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    Lecture 7 - Human Factors

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    Lecture 7 - Human Factors

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    Lecture 7 - Human Factors

    Uploaded by

    Tony

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 34

    Securing g Digital

    g Democracyy
    Lecture 7 | Human Factors

    J. Alex Halderman
    University of Michigan
    7.1 Usability Securing Digital Democracy

    Usability
    7.1 Usability Securing Digital Democracy

    I t it
    Integrity
    The outcome matches voter intent.
    intent

    Votes are cast as intended.


    intended
    Votes are counted as cast.
    7.1 Usability Securing Digital Democracy

    Votomatic
    Butterfly
    Ballot

    Florida, 2000
    7.1 Usability Securing Digital Democracy
    7.1 Usability Securing Digital Democracy

    iVotronic
    DRE
    Ballot

    Sarasota, FL
    2006
    7.1 Usability Securing Digital Democracy

    14%
    undervote rate!

    ~1%
    undervote rate
    7.1 Usability Securing Digital Democracy

    Banner Blindness

    Slow Responses

    Miscalibrated Displays

    21 Page
    P P
    Process!
    !
    7.1 Usability Securing Digital Democracy

    Usability test results:


    DRE
    Review 95% say they checked
    review screen
    Screens
    63% failed to
    detect changes!

    6% “fleeing voters”
    7.2 Usable Paper Ballots Securing Digital Democracy

    Usable Paper Ballots


    7.2 Usable Paper Ballots Securing Digital Democracy

    Voters
    Don’t Read
    Instructions

    10% missed
    this question!
    7.2 Usable Paper Ballots Securing Digital Democracy

    Complex
    Ballot
    Layouts

    12% didn’t cast


    valid vote for
    Source: Brennan Center analysis
    Governor!
    http://www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/ballot_library_kewaunee_county
    7.2 Usable Paper Ballots Securing Digital Democracy

    IInconsistent
    i t t
    Design

    17% missed
    Senate race
    Source: Brennan Center analysis
    http://www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/ballot_library_kewaunee_county
    7.2 Usable Paper Ballots Securing Digital Democracy
    7.2 Usable Paper Ballots Securing Digital Democracy

    Faulty Mental Models


    7.2 Usable Paper Ballots Securing Digital Democracy

    Design
    Best Large text
    Avoid ALL CAPS
    Practices

    Columns and
    Simple instructions,
    instructions
    layout
    plain language
    reinforce
    organization
    Meaningful use of Instructions where
    color and contrast voters need them

    http://www.aiga.org/archivedmedia/ballot‐design‐samples/DFD_OpticalScan_SampleBallot_Proposed.pdf
    Based on Design for Democracy and EAC guidelines, adapted by Drew Davies and Joe Sparano, Oxide Design Co.
    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    Accessibility
    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    Voters with Disabilities

    In the U.S. … 1.8 million unable to see


    2.77 million use a wheelchair
    9.1 million need a cane, crutches, etc.
    1 million unable to hear

    People 15 and older, based on US. Census Bureau data


    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    Opportunities
    O ii
    Voter Assistance
    for Fraud

    A accessible
    An ibl secrett ballot
    b ll t
    for everyone?
    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    DREs
    to the
    t e
    Rescue?

    VVPATs?
    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    Physical Access Problems

    Source: California Top‐to‐Bottom Review


    http://www.sos.ca.gov/voting‐systems/oversight/ttbr/accessibility‐review‐report‐california‐ttb‐absolute‐final‐version16.pdf
    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    Difficult Controls

    Source: California Top‐to‐Bottom Review


    http://www.sos.ca.gov/voting‐systems/oversight/ttbr/accessibility‐review‐report‐california‐ttb‐absolute‐final‐version16.pdf
    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    P bl
    Problematic
    ti AAudio
    di BBallots
    ll t

    Source: California Top‐to‐Bottom Review


    http://www.sos.ca.gov/voting‐systems/oversight/ttbr/accessibility‐review‐report‐california‐ttb‐absolute‐final‐version16.pdf
    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    Making
    Paper Ballots
    Accessible

    http://www.memco.net/ballot.htm
    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    Making
    Paper Ballots
    Accessible

    Image from ES&S Brochure, http://www.essvote.com/HTML/products/automark.html


    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    Source: New York Board of Elections


    http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/documents/boe/bmd/english/AccessibleVotingEnglish.pdf
    7.3 Accessibility Securing Digital Democracy

    Source: New York Board of Elections


    http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/documents/boe/bmd/english/AccessibleVotingEnglish.pdf
    7.4 Absentee Voting Securing Digital Democracy

    Absentee Voting
    7.4 Absentee Voting Securing Digital Democracy

    Absentee Voting

    No
    Excuse

    Early
    y Voting
    g Proxy
    y Voting
    g Remote Voting
    g
    7.4 Absentee Voting Securing Digital Democracy

    Effect on
    Turnout?

    Postal Voting
    g
    Photo by Chris Phan (Clipdude) licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‐Share Alike 3.0 Unported license
    Via Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oregon_ballot_return_box.jpg
    7.4 Absentee Voting Securing Digital Democracy

    Ballot


    Privacy Envelope

    Mailing Envelope
    7.4 Absentee Voting Securing Digital Democracy

    Ballot Misdirection

    Blank
    l k Ballot
    ll Theft
    h f

    Voted Ballot Theft

    Vote Buying

    Coercion
    7.4 Absentee Voting Securing Digital Democracy

    Overseas Voters?

    Fax? E mail?
    E‐mail?

    Print blank ballot & mail back


    Securing g Digital
    g Democracyy
    Lecture 7 | Human Factors

    J. Alex Halderman
    University of Michigan

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