Python

Fundamentals

Dinesh Arya
PGT CS
KV NHPC Dharchula
Introduction
Python Character Set
A set of valid characters recognized by python. Python uses the traditional
ASCII character set. The latest version recognizes the Unicode character set.
The ASCII character set is a subset of the Unicode character set
Letters :– A-Z,a-z

Digits :– 0-9

Special
symbols :–
Special symbol
available over
keyboard

White spaces:– blank space,tab,carriage return,new line, form feed

Other characters:- Unicode

Input and Output
var1=‘Computer Science'
var2=‘Informatics Practices'
print(var1,' and ',var2,' )
Output :-
Computer
Science and
Informatics
Practices

raw_input() Function In Python allows a user to give input to a program

from a keyboard but in the form of string.
NOTE : raw_input() function is deprecated in python 3
e.g.
age = int(raw_input(‘enter your age’))
percentage = float(raw_input(‘enter percentage’))
input() Function In Python allows a user to give input to a program from a
keyboard but returns the value accordingly.
e.g.
age = int(input(‘enter your age’))
C = age+2 #will not produce any error
Token

Smallest individual unit in a program is known as token.

1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Literals
4. Operators
5. punctuators
Keywords
Reserve word of the compiler/interpreter which can’t be
used as identifier.

and exec not

as finally or

assert for pass

break from print

class global raise

continue if return

def import try

del in while

elif is with

else lambda yield

except
Identifiers
A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable,
function, class, module or other object.
*An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an
underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters, underscores
and digits (0 to 9).
* Python does not allow special characters
* Identifier must not be a keyword of Python.
* Python is a case sensitive programming language.
Thus, Rollnumber and rollnumber are two different identifiers
in Python.
Some valid identifiers : Mybook, file123, z2td, date_2, _no
Some invalid identifier : 2rno,break,my.book,data-cs
Identifiers-continue
Some additional naming conventions
1. Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other
identifiers start with a lowercase letter.

2. Starting an identifier with a single leading underscore

indicates that the identifier is private.

3. Starting an identifier with two leading

underscores indicates a strong private identifier.

4. If the identifier also ends with two trailing

underscores, the identifier is a language-defined
special name.
Literals
Literals in Python can be defined as number, text, or
other data that represent values to be stored in variables.

Example of String Literals in Python

name = ‘Johni’ , fname =“johny”

Example of Integer Literals in Python(numeric literal)

age = 22

Example of Float Literals in Python(numeric literal)

height = 6.2

Example of Special Literals in Python

name = None
Operators
Operators can be defined as symbols that are used to perform
operations on operands.

Types of Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators.
2. Relational Operators.
3. Assignment Operators.
4. Logical Operators.
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Membership Operators
7. Identity Operators
Operators continue
1. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Operators are used to perform arithmetic operations like
addition, multiplication, division etc.
Operators Description Example

+ perform addition of two number a+b

- perform subtraction of two number a-b

/ perform division of two number a/b

* perform multiplication of two number a*b

% Modulus = returns remainder a%b

Floor Division = remove digits after

// a//b
the decimal point

** Exponent = perform raise to power a**b

Operators continue
2. Relational Operators
Relational Operators are used to compare the values.

Operators Description Example

== Equal to, return true if a equals to b a == b

!= Not equal, return true if a is not equals to b a != b

Greater than, return true if a is greater than

> a>b
b

Greater than or equal to , return true if a

>= a >= b
is greater than b or a is equals to b

< Less than, return true if a is less than b a<b

Less than or equal to , return true if a

<= a <= b
is less than b or a is equals to b
Operators continue
3. Assignment Operators
Used to assign values to the variables.
Operators Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand a=b

+= Add 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a+=b

/= Divides 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a/=b

*= Multiply 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. A*=b

-= Subtracts 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. A-=b

%= modulus 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a%=b

//= Perform floor division on 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a//=b

**= calculate power on operators and assigns the result to left operand. a**=b
Operators continue
4. Logical Operators
Logical Operators are used to perform logical operations on the
given two variables or values.

Operators Description Example

and return true if both condition are true x and y

or return true if either or both condition are true x or y

not reverse the condition not(a>b)

a=30

b=20
if(a==30 and b==20):
print('hello')

Output :-
hello
Operators continue
6. Membership Operators
The membership operators in Python are used to validate whether a
value is found within a sequence such as such as strings, lists, or
tuples.
Operators Description Example

in return true if value exists in the sequence, else false. a in list

not in return true if value does not exists in the sequence, else false. a not in list

E.g.
a = 22
list = [22,99,27,31]
In_Ans = a in list
NotIn_Ans = a not in list
print(In_Ans)
print(NotIn_Ans)
Output :-
True
False
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 Operators continue
7. Identity Operators
Identity operators in Python compare the memory locations of two objects.
Operators Description Example

is returns true if two variables point the same object, else false a is b

is not returns true if two variables point the different object, else false a is not b
e.g.
a = 34
b=34
if (a
is b):
pri
nt('
bot
ha
an
db
has
sa
me
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ide
ntit
Punctuators
Used to implement the grammatical and structure of a Syntax.Following
are the python punctuators.

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Barebone of a python program
#function definition comment
def keyArgFunc(empname, emprole):
print ("Emp Name: ", empname) Function
print ("Emp Role: ", emprole) indentation
return;
A = 20 expression
print("Calling in proper sequence")
keyArgFunc(empname = "Nick",emprole = "Manager" )
print("Calling in opposite sequence") statements
keyArgFunc(emprole = "Manager",empname = "Nick")

A python program contain the following components

a. Expression
b. Statement
c. Comments
d. Function
e. Block &n indentation
Barebone of a python program
a. Expression : - which is evaluated and produce result. E.g. (20 + 4) / 4
b. Statement :- instruction that does something.
e.g
a = 20
print("Calling in proper sequence")
c. Comments : which is readable for programmer but ignored by python
interpreter
i. Single line comment: Which begins with # sign.
ii. Multi line comment (docstring): either write multiple line beginning with #
sign or use triple quoted multiple line. E.g.
‘’’this is my
first
python multiline comment
‘’’
d. Function
a code that has some name and it can be reused.e.g. keyArgFunc
in above program
d. Block & indentation : group of statements is block.indentation at
same
level create a block.e.g. all 3 statement of keyArgFunc function
Variables
Variable is a name given to a memory location. A variable can consider as a
container which holds value. Python is a type infer language that means you
don't need to specify the datatype of variable.Python automatically get
variable datatype depending upon the value assigned to the variable.
Assigning Values To Variable
name = ‘python' # String Data Type a = 23 # Integer
b = 6.2 # Float
sum = None# a variable without value sum = a + b
print (sum)

Multiple Assignment: assign a single value to many variables

a = b = c = 1 # single value to multiple variable
a,b = 1,2 # multiple value to multiple variable
a,b = b,a # value of a and b is swaped
Variables
Variable Scope And Lifetime in Python Program
1. Local Variable
def fun():
x=8
print(x)

fun()
print(x) #error
will be shown
2. Global
Variable
x=8
def fun():
print(x)
#
Calling
variabl
e ‘x’
inside
fun()
Local & Global Variables

 In Python when you want to use the same variable for

rest of your program or module you declare it a global
variable, while if you want to use the variable in a
specific function or method, you use a local variable.
 Let's understand this difference between local and
global variable with the below program.
f=10 //global variable
Print(f)
def fun():
f=“Hello everyone”
print(f)
fun()
Print(f)
 output
 10
 Hello everyone
 10
Delete a variable
We can also delete variable using the command del "variable name".
For eg:
num =10
Print(num)
del num
Print(num)// an error message will dispaly
Dynamic typing

Data type of a variable depend/change upon the value assigned to a

variable on each next statement.
X = 25 # integer type
X = “python” # x variable data type change to string on just next line
Now programmer should be aware that not to write like this:
Y = X / 5 # error !! String cannot be divided
Input and Output
print() Function In Python is used to print output on the screen.
Syntax of Print Function
print(expression/variable)
e.g.
print(122)

Output :-
1
2
2

print('hell
o India')
Output :-
h
e
l
l
o

I
Input From Keyboard
variable = input(< Prompt to display>)
e.g. name= input(‘What is your name:’)
The input () function always returns a value of string type .
If you enter integer value it will be treated as string .

age= int(input(‘What is your age:’))

type(age) =>> int
 Python Indentation
 Most of the programming languages like C, C++, Java
use braces { } to define a block of code. Python uses
indentation.
 A code block (body of a function, loop etc.) starts with
indentation and ends with the first unindented line.
The amount of indentation is up to you, but it must be
consistent throughout that block.
 Generally four whitespaces are used for indentation
and is preferred over tabs. Here is an example.
for i in range(1,11):
print(i)
ifi == 5:
Break
 The enforcement of indentation in Python makes the
code look neat and clean. This results into Python
programs that look similar and consistent.
 Python Comments
 In Python, we use the hash (#) symbol to start
writing a comment.
 #This is a single line comment
Multi-line comments
 triple quotes are generally used for multi-line strings.
But they can be used as multi-line comment as well.
"""This is also a
perfect example of
multi-line comments"""