Astm D 2992
Astm D 2992
Astm D 2992
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D 2992 – 06
2.2 ISO Standard: cyclically (Procedure A) or continuously (Procedure B) to a
3 Preferred Numbers—Series of Preferred Numbers3 piping component with a high degree of certainty that failure of
the component will not occur.
3. Terminology 3.1.11 hydrostatic design stress (HDS)—the estimated
3.1 Definitions: maximum tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the hoop
3.1.1 General—Definitions are in accordance with Termi- direction due to internal hydrostatic pressure that can be
nologies D 883 and F 412, and abbreviations are in accordance applied cyclically (Procedure A) or continuously (Procedure B)
with Terminology D 1600, unless otherwise indicated. with a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not
3.1.2 closure, free-end—a sealing device or mechanism occur.
fastened to the end of the test specimen so that internal pressure 3.1.12 long-term hydrostatic strength (LTHS)— the esti-
produces longitudinal tensile stresses in addition to hoop and mated tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the hoop direction
radial stresses in the test specimen. due to internal hydrostatic pressure that, when applied cycli-
3.1.3 closure, restrained-end—a sealing device or mecha- cally, will cause failure of the pipe after a specified number of
nism which relies on a rod through the test specimen or an cycles by Procedure A or a specified number of hours by
external structure to resist the end thrust produced by internal Procedure B.
pressure, thereby limiting the stresses in (straight) specimens to
the hoop and radial directions only. NOTE 6—The time for determination of LTHS or LTHP is specified by
3.1.4 failure—the transmission of the test fluid through the the product standard. Typically, the time is 150 3 106 or 657 3 106 cycles
body of the specimen in any manner, whether it be a wall for Procedure A and 100 000 or 438 000 h for Procedure B.
fracture, localized leaking, or weeping at a distance greater 3.1.13 long-term hydrostatic pressure (LTHP)—the esti-
than one diameter from the end closure. mated internal pressure of the piping product that, when
NOTE 4—For this practice, specimens which have not failed may be applied cyclically, will cause failure of the product after a
included as failures under the specific conditions given in 6.3, 9.3, and specified number of cycles by Procedure A or a specified
12.2. number of hours by Procedure B.
3.1.5 fiberglass pipe—a tubular product containing glass 3.1.14 pressure design basis (PDB)—an internal pressure
fiber reinforcement embedded in or surrounded by cured developed for fiberglass piping product by this practice and
thermosetting-resin; the composite structure may contain ag- multiplied by a service design factor to obtain an HDP.
gregate, granular or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents, pig- 3.1.15 pressure rating (PR)—the estimated maximum pres-
ments, or dyes; thermoplastic or thermosetting liners or coat- sure in the pipe or fitting that can be exerted continuously with
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ings may be included. a high degree of certainty that failure of the piping component
3.1.6 reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP)—a fiberglass will not occur.
pipe with aggregate. 3.1.16 service design factor—a number equal to 1.00 or less
3.1.7 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP)—a fiber- that takes into consideration all the variables and degree of
glass pipe without aggregate. safety involved in a fiberglass piping installation so that when
3.1.8 hoop stress—the tensile stress in the wall of the piping it is multiplied by the HDB, an HDS and corresponding
product in the circumferential direction due to internal pres- pressure rating is obtained, or when it is multiplied by the PDB,
sure; hoop stress will be calculated by the ISO equation, as a pressure rating is obtained directly, such that in either case a
follows: satisfactory and safe piping installation results when good
S 5 P~D 2 tr!/2tr (1) quality components are used and the installation is made
properly.
where:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
S = hoop stress, psi (kPa),
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D = average reinforced outside diameter, in. (mm), 3.2.1 average outside diameter—a measurement obtained
P = internal pressure, psig (kPa), and in accordance with Practice D 3567 less any veil-reinforced
tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness, in. (mm). and nonreinforced exterior coating thicknesses.
3.2.2 minimum reinforced wall thickness—a measurement
NOTE 5—Hoop stress should only be determined on straight hollow
obtained in accordance with Practice D 3567, excluding veil-
cylindrical specimens. Product evaluation of more complex shapes may be reinforced and nonreinforced coating and lining thicknesses;
based on pressure. wall thickness of fittings is determined at the thinnest section of
3.1.9 hydrostatic design basis (HDB)—a hoop stress devel- the fitting body.
oped for fiberglass pipe by this practice and multiplied by a
service design factor to obtain an HDS. 4. Summary of Practice
3.1.10 hydrostatic design pressure (HDP)—the estimated 4.1 Procedure A consists of exposing a minimum of 18
maximum internal hydrostatic pressure that can be applied specimens of pipe or fittings, or both to cyclic internal
pressures at a cycle rate of 25 cycles/min and at several
different pressures. Elevated test temperatures are obtained by
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., circulating a hot liquid through the specimens or by testing in
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. an air environment where the temperature is controlled.
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D 2992 – 06
calculated for use in the analysis. 7. Cyclic Hydrostatic Design Basis
6.2.2 Elevated test temperatures are obtained by circulating 7.1 Calculate the cyclic LTHS at the specified time (1503
a heated test liquid through the specimens or by testing in a hot 106 or 657 3 106 cycles) as described in Annex A1.
air environment. In either case the test liquid shall be main- 7.2 If Sxy > 0 (see A1.4) consider the data unsuitable.
tained within 65°F (3°C) of the selected temperature.
7.3 Calculate r in accordance with A1.4.3. If r is less than
NOTE 10—Where elevated test temperatures are maintained by apply- the applicable minimum value given in Table A1.1, consider
ing heat to the circulating test liquid, work to date indicates that the the data unsuitable.
ambient air temperature need not be controlled.
7.4 If required, determine the cyclic HDB category in
6.2.3 The stress or pressure values for test shall be selected accordance with Table 1.
to obtain a distribution of failure points as follows:
Cycles to Failure Failure Points 8. Cyclic Pressure Design Basis
1 000 to 10 000 at least 3
10 000 to 100 000 at least 3 8.1 Use the procedures in 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3, using pressure in
100 000 to 1 000 000 at least 3
1 000 000 to 10 000 000 at least 3 place of stress.
After 15 000 000 at least 1 8.2 If required, determine the cyclic PDB category in
Total at least 18 accordance with Table 2.
6.3 Analyze the test results by using, for each specimen, the PROCEDURE B
logarithm of the stress or pressure in Section 6 and the
logarithm of the cycles to failure, as described in Annex A1.
9. Long-Term Static Hydrostatic Strength
NOTE 11—It is the custom of those testing fiberglass pipe to plot stress
or pressure on the vertical (y) axis and time or cycles on the horizontal (x)
9.1 Select either free-end or restrained-end closures based
axis. on the tensile stresses induced by internal pressure and the type
of joint in the intended piping system (see 1.4).
6.3.1 A specimen which leaks within one diameter of an end
9.2 Obtain a minimum of 18 failure points for each selected
closure may be: (1) included as a failure point if it lies above
the 95 % lower confidence limit curve; ( 2) repaired and testing temperature in accordance with Test Method D 1598 or Test
resumed provided the new leak is more than one diameter from Method F 948 except as follows:
a test joint, or (3) discarded and no data point recorded. 9.2.1 Determine the average outside diameter and the mini-
6.3.2 Those specimens that have not failed after more than mum reinforced wall thickness in accordance with Practice
15 000 000 cycles may be included as failures in establishing D 3567 (Note 9).
the regression line. Use of such data points may result in a 9.2.2 The inside environment for the pipe or fitting, test
lower or higher cyclic LTHS or cyclic LTHP. In either case, the specimens, or both, shall be water. The outside environment
lower confidence value requirements of Section 6 must be shall be air or a controlled temperature water bath (See 7).
satisfied. Other media may be used, but the environment shall be given
NOTE 12—Non-failed specimens may be left under test and the regres- in the test report. The test liquid shall be maintained within
sion line recalculated as failures are obtained. 65°F (3°C) of the test temperature (Note 10).
6.3.3 Determine the final line for extrapolation by the 9.2.3 The stress or pressure values for test shall be selected
method of least squares using the failure points along with to obtain a distribution of failure points as follows:
those nonfailure points selected by the method described in
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6.3.1 and 6.3.2. Do not use failure points for stresses or
pressures that cause failure in less than 500 cycles on the TABLE 1 Hydrostatic Design Basis Categories by Procedure A
or Procedure B
average; determine these points by averaging the number of
cycles-to-failure of tests made at the same stress or pressure Hydrostatic Design Basis
level, that is, a stress within 6200 psi (1380 kPa) or a pressure Category Range of Calculated Values
within 620 psig (138 kPa). Include in the report all failure psiA
(kPa) psi (kPa)
points excluded from the calculation by this operation and 2 500 (17 200) 2 400 to 3 010 (16 500 to 20 700)
identify them as being in this category. 3 150 (21 700) 3 020 to 3 820 (20 800 to 26 300)
4 000 (27 600) 3 830 to 4 790 (26 400 to 33 000)
NOTE 13—Since this procedure is for pipe or fittings, or both, it is 5 000 (34 500) 4 800 to 5 990 (33 100 to 40 900)
recommended that the pipe specimen and fitting be tested at the same time 6 300 (43 400) 6 000 to 7 590 (41 000 to 52 900)
as one specimen, using the normal joining procedures to join them 8 000 (55 200) 7 600 to 9 590 (53 000 to 65 900)
10 000 (68 900) 9 600 to 11 990 (66 000 to 82 900)
together, with the fitting being at one end of the specimen. If the fitting
12 500 (86 200) 12 000 to 15 290 (83 000 to 105 900)
fails first, it can be cut off, and the test can be continued using the unfailed 16 000 (110 000) 15 300 to 18 990 (106 000 to 130 900)
pipe with a mechanical end closure replacing the fitting. Should the pipe 20 000 (138 000) 19 000 to 23 990 (131 000 to 169 900)
fail first, it can be recorded and repaired and the test continued until the 25 000 (172 000) 24 000 to 29 990 (170 000 to 209 900)
fitting fails. If this recommendation is followed, it may enable the tester to 31 500 (217 000) 30 000 to 37 990 (210 000 to 259 900)
obtain failure points for both the pipe and the fitting while testing only one 40 000 (276 000) 38 000 to 47 000 (260 000 to 320 000)
A
specimen. Standard stress levels chosen in accordance with ISO 3, Series R10
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NOTE 14—Non-failed specimens may be left under test and the regres- after 3000 h provided they exceed the existing HDB or PDB
sion line recalculated as failures are obtained. regression line.
9.3.3 Determine the final line for extrapolation by the 12.3 Calculate and plot the 95 % confidence limits and the
method of least squares using the failure points along with 95 % prediction limits of the original regression line in
those nonfailure points selected by the method described in accordance with A1.4 using only data obtained prior to the
9.3.1 and 9.3.2. Do not use failure points for stresses or change.
pressures that cause failure in less than 0.3 h on the average; NOTE 15—Prediction limits define the bounds for single observations,
determine these points by averaging the times-to-failure of whereas confidence limits define the bounds for the regression line.
tests made at the same stress or pressure level, that is, a stress NOTE 16—For 95 % confidence limits, there is a 2.5 % probability that
within 6200 psi (1380 kPa) or a pressure within 620 psi (138 the mean value for the regression line may fall above the UCL and a 2.5 %
kPa). Include in the report all failure points excluded from the probability that the mean value for the regression line may fall below the
calculation by this operation and identify them as being in this LCL. For 95 % prediction limits, there is a 2.5 % probability that
individual data points may fall above the UPL and a 2.5 % probability that
category (Note 12). individual data points may fall below the LPL.
10. Static Hydrostatic Design Basis 12.4 Consider any changes in the material or manufacturing
10.1 Calculate the static LTHS at the specified time process minor and permissible if the results of 12.2 meet the
(100 000 or 438 000 h) as described in Annex A1. following criteria.
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D 2992 – 06
12.4.1 The average failure point for each stress or pressure 14. Pressure Rating
level falls on or above the 95 % lower confidence limit of the 14.1 For data based on hoop stress calculate the pressure
original regression line. rating from the HDS by means of the ISO equation in 3.1.8 for
12.4.2 The earliest individual failure point at each stress or each diameter and wall thickness of pipe made from the
pressure level falls on or above the 95 % lower prediction limit specific materials and constructions tested.
of the original regression line. 14.2 For data based on internal pressure, establish the
12.4.3 The failure points are distributed about the originally pressure rating directly from the HDP for products made from
determined regression line. No more than two thirds of the the specific materials and constructions tested.
individual failure points may fall below the original regression
line. 15. Report
12.5 Alternatively to 12.4, consider any changes in the 15.1 Report the following information:
material or manufacturing process permissible if the results of 15.1.1 Complete identification of the specimen including
12.2 meet the following: material type, source, manufacturer’s name and code number,
12.5.1 All data points fall above the 95 % lower confidence and previous significant history, if any.
limit of the original regression line, and 15.1.2 Specimen dimensions including nominal size, aver-
12.5.2 At least two points exceed 4.5 3 10 6 cycles or age and minimum reinforced wall thickness, and average
3000-h failure time. outside diameter, and liner material and liner thickness if
12.6 Data meeting the criteria of 12.4 or 12.5 may be product is lined.
assumed to be part of the original data set and a new regression 15.1.3 Fitting dimensions, including all items listed in
line and HDB or PDB determined using all failure points. 15.1.2 and the type of fitting.
12.7 If the data fails to satisfy the criteria of 12.4 or 12.5, the 15.1.4 Procedure used, (Procedure A or Procedure B), and
changes are considered major and a new regression line must the ASTM designation of the underlying test method.
be established. While the new test program is being conducted, 15.1.5 End closure type, free-end, or restrained-end.
an interim HDB or PDB for the material or process change may 15.1.6 Test temperature.
be taken as the lower of the following: 15.1.7 Test environment inside and outside of the pipe.
12.7.1 The 95 % lower confidence limit of the value ob- 15.1.8 A table of stresses or pressures in pound-force per
tained by extrapolating the failure points of 12.2.1 to square inch or pound-force per square inch gage (kilopascals)
657 000 000 cycles (50 years) by the procedure in 7.2, or the and the number of cycles to failure (Procedure A) or time-to-
failure points of 12.2.2 to 438 000 h (50 years) by the failure in hours (Procedure B) of all the specimens tested; the
procedure in Annex A1. nature of the failures, and the part that failed, that is, fitting or
pipe. Specimens that are included as failures after they have
12.7.2 The 95 % lower confidence limit of the original
been under stress or pressure for more than 15 000 000 cycles
regression line at 50 years.
or more than 10 000 h shall be indicated.
15.1.9 The estimated LTHS or LTHP.
13. Hydrostatic Design Stress or Hydrostatic Design
15.1.10 The value for r.
Pressure
15.1.11 The HDB or HDP.
13.1 Obtain the HDS or HDP by multiplying the HDB or 15.1.12 The source of the HDB or PDB (7.1 or 7.2 for
PDB as determined by Procedure A or Procedure B by a service Procedure A or 10.1 or 10.2 for Procedure B), and the
design factor selected for the application on the basis of two categorized value in accordance with Table 1 or Table 2.
general groups of conditions. The first group considers the 15.1.13 Any unusual behavior observed in the tests.
manufacturing and testing variables, specifically normal varia- 15.1.14 Dates of tests.
tions in the material, manufacture, dimensions, good handling 15.1.15 Name of laboratory and supervisor of tests.
techniques, and in the evaluation procedures in this method.
The second group considers the application or use, specifically 16. Precision and Bias
installation, environment, temperature, hazard involved, life 16.1 The precision and bias of this practice for obtaining the
expectancy desired, and the degree of reliability selected. HDB or PDB are as specified in Test Methods D 1598, D 2143,
and F 948. This practice includes a statistical basis for evalu-
NOTE 17—It is not the intent of this practice to give service design
factors. The service design factor should be selected by the design ating the suitability of the data in Sections 6 and 9.
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engineer after evaluating fully the service conditions and the engineering 17. Keywords
properties of the specific plastic pipe material under consideration.
Recommended service design factors will not be developed or issued by 17.1 closure; cyclic pressure; design basis; fiberglass pipe;
ASTM. reconfirmation; static pressure
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(Mandatory Information)
A1. LEAST SQUARES CALCULATIONS FOR LONG-TERM HYDROSTATIC STRENGTH OR LONG-TERM HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE
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a = intercept on the y axis.
A1.1.2 A linear functional relationship analysis (sometimes A1.4.2.2 If Sxy> 0, consider the data unsuitable for evalu-
called “covariance analysis”) is used, subject to tests for the ating the material; otherwise calculate also:
sign (that is, “+” or “−”) of the slope and the coefficient of
1
correlation for the quantity of data available. The relevant Sxx 5 n (~xi 2 x̄! 2 (A1.5)
equations are given together with example data and results, on
the basis of which any other statistical computing package may 1
Syy 5 n (~y i 2 ȳ! 2 (A1.6)
be used subject to validation by agreement with the example
results to within the indicated limits. A1.4.3 Correlation of Data:
A1.1.3 For the purposes of this annex, a design service life A1.4.3.1 Calculate the coefficient of correlation, r, from the
of 50 years has been assumed. following relationship:
~Sxy! 2
A1.2 Procedure for Analysis of Data r2 5 (A1.7)
~Sxx 3 Syy!
A1.2.1 Use a linear functional relationship analysis to
analyze n pairs of data values (as y and x) to obtain the r 5 =r 2
following information: A1.4.3.2 If the value of r is less than the applicable
A1.2.1.1 The slope of line, b, minimum value given in Table A1.1 as a function of n, reject
A1.2.1.2 The intercept on the y axis, a, the data; otherwise, proceed to A1.4.4.
A1.2.1.3 The correlation coefficient, r, and A1.4.4 Functional Relationships:
A1.2.1.4 The predicted mean and the lower 95 % confi- A1.4.4.1 To find a and b for the functional relationship line,
dence and prediction intervals on the mean value. y = a + bx (Eq A1.1), first set:
A1.3 Assignment of Variables
Syy
l5 S
xx
S D (A1.8)
A1.3.1 Let x be log10t, where t is the time, in hours (or
and then let:
cycles), and let y be log10V, where V is the stress (or pressure)
value. b5=l (A1.9)
and then:
A1.4 Functional Relationship Equations and Method of
Calculation
A1.4.1 Basic Statistics and Symbols: TABLE A1.1 Minimum Values for the Coefficient of Correlation,
r, for Acceptable Data from n Pairs of Data
A1.4.1.1 The following basic statistics and symbols are
used: (n − 2) r minimum (n − 2) r minimum
11 0.6835 25 0.4869
12 0.6614 30 0.4487
n = number of pairs of observed data values (Vi, t i), 13 0.6411 35 0.4182
yi = log10 of Vi, where Vi is the stress (or pressure) at failure 14 0.6226 40 0.3932
of Observation i; i = 1, . . . n, 15 0.6055 45 0.3721
16 0.5897 50 0.3541
xi = log 10 of ti, where ti is the time to failure in hours of 17 0.5751 60 0.3248
Observation i; i = 1, . . .n, 18 0.5614 70 0.3017
ȳ = arithmetic mean of all yi values: 19 0.5487 80 0.2830
20 0.5386 90 0.2673
1 21 0.5252 100 0.2540
5 n (yi (A1.2) 22 0.5145 ... ...
23 0.5043 ... ...
24 0.4952 ... ...
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D 2992 – 06
TABLE A1.2 Student’s “t ” Value (Two-Sided 0.05 Level of Significance)
Degrees of Freedom Student’s“ t” Value, Degrees of Freedom Student’s “t” Value, Degrees of Freedom Student’s “t” Value,
(n − 2) tv (n − 2) tv (n − 2) tv
1 12.7062 46 2.0129 91 1.9864
2 4.3027 47 2.0117 92 1.9861
3 3.1824 48 2.0106 93 1.9858
4 2.7764 49 2.0096 94 1.9855
5 2.5706 50 2.0086 95 1.9853
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45 2.0141 90 1.9867 ... 1.9600
H Sxy
A 5 D x̄ 2 ~1 1 t! 1 b J (A1.19)
yL = value obtained in accordance with Eq A1.24 when xL
is, as applicable, the value in accordance with Eq
A1.11 appropriate to a design life of, for example, 50
the variance, sn, of the fitted line at xLusing the formula:
years (that is, xL = 5.6415 (h)) or to a time at which it
sn 2 5 A 1 2BxL 1 CxL 2 (A1.20) is desired to predict with 95 % confidence the mini-
the error variance, se, for y using the formula: mum value for the next observation of V,
sy = value obtained in accordance with Eq A1.23, and
se 2 5 lsd 2 (A1.21) tv = applicable value for Student’s t for v = n − 2 df, as
the total variance, sy, for future values, yL, for y at xLusing given in Table A1.2 for a two-sided 0.05 level of
the formula: significance (that is, mean 62.5 %).
sy 2 5 s n 2 1 s e 2 (A1.22)
A1.4.5.5 Calculate the estimated standard deviation, sy, A1.4.6.2 Calculate the corresponding lower 95 % prediction
for yLusing the equation: limit for V using the relationship:
sy 5 ~s n 2 1 se 2 !0.5 (A1.23) VL 0.95 5 10YL 0.95 (A1.26)
and the predicted value, yL, for y at xLusing the relationship: A1.4.6.3 The predicted mean value of V at time tL, that is,
yL 5 a 1 bxL (A1.24) VL, is given by the relationship:
where a and b have the values obtained in accordance with VL 5 10YL (A1.27)
Eq A1.9 and Eq A1.10
where:
. YL = value obtained in accordance with Eq A1.24.
A1.4.6 Calculation and Confidence Intervals:
A1.4.6.1 Calculate the lower 95 % prediction interval, A1.4.6.4 Setting sy 2= sn2 in Eq A1.22 will produce a
yL 0.95, predicted for yLusing the equation: confidence interval for the line rather than a prediction interval
yL 0.95 5 yL 2 tvsy (A1.25) for a future observation.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 Hoop Stress versus Cycles-to-Failure or Time-to- X1.1.2 The main limitation of the use of hoop stress is that
Failure: it can only be applied to simple tubular-shaped specimens.
X1.1.1 Hoop stress is a more convenient parameter to use Therefore, its application has been mainly limited to materials
when attempting to predict long-term hydrostatic strength of a and a few products such as pipe and simple fittings like
material. Its use reduces scatter in the data by compensating for couplings.
varying dimensions in the test specimens. It effectively nor-
malizes pressure for variations in specimen geometry, and X1.2 Internal Pressure versus Cycles-to-Failure or Time-
reduces the variable to a material parameter. For this particular to-Failure—The use of internal pressure rather than stress
reason it has been widely used for evaluating the long-term extends the application of this practice to the prediction of
hydrostatic properties of plastic materials. Essentially, once a service life for many products of complex geometries which do
value for HDS has been determined for a particular material not permit the calculation of hoop stress. The logarithm of
and construction, that value can be used to effectively predict internal pressure is used in place of the logarithm of hoop stress
the long-term working pressure of tubular products by com- in the calculations.
pensating for the various product geometries.
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X2.1 Basic Data—The example data given in Table X2.1, l = 1.100457 x 10–3
together with the example analysis given in this appendix, can b = –3.31731 x 10–2
be used to validate statistical packages procedures. Because of a = 3.782188
rounding errors, it is unlikely that there will be exact agree-
ment, but acceptable procedures should agree within 60.1 % X2.5 Calculated Variances:
of the results given in X2.5. D = 4.84225 x 10 –6
B = –1.46896 x 10 –5
X2.2 Sums of Squares: C (variance of b)= 5.01271 x 10–6
Sxx = 0.798109 A (variance of a)= 4.66730 x 10–5
Syy = 8.78285 x 10–4 s n2(error variance for) x = 4.046696 x 10–5
Sxy = –0.024836 s e2(error variance for) y = 5.80057 x 10–5
Data Time, Stress, Log Time, Log Stress, Data Stress, Log Time, Log Stress,
Point h psi h f Point Time, h psi h f
1 9. 5500. 0.95424 3.74036 17 1301. 4700. 3.11428 3.67210
2 13. 5500. 1.11394 3.74036 18 1430. 4800. 3.15534 3.68124
3 17. 5500. 1.23045 3.74036 19 1710. 4800. 3.23300 3.68124
4 17. 5500. 3.74036 20 2103. 4800. 3.32284 3.68124
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13 669. 4700. 2.82543 3.67210 29 10900. 4500. 4.03743 3.65321
14 684. 5000. 2.83506 3.69897 30 10920. 4500. 4.03822 3.65321
15 878. 4600. 2.94349 3.66276 31 12340. 4500. 4.09132 3.65321
16 1299. 4800. 3.11361 3.68124 32 12340. 4500. 4.09132 3.65321
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Lower Lower
Confidence Prediction
Time, h Mean Interval Interval
1 6056 5864 5771
10 5611 5487 5379
100 5198 5129 5003
1000 4816 4772 4641
10 000 4462 4398 4293
100 000 4133 4037 3960
438 000 3936 3820 3756
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D 2992–01)
that may impact the use of this standard.
(1) RPMP and RTRP acronyms in 3.1.6 and 3.1.7were cor- (3) 9.2.2 was revised.
rected. (4) 11.1 was revised.
(2) Note 7 was added. (5) 12.3 was revised.
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