Java Notes

JAVA
1. Install
Java
a. Install JDK (https://www.oracle.com/in/java/technologies/javase-downloads.html)
b. Install IntelliJ (https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download/#section=mac)
2. Sample Code
Functions
A function is a block of code which takes some input, performs some operations
and returns some output.
The functions stored inside classes are called methods.
The function we have used is called main.
Class
A class is a group of objects which have common properties. A class can have
some properties and functions (called methods).
The class we have used is Main.

3. Our 1st Program

package com.apnacollege;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Our 1st Program
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

4. Variables
A variable is a container (storage area) used to hold data.
Each variable should be given a unique name (identifier).
package com.apnacollege;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Variables
String name = "Aman";
int age = 30;
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String neighbour = "Akku";
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}

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5. Data Types
:
 Data types are declarations for variables. This determines the type and size of
data associated with variables which is essential to know since different data
types occupy different sizes of memory.
There are 2 types of Data Types :
- Primitive Data types : to store simple values
- Non-Primitive Data types : to store complex values

Primitive Data Types

These are the data types of fixed size.

Data Meaning Size Range

Type (in Bytes)
byte 2’s complement integer 1 -128 to 127

short 2’s complement integer 2 -32K to 32K

int Integer numbers 4 -2B to 2B

long 2’s complement integer 8 -9,223,372,036,854,775,808

(larger values) to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807

float Floating-point 4 Upto 7 decimal digits

double Double Floating-point 8 Upto 16 decimal digits

char Character 2 a, b, c ..
A, B, C ..
@, #, $ ..
bool Boolean 1 True, false

Non-Primitive Data Types

These are of variable size & are usually declared with a ‘new’ keyword.
Eg : String, Arrays
String name = new String("Aman");
int[] marks = new int[3];
marks[0] = 97;
marks[1] = 98;
marks[2] = 95;

6. String Class
:
 Strings are immutable non-primitive data types in Java. Once a string is created
it’s value cannot be changed i.e. if we wish to alter its value then a new string
with a new value has to be created.
This class in java has various important methods that can be used for Java
objects. These include:
a. Concatenation
String name1 = new String("Aman");
String description = new String("is a good boy.");

String sentence = name1 + description;

System.out.println(sentence);

b. CharAt
String name = new String("Aman");
System.out.println(name.charAt(0));

c. Length
String name = new String("Aman");
System.out.println(name.length());

d. Replace
String name = new String("Aman");
System.out.println(name.replace('a', 'b'));

e. Substring
String name = new String("AmanAndAkku");
System.out.println(name.substring(0, 4));

7. Arrays
Arrays in Java are like a list of elements of the same type i.e. a list of integers, a
list of booleans etc.
a. Creating an Array (method 1) - with new keyword
int[] marks = new int[3];
marks[0] = 97;
marks[1] = 98;
marks[2] = 95;

b. Creating an Array (method 2)

int[] marks = {98, 97, 95};

8. Casting
Casting in java is the assigning values of one type to another. The types being
considered here are compatible i.e. we can only assign values of a number type
to another type storing numbers (vice-versa is not allowed i.e. floating values
cannot be assigned to boolean data types).
Casting in Java is of 2 types:
a. Implicit casting
This casting is done by java implicitly i.e. on its own. It is assigning smaller
values to larger data types.
float price = 100.00F;
int gst = 18;
float finalPrice = price + gst;

b. Explicit casting
This casting is done by the programmer. It is assigning larger values to
smaller data types.
int price = 100;
:
 float gst = 18.00F;
int finalPrice = price + (int)gst;

9. Constants
A constant is a variable in Java which has a fixed value i.e. it cannot be assigned a
different value once assigned.
package com.apnacollege;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Constants
final float PI = 3.14F;
}
}

10. Operators
There are 4 types of operators in Java :
a. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are just like operators we used in Math. These
include:
1. ‘+’ Add
int a = 30;
int b = 40;
int sum = a + b;

2. ‘-’ Subtract
int a = 30;
int b = 40;
int diff = a - b;

3. ‘*’ Multiply
int a = 30;
int b = 40;
int mul = a * b;

4. ‘/’ Divide
int a = 30;
int b = 40;
int div = a / b;

5. ‘%’ Modulo - Remainder of a/b

int a = 30;
int b = 40;
int modulo = a % b;

6. Unary Operators
int a = 30;
a++;
a--;

Pre-incrementer : It increments the value of the operand instantly.

Post-incrementer : It stores the current value of the operand
temporarily and only after that statement is completed, the value
of the operand is incremented.
:
 Pre-decrementer : It decrements the value of the operand instantly.
Post-decrementer : It stores the current value of the operand
temporarily and only after that statement is completed, the value
of the operand is decremented.

b. Assignment Operators

Operator Operation Example

= Assigns value of right operand to left A=B will put
operand value of B in A

+= Adds right operand to the left A+=B means A

operand and assigns the result to = A+B
left operand.
-= Subtracts right operand from the left A-=B means A=A-B
operand and assigns the result to left
operand.
*= Multiplies the right operand with the A*=B means A=A*B
left operand and assigns the result to
the left operand.
/= Divides left operand with the right A/=B means A=A/B
operand and assigns the result to left
operand.

c. Comparison/Relational Operators
Relational operators define the relation between 2 entities.
They give a boolean value as result i.e true or false.

Suppose : A=5 and B=10

Operator Operation Example

== Gives true if two operands are equal A==B is not
true

!= Gives true if two operands are not equal A!=B is true

> Gives true if left operand is more A>B is not
:
 than right operand true
< Gives true if left operand is less than right A<B is true
operand
>= Gives true if left operand is more A>=B is not
than right operand or equal to it true

<= Gives true if left operand is more A<=B is true

than right operand or equal to it

d. Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to connect multiple expressions or conditions
together.
We have 3 basic logical operators.
Suppose : A=0 and B=1

Operator Operation Example

&& AND operator. Gives true if both operands (A && B) is

are non zero false

|| OR operator. Gives true if atleast one of (A || B) is

the two operands are non-zero. true

! NOT operator. Reverse the logical state of !A is true

operand

11. Math class

Math is an important class in Java that is extensively used and has a lot of
interesting functions.
To import - import java.lang.Math;
Some functions include:
a. Max
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
Math.max(a, b);

b. Min
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
Math.min(a,b);

c. Random
int randomNumber = (int)(Math.random()*100);

12. Taking Input

:
 We take input using the Scanner class and input various types of data using it.
To import the Scanner class - import java.util.Scanner;
Example :
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int n = sc.nextInt();
float a = sc.nextFloat();
String name = sc.next();
String line = sc.nextLine();

13. Conditional Statements ‘if-else’

The if block is used to specify the code to be executed if the condition specified
in if is true, the else block is executed otherwise.
int age = 30;
if(age > 18) {
System.out.println("This is an adult");
} else {
System.out.println("This is not an adult");
}

14. Conditional Statements ‘switch’

Switch case statements are a substitute for long if statements that compare a
variable to multiple values. After a match is found, it executes the
corresponding code of that value case.
int n = 1;
switch(n) {
case 1 :
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2 :
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3 :
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 4 :
System.out.println("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Friday");
break;
case 6 :
System.out.println("Saturday");
break;
default :
System.out.println("Sunday");
}

15. Break & Continue

Jumps in loops are used to control the flow of loops. There are two statements
used to implement jump in loops - Continue and Break. These statements are
used when we need to change the flow of the loop when some specified
condition is met.
Continue statement is used to skip to the next iteration of that loop. This means
that it stops one iteration of the loop. All the statements present after the
:
 continue statement in that loop are not executed.
int i;
for (i=1; i<=20; i++) {

if (i%3==0) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}

In this for loop, whenever i is a number divisible by 3, it will not be printed as the
loop will skip to the next iteration due to the continue statement. Hence, all the
numbers except those which are divisible by 3 will be printed.
Break statement is used to terminate the current loop. As soon as the break
statement is encountered in a loop, all further iterations of the loop are stopped
and control is shifted to the first statement after the end of loop.
int i;
for (i=1; i<=20; i++) {

if (i == 11) {
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}

In this loop, when i becomes equal to 11, the for loop terminates due to break
statement, Hence, the program will print numbers from 1 to 10 only.

16. Loops
A loop is used for executing a block of statements repeatedly until a particular
condition is satisfied. A loop consists of an initialization statement, a test
condition and an increment statement.
For Loop
The syntax of the for loop is :
for (initialization; condition; update) {
// body of-loop
}
for (int i=1; i<=20; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}

While Loop
The syntax for while loop is :
while(condition) {
// body of the loop
}
int i = 0;
while(i<=20) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
:
 Do-While Loop
The syntax for the do-while loop is :
do {
// body of loop;
}
while (condition);
int i = 0;
do {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while(i<=20);

17. Exception Handling (try-catch)

Exception Handling in Java is a mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that
normal flow of the application can be maintained.
It is done using 2 keywords - ‘try’ and ‘catch’.
Additional keywords like finally, throw and throws can also be used if we dive
deep into this concept.
int[] marks = {98, 97, 95};
try {
System.out.println(marks[4]);
} catch (Exception exception) {
System.out.println("An exception for caught while accessing an index
the 'marks' array");
}

System.out.println("We tried to print marks & an exception must have

occurred with index >=3");

18. Methods/Functions
A function is a block of code that performs a specific task.
Why are functions used?
a. If some functionality is performed at multiple places in software, then
rather than writing the same code, again and again, we create a function
and call it everywhere. This helps reduce code redundancy.
b. Functions make maintenance of code easy as we have to change at one
place if we make future changes to the functionality.
c. Functions make the code more readable and easy to understand.

The syntax for function declaration is :

return-type function_name (parameter 1, parameterϮ …… parameter n){
//function_body
}
return-type
The return type of a function is the data type of the variable that that function
returns.
For eg- If we write a function that adds 2 integers and returns their sum then the
return type of this function will be ‘int’ as we will return a sum that is an integer
value.
When a function does not return any value, in that case the return type of the
function is ‘void’.
:
 function_name
It is the unique name of that function.
It is always recommended to declare a function before it is used.
Parameters
A function can take some parameters as inputs. These parameters are specified
along with their data types.
For eg- if we are writing a function to add 2 integers, the parameters would be
passed like –
int add (int num1, int num2)
main function
The main function is a special function as the computer starts running the code
from the beginning of the main function. Main function serves as the entry point
for the program.
Example :
package com.apnacollege;

public class Main {

//A METHOD to calculate sum of 2 numbers - a & b
public static void sum(int a, int b) {
int sum = a + b;
System.out.println(sum);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 10;
int b = 20;
sum(a, b); // Function Call

}
}

19. Mini-Project
Let’s create a project where we are trying to ask the user to guess a randomly
generated number.
The number is in the range of 1 to 100.
If the user guesses a number that is greater, we print “The number is too large”.
If the user guesses a number that is smaller, we print “The number is too small”.
If the user is able to correctly guess the number, then we print “Correct
Number!”.
At the end we will print the number that was generated by our Math library.
LET THE GUESSING BEGIN :)
CODE
package com.apnacollege;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
:
 //MINI PROJECT
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int myNumber = (int)(Math.random()*100);
int userNumber = 0;

do {
System.out.println("Guess my number(1-100) : ");
userNumber = sc.nextInt();

if(userNumber == myNumber) {
System.out.println("WOOHOO .. CORRECT NUMBER!!!");
break;
}
else if(userNumber > myNumber) {
System.out.println("your number is too large");
}
else {
System.out.println("your number is too small");
}
} while(userNumber >= 0);

System.out.print("My number was : ");

System.out.println(myNumber);
}
}

Apni Kaksha
: