The Cell and General Physiology

LECTURE 1: THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY 3. Herophilus of Chalcedon and

- Etymology is “anatomia,” meaning Erasistratus of Ceos - first to use
to cut human cadavers for anatomical
- Science of morphology and research
structure of organisms
- Revealed by dissection or 4. Andreas Vesalius - founded the
separation of parts beginnings of modern medicine;
- Looks for organization among father of modern anatomy
structures in living organisms
LATEST BREAKTHROUGH IN ANATOMY
FIELDS OF ANATOMY 1. Discovery of a brand new organ in
● Gross (macroscopic) anatomy - the human body called “tubarial
includes surface anatomy, regional glands”
anatomy and systemic anatomy Found in the skull where the nose and
● Microscopic anatomy - subdivided throat meet and which authors say,
into cytology and histology cannot be traced through CT scans or
MRIs
FORERUNNERS OF ANATOMY
2. The Fabrication of Anatomy: A
1. Claudius Galen - studies were
Galenic Ideal
based in animal findings;
- Shows a lot of anatomical
dominated the faulty
inaccuracies
understanding of the human body
- However, he was first to perform
during the Renaissance era.
experimental method in medical
investigations
2. Leonardo da Vinci - performed
- Some physiological observations
anatomical dissections of human
he made were also true: urine
corpses and drew them accurately
forms from the kidney, arteries
carry blood
PHYSIOLOGY 4. Cell Physiology
- Etymology “physis”, meaning Study of physiological processes
function operating within and among cells, and
- Aims to understand the functions of intracellular communication and
organisms from the cellular level to behavior, in the context of larger systems
systems and whole organisms.
- Relates functions to influences of
the external environment 5. Comparative Physiology
Studies cellular, organ, and organismic
SPECIALTIES OF PHYSIOLOGY phenomena. It benefits from the diversity
found in the animal kingdom. This
1. Medical Physiology
diversity results from the enormous
Study of how the human body works. It
number of animal species and also from
describes the chemistry and physics
the size variation found among them.
behind basic body functions. It helps you
understand what happens when your
BREAKTHROUGHS IN PHYSIOLOGY
body is healthy and what goes wrong
when you get sick. 1. Discovery of Insulin (1923)
Sir Frederick Grant Banting and John
2. Animal Physiology James Macleod
Scientific study of the life-supporting
properties, functions, and processes of 2. Discovery of Penicillin (945)
animals or their parts. The discipline Sir Alexander Fleming, et al.
covers key homeostatic processes, such
as the regulation of temperature, blood 3. Novel Therapy Research for
flow, and hormones. Malaria (2015)
Tu Youyou
3. Plant Physiology
Study of how different parts of plants 4. Discovery of Cancer Therapy by
function. It includes many aspects of Inhibition of Negative Immune
plant life, including nutrition, movement, Regulation (2018)
and growth. James Allison, et al.
ANATOMICAL TERMS ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURES
● Proxima - near, closer to the origin ● Neurons - stellate

● Distal - away from, father from ● Cardiac cells - smooth
origin ● Kidney cells - cuboidal
● Lateral - sides
● Medial - toward the midline of the CELL SHAPE IS RELEVANT TO THE
body FUNCTION IT PERFORMS
● Superior - above, over
● Inferior - below, under SQUAMOUS CELLS FROM HUMAN CHEEK
● Ventral -anterior
1. Thin and flat
● Dorsal, dorsum “back” - posterior
2. Functions could be absorption,
diffusion, and filtration
ANATOMICAL PLANES
● Sagittal Plane - divides into left CUBOIDAL CELLS FROM THE SALIVARY
and right positions GLAND
● Frontal (coronal) plane - divides
1. Squares
into anterior and posterior regions
2. Functions could be secretion,
● Transverse plane - divides into
transport, filtration, protection
superior and inferior portions
CELL SHAPE CHANGES REVEAL CANCER

HUMAN ORGANIZATION
- Once a cell becomes cancerous,
1. Cell - the fundamental unit of life
cell division escalates
2. Tissue - aggregate of cells with
- Once a cell becomes cancerous,
common function
normal function is halted
3. Organs - aggregate of tissues with
a common function
● Normal - pseudostratified ciliated
4. Organ systems - aggregate of
columnar epithelium
organs with a common function
● Cancerous - simple squamous
5. Organism - a living thing with
epithelium
organized structures and
interdependent systems
FOUR MAIN TYPES OF CELLS STEM CELLS BELONG TO A UNIQUE
1. Epithelial Cells GROUP OF CELLS
These cells are tightly attached. They
cover the interior of hollow organs, like
blood vessels or digestive organs, or else
form the surface of things, like the skin.
2. Connective Cells
These cells provide structural strength to
the body and also defend against foreign
invaders like bacteria. Two types of
cells—fibroblasts and fat cells—are native
to connective tissue. Other cells migrate
into connective tissue from the
bloodstream to fight diseases. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL THERAPY
REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL
3. Muscular Cells - Sources are lab-created embryos
Makes up the different muscles in the - Cultured pluripotent cells extracted
body and is much different in from lab embryos will cause death
appearance than typical animal cells. It is
also known as a muscle fiber due to its
long and fiber-like shape. Its job is to
support the body in movement through
varying types of contractions.
4. Nerve Cells
Nerve cells are also called neurons.
Neurons are present all over your body,
especially in your brain and spinal cord.
Nerves, together with your brain and
spinal cord, are the foundation of your
nervous system.

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LECTURE 1: THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY 3. Herophilus of Chalcedon and

● Proxima - near, closer to the origin ● Neurons - stellate

CELL SHAPE CHANGES REVEAL CANCER

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