, 163, 139, 172, 165, 148, 166, 172, 163, 187, 173

Test the null hypothesis µ = 163 against the alternative µ > 163 at α = 5.

5) Consider the following three samples.

Sample I Sample II Sample III

29 36 24
36 17 18
37 19 20
36 21 24
36 26 25
35 29 28
39 27 31
38 21 34
40 32 30
23 33 22
27 21
16

Use Kruskal – Wallis test at 0.05 to test

H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3

6) The following are the weights in kilograms before and after of 16 persons
who stayed on a certain reducing diet for four weeks.
 Before After
147.0 137.9
183.5 176.2
232.1 219.0
161.6 163.8
197.5 193.5
206.3 201.4
177.0 180.6
215.4 203.2
147.7 149.0
208.1 195.4
166.8 158.5
131.9 134.4
150.3 149.3
297.2 189.1
159.8 159.1
171.7 173.2

Use Wilcoxon Signed – Rank test to test at α = 0.05 whether the weight
reducing diet is effective.

7) Define:
a) Statistical Quality Control (SQC)
b) Process Control
c) What is Sampling Inspection Plan?
d) What are the causes of variation?
e) What is Control Chart?
f) List the types of control charts and their examples.

8) The table below shows the thickness of some materials produced by a

machine.
Draw control charts for mean and range and comment on the state of control.

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
13 14 11 14 12 10 10 8 13 5
8 12 10 10 10 12 16 12 8 8
15 19 16 9 13 10 8 8 14 5
8 10 8 13 7 8 10 10 7 10
9a) Define Time Series.
b) List the Components of a Time Series.
c) The following gives the volume of passengers (’000) of an Airline over a
period of time.

Year Jan – Mar Apr – Jun Jul – Sept Oct – Dec

1991 24 35 55 30
1994 20 42 70 26
1995 26 37 82 38
1996 25 38 90 40

Estimate the trend

ii) using the least square method
iii) using the method of moving averages smoothing out the trend.

10a) What is an Index Number?

b) What are the uses of index numbers?
c) What are the limitations of index numbers?
Given the following table

1970 1980
Community Price Quantity Price Quantity
A 4 10 8 16
B 5 12 6 12
C 2 5 4 10
D 3 4 5 8
E 4 12 7 10
Find Laspeyre and Paasche quantity Indices.
Find Fishers’ ideal price index