FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current

16. Alternating Current

INTRODUCTION
A.C is the current produced by a voltage source that reverses its polarity with time.
 Time period T of alternating current or voltage (that produced it) is the time interval T in which the
source voltage reverses its polarity once.
 The sinusoidal waveform of A.C is a graph between voltage and time.
 The voltage of A.C generator varies with time and at an instant.
V= Vo sin ωt
2
= Vo sin t
T
= Vo sin 2ft
V = Vo sinθ
Where θ = ωt is the angle through which coil rotates in time ‘t’. θ is the phase which specifies
instantaneous value.
SUPPLIES

AC (varying DC (contant
supplies) supplies)

saw tooth wave steady state DC

form

sinusoidal
votage
pulsating DC

square
waveform

Square Wave

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
Sawtooth Wave

Instantaneous Values
The value of voltage or current that exists at any given instant ‘t’ in a circuit is known as instantaneous
value.
Vinst = V = Vo sin θ = Vo sin2πft = Vo sin ωt
or Iinst = I = Io sin θ = Io sin2πft = Io sin ωt
V is the instantaneous value between +Vo & -Vo
 Sinusoidal graph is the set of all instantaneous values.

Peak Value (Vo or Io)

It is the highest value for voltage or current
Peak to Peak Value
It is the sum of +ve & -ve peak values
Root mean square (rms) value:-
It is the square root of the average of squared instantaneous values of voltage or current in a period.
Vrms = Vo/ 2 = 0.707Vo
Irms = Io / 2 = 0.707Io
rms value is also called effective value.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current

The average value of a sinusoidal symmetrical signal is zero over a cycle

but RMS value is not. That is why practically all the calculations are based
on RMS value.
Phase
The angle θ which specifies the instantaneous value of alternating voltage or current is known as its
phase.
Phase Lag and Phase lead
The phase difference between two alternating qualities is shown in figure.

 Phase lag occurs when the phase of waveform 2 is less than the phase of waveform 1.
 Phase lead occurs when the phase of waveform 2 is greater than the phase of waveform 1.
Representing Phases and Alternating Quantities by Vectors
Projection of a counter clockwise rotating vector along represents a sinusoidally alternating voltage
or current.
Vector Diagram
A set of counter clockwise rotating vectors whose lengths represents the peak values or rms value of the
signals and the angle between them represents the change of phase in AC signals is collectively called as
vector diagram.
D.C CIRCUIT
 Resistor R is the basic circuit element in D.C circuit.
 R controls voltage and current
 Ohm’s law can be used.
A.C CIRCUIT
 Resistor ( ), inductor ( ) & capacitor ( ) These are three main
components of a AC circuit:-
A.C THROUGH RESISTOR
 Through resistor, V = Vo sinωt and I = Io sinωt voltage and current are in phase.
 If one increases or decreases, the other does the same.
 P = VI = I2R = V2/R, holds true only when V & I are in phase.

A.C THROUGH CAPACITOR

 Due to D.C, a capacitor behaves as insulator. It only stores charge.
 Due to A.C, a capacitor behaves as conductor.
 Through capacitor, charge on parallel plates of a capacitor,
q = CVo sinωt = qoS in(t)

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
 Current leads voltage by phase θ = 90º or π/2
 A.C can pass through capacitor (seems passing) because of the continuously reversing polarity.
 Reactance = measure of opposition of capacitance against flow of A.C.
 Reactance is measured in ohms
V 1 1
Xc  rms  
Irms 2fC C
 As frequency increases Xc decreases.
 Voltage lags current by 90o in a pure capacitive circuit
A.C THROUGH INDUCTOR
 Through inductor, A.C produces self-inductive effects because it constantly changes.
 When potential difference is applied back emf is produced.
LI LI
L  , V
t t
 Current lags behind voltage by 90º or π/2.
 Inductive reactance is measure of opposition offered by the inductor coil to the flow of A.C through
it.
V
X L  rms  2fC  C
Irms
XL = V/I = 2πfL = ωL
 As frequency increases XL increases
 In a pure inductor, energy gained = energy given out
 No power loss in pure inductive or capacitive circuit takes place.
Current lags voltage by 90o in inductive circuit.
IMPEDANCE (Z)
Combined effect of resistance R, capacitive reactance Xc & inductive reactance XL in a circuit in
which A.C is provided is called impedance.
V
Z  rms
I rms
Impedance is measured in ohms.
Circuit Element(s) Impedance () Phase Angle ()
Z=R 0o
Z = XL = L +90o

Z = XC =1/C –90o

0o <  < 90o

-90o <  < 0o

 > 0o if XL > XC
 = 0o if XL = XC (Resonance)
 < 0o if XL < XC
Note: Current vector is taken along X-axis

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
R-C SERIES CIRCUIT
2
 1 
Impedance Z  R   2

 C 
 Phase between V & I is θ = tan-1 (1/ωCR)
 Current leads voltage.

R-L SERIES CIRCUIT

 Impedance Z  R   L 
2 2

 Phase between V & I is θ = tan-1(ωL/R)

 Current lags voltage

POWER IN A.C CIRCUIT

 Power dissipation = 0, in purely inductive & capacitive circuit
 P = VI only when V & I are in phase in a purely resistive circuit.
 P = IV cosθ in real L & C circuit where cosθ is power factor & Vcosθ is component voltage vector
along current.
SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT
1
 XL = ωL and XC =
C
 At low frequency capacitance dominates and circuit behave as R-C series circuit and at high
frequency inductance dominates and circuit behave as R-L series circuit.
 The impedance diagram is shown in figure

 If XL = Xc, then it is ‘resonance’ and frequency at this time is called resonance frequency.
ωrL =1/ωrC
1
fr 
2 LC

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current

 At resonance, impedance is minimum and is equal to R.

 At resonance VL, the voltage drop across inductance and VC the voltage drop across capacitance
may be much larger than the source voltage.
PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT
 The resonance frequency is
1
fr =
2π LC
 At resonance the impedance is maximum. Hence current is minimum at resonance and in phase
with voltage.
 At resonance branch currents may be larger than source currents.
 At resonance power factor is one

THREE PHASE A.C SUPPLY

 In three phase A.C generator, there are three coils inclined at 120º angle to each other.
 Each coil is connected to its own pair of slip rings.
 In three-phase supply, total load is divided in three parts.
 There will be no drop of voltage supply in three phases.
 Three-phase supply can provide 400V between two lines.
 The line to neutral voltage is 230V.
 Star type connection is used to connect three phase wires and one neutral wire.
PRINCIPLE OF METAL DETECTOR
 Coil (L) & Capacitor (C) are coupled to produce oscillations of currents.
 L-C circuit behaves like an oscillating mass spring system.
 Energy oscillates between a capacitor and inductor called an electrical oscillator.
 L-C circuit produce beats phenomenon for metal detection.
CHOKE
 It is an inductive coil.
 It consumes extremely small power.
 It is used in A.C circuit to limit current.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (EMW)
 Electromagnetic waves were predicted by Maxwell and experimentally produced by Frank Hertz.
 Electromagnetic waves are oscillating electric and magnetic fields
 Changing magnetic flux produces electric field given by;
 1  m
E 
 2r  t
    
 Changing electric flux produces magnetic field given by; B   o o  e
 2r  t
1
 Speed of e.m waves in vacuum is given by v = 3x108msec-1
o o
 The frequency is about 106Hz depending upon wavelengths.
PRODUCTION OF E.M WAVES
 E.M waves in laboratory are produced by oscillation of electrons.
1
 Frequency of oscillatory circuit is f 
2 LC
RECEPTION OF E.M WAVES
The reception of EMW is based on a LC circuit in which the value of inductance is fixed but
varying capacitance gives different frequencies.
MODULATION
The process of mixing the low frequency signal (sound) with high frequency radio waves is called
modulation.
The resultant wave is called modulated wave.
Types

 Amplitude modulation (A.M)

 Frequency modulation (F.M)
 Phase modulation. (P.M)
 Modulated waves are demodulated by receiving sets (TV or radio set), rectified and then detected.
 Detection of modulated wave takes place only when frequency of tuning circuit equals to that of
transmitting circuit and hence electrical resonance is produced.

 Frequency range of A.M signal 540KHz to 1600KHz

 Frequency Range of F.M signal 88MHz to 108MHz
 F.M signal does not contain any noise signal as the A.M does.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current

EXERCISE

(1) Current in A.C circuit has peak value 2.83A. The rms current is
(a) 0.2 A (b) 4A
(c) 2A (d) 2A
(2) Choke coil is used to control
(a) D.C (b) both A.C and D.C
(c) A.C (d) none of these
(3) An A.C series circuit contain 4Ω resistance and 3-Ω inductive reactance. The impedance of the
circuit is __________
(a) 1 Ω (b) 5 Ω
(c) 7 Ω (d) 7 / 2 
(4) In RLC series circuit when frequency is increased then
(a) XC will increase (b) XL will increase
(c) R will increase (d) Z remain constant
(5) The average power dissipation in a pure capacitance is:
1
(a) CV 2 (b) CV 2
2
(c) 2CV 2 (d) Zero
(6) In an A.C circuit instantaneous current is –Io it is possible when t =?
T 3T
(a) t= (b) t=
2 4
T
(c) t= (d) t=T
4
(7) In an ac circuit, peak value of voltage is 423 volts. Its effective voltage is
(a) 400 volts (b) 300 volts
(c) 323 volts (d) 340 volts
(8) The peak value of an Alternating current is 6 amp, then r.m.s. value of current will be
(a) 3√3A (b) 3 A
(c) 3√2A (d) 2√3A
(9) In the circuit shown here, at resonance:

(a) the power factor is zero (b) the current through A.C source is minimum
(c) the current through A.C source is maximum (d) currents through R and L are equal
(10) A generator produces a voltage that is given by V=240sin120t, where t is in seconds. The
frequency and r.m.s. voltage are
(a) 754 Hz and 70 V (b) 19 Hz and 120 V
(c) 19 Hz and 170 V (d) 60 Hz and 240 V

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
(11) The peak value of 220 volts of A.C mains is
(a) 155.6 volts (b) 440 volts
(c) 220.0 volts (d) 311.0 volts
(12) A 40 W electric heater is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz mains supply. The peak value of electric
current flowing in the circuit is approximately
(a) 5 A (b) 7 A
(c) 2.5 A (d) 10 A
(13) Maxwell derived mathematically that the velocity of the electromagnetic waves is ___________
1 1
(a) (b)
o o
o
1
(c) o o (d)
 o o
(14) Electromagnetic waves travel in free space with the speed of ________
(a) -rays (b) positive rays
(c) cathode rays (d)  -rays
(15) The direction of propagation of an electromagnetic waves is _______
(a) perpendicular to electric field
(b) perpendicular to both electric and magnetic field
(c) perpendicular to magnetic field
(d) parallel to electric and magnetic field
(16) The r.m.s. value of an ac of 50 Hz is 10 amp. The time taken by the alternating current in
reaching from zero to maximum value and the peak value of current will be
(a) 2 x 10+2 sec and 14.14 amp (b) 1 x 10-2 sec and 7.07 amp
(c) 5 x 10-3 sec and 7.07 amp (d) 5 x 10-3 sec and 14.14 amp
(17) Electromagnetic waves transport ________
(a) energy (b) mass
(c) heat (d) none
(18) Waves which are not emitted from the antenna are __________
(a) sound waves (b) electromagnetic waves
(c) radio waves (d) modulated waves
(19) A choke coil has
(a) high inductance and high resistance (b) high inductance and low resistance
(c) low inductance and high resistance (d) low inductance and low resistance
(20) Natural or resonant frequency of an RLC circuit is ________
1
(a) (b) 2 LC
4 LC
1 1
(c) (d)
LC 2 LC

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
(21) If capacitance of L-C circuit is made four times then frequency of the circuit
becomes___________
(a) Twice (b) One half
(c) Four times (d) None
(22) In a purely capacitive circuit the current:
(a) leads the voltage by one-fourth of a cycle
(b) 15sec leads the voltage by one-half of a cycle
(c) lags the voltage by one-fourth of a cycle
(d) lags the voltage by one-half of a cycle
(23) The value of the steady current, which when flowing through the same resistor produces heat at
the same rate as the mean rate of heat produced by the alternating current, is ____________
(a) average current (b) sinusoidal current
(c) r.m.s current (d) net current
(24) The capacitive reactance of a capacitor in D.C circuit is
(a) 0 (b) C
1
(c) (d) 
ωC
(25) In an ac circuit, the instantaneous values of e.m.f. and current are = 200 sin 314 t volt and
I=sin(314t+π/3) ampere. The average power consumed in watt is
(a) 20 (b) 100
(c) 200 (d) 50
(26) An electric lamp is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz supply. Then the peak value of voltage is
(a) 311 V (b) 210 V
(c) 320 V (d) 211 V
(27) A 1 F capacitor is connected across an AC source whose voltage amplitude is 50 V and
angular frequency is 100 rad/s. The current amplitude will be
(a) 2.5 mA (b) 5 mA
(c) 10 mA (d) 15 mA
(28) Power factor of AC circuit can be written as
R X
(a) (b) C
Z Z
X Z
(c) L (d)
Z R
(29) In an ac circuit with voltage V and current I, the power dissipated is
(a) VI (b) depends on the phase between V and I
(c) 1/2 VI (d) 1/√2 VI
(30) A 280 ohm electric bulb is connected to 200V electric line. The peak value of current in the
bulb will be
(a) zero (b) about four ampere
(c) about two amperes (d) about one ampere
(31) If an alternating voltage is represented as =141sin(628t), then the rms value of the voltage and
the frequency are respectively
(a) 100V,100Hz (b) 141V,100Hz
(c) 100V,50Hz (d) 141V,628Hz
Department of Physics STEM 309
FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
(32) The maximum value of A.C voltage in a circuit is 707V. Its rms value
(a) 400V (b) 500 V
(c) 707V (d) 70.7
(33) The average power dissipation in pure inductive circuit is
1
(a) LI (b) 2LI2
2
1
(c) LI 4 (d) zero
4
(34) The r.m.s. voltage of the wave form shown is

(a) 20V (b) 5V

(c) 6.67V (d) 10V
(35) The frequency of an alternating voltage is 50 cycles/sec and its amplitude is 120V. Then the
r.m.s. value of voltage is
(a) 101.3V (b) 84.8V
(c) 70.7V (d) 56.5V
(36) For an ac circuit V=15sinωt and I=20cosωt the average power consumed in this circuit is
(a) zero (b) 300 Watt
(c) 150 Watt (d) 50 Watt
(37) When the frequency of the oscillator in a series RLC circuit is doubled
(a) the capacitive reactance is doubled (b) the capacitive reactance is halved
(c) the impedance is doubled (d) the current amplitude is halved
(38) In the circuit shown in fig., neglecting source resistance, the voltmeter and ammeter reading will
respectively be:

(a) 0 V, 3A (b) 150 V, 3A

(c) 150 V, 8A (d) 0 V, 8A
(39) A resistor is connected with A.C source which of given graph shown correct relationship between rms
current and frequency

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(40) A 553 ohm electric heater is connected to a 110V, 50Hz mains supply. What is the peak value
of the potential difference across the heater element?
(a) 100V (b) 110/ 2 V
(c) 110/2V (d) 110 2 V
Department of Physics STEM 310
FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
(41) The current and voltage in an AC circuit are respectively given by I = I o sin t. The power
consumed in the circuit is
VI
(a) Vo Io (b) o o
2
Vo Io
(c) (d) zero
2
(42) An AC circuit consists of an inductor of inductance 0.5 H and a capacitor of capacitance 8F in
series. The current in the circuit is maximum when the angular frequency of AC source is
(a) 5000 rad s–1 (b) 4000 rad s–1
5 –1
(c) 2×10 rad s (d) 500 rad s–1
(43) The reactance of a capacitor at 50 Hz is 10. Its reactance at 100 Hz is
(a) 2.5  (b) 5 
(c) 10  (d) 20 
(44) If the instantaneous current in a circuit is gives by V = 2 cos (t + Φ) ampere, the rms value of
the voltage is
(a) 2V (b) 2 2 V
(c) 2 V (d) zero
(45) The diagram shows how the e.m.f. of a simple generator varies with time. What is the
frequency and the maximum value of the e.m.f?

Frequecny / Hz Maximum e.m.f. /

V
(a) 200 2.0
(b) 400 2.0
(c) 200 4.0
(d) 400 4.0
(46) The r.m.s. voltage of domestic electricity supply is 220 volt. Electrical appliances should be
designed to withstand an instantaneous voltage of
(a) 220 V (b) 310V
(c) 330V (d) 440V
(47) In an A.C. circuit, a resistance R is connected in series with an inductance L. If the phase angle
between voltage and current be 45o, the value of inductive reactance will be
R R
(a) (b)
4 2
(c) R (d) cannot of found with the given data
(48) An LCR series circuit contains L = 8H, C = 0.5 µ F and R = 100 Ω. The resonant frequency of
the circuit is
1000 250
(a) Hz (b) Hz
 
500 125
(c) Hz (d) Hz
 

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
(49) In a series LCR circuit R = 10  and the impedance Z = 20 . Then the phase difference
between the current and the voltage is
(a) 60o (b) 30o
o
(c) 45 (d) 90o
(50) What is the directions of E  B in an electromagnetic waves?
(a) same as that of E
(b) same as that of B
(c) same as the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves
(d) none of these
(51) A capacitor of capacitance C farad is charged by a battery of emf V0 volt. The battery is then
disconnected and a pure inductor of L henry is connected across it so that LC oscillations are
set up. Then the value of the maximum current in the inductor coil is
V
(a) V0 LC (b)
LC
C L
V0 V0
(c) L (d) C
(52) The square root of the product of inductance and capacitance has dimensions of
(a) length (b) mass
(c) time (d) dimensionless

(53) Two sinusoidal voltages of the same frequency are shown in fig.

What is the frequency and the phase relationship between the voltages?
Frequency /Hz Phase lead of N
(a) 0.4 

4
(b) 2.5 

2
(c) 2.5 

2
(d) 2.5 

4
(54) Alternating current cannot be measured by D.C ammeter
(a) A.C cannot pass through the ammeter (b) average value of complete cycle is zero
(c) A.C is virtual (d) A.C changes its direction
200 1
(55) An AC source is of volt, 50 hertz. The value of voltage after second from the start is
2 600
200
(a) 200 volt (b) volt
2
(c) 100 volt (d) 50 volt
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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
(56) At resonance frequency in RLC series circuit the power factor will be______
(a) maximum (b) zero
(c) 1 (d) none
1
(57) In an RLC circuit the capacitance is made th then what should be the change in inductance
4
that the circuit remains in resonance again?
1
(a) 8 times (b) times
4
(c) 2 times (d) 4 times
(58) A pure capacitor is connected in AC circuit. The power factor of the circuit will be
(a) 1 (b) infinity
(c) zero (d) 0.5
(59) If in an A.C circuit XL = Xc then the value of power factor will be
(a) 1 (b) 0
1
(c) infinity (d)
2
(60) An alternating emf of angular frequency  is applied across an inductance. The instantaneous
power developed in the circuit has an angular frequency.
 
(a) (b)
4 2
(c) 2  (d) 4

ANSWER KEY

1 d 11 d 21 b 31 a 41 b 51 c
2 c 12 b 22 a 32 b 42 d 52 c
3 b 13 d 23 c 33 d 43 b 53 b
4 b 14 a 24 d 34 c 44 c 54 b
5 d 15 b 25 d 35 b 45 a 55 c
6 b 16 d 26 a 36 a 46 b 56 c
7 b 17 a 27 b 37 b 47 c 57 d
8 c 18 a 28 a 38 d 48 b 58 c
9 b 19 b 29 b 39 c 49 a 59 a
10 c 20 d 30 d 40 d 50 c 60 c

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current

SOLUTION

Io 2.8
(1) Irms    2A
2 1.4
(2) The choke coil can be used only in A.C circuits, not in D.C circuits, because for D.C ( = 0)
the inductive reactance XL=ωL of the coil is zero, only the resistance of the coil remains
effective which is almost zero.
(3) Z  R 2  X2L

Z  4    3
2 2

Z  16  9
Z  5
(4) X L  2fL
 XL  f 
X L is directly proportional to “f”. If “f” increase then X L will increase
(5) Power dissipation
P  Vrms Irms cos 
In capacaitive circuit phase between alternating voltage and current is 90°
P  Vrms Irms cos90
P0
(6) As
I  Io sin 
 2  2
I  Io sin   t  Q   t  t
 T  T
 2 
Io  Io sin   t 
 T 
2
sin 1  1  t
T
3 2 3
 t Q sin 1  1  270 
2 T 2
3T
t
4
Vo 423
(7) Effective voltage  Vrms    300V
2 2
6
(8) I rms   3 2A
2
(9) In parallel resonance circuit at resonance, current minimum and impendence is maximum.
 120  7 240
(10) f    19 Hz, Vrms   120 2  170V
2 2  22 2
(11) Peak value  220 2  311 V
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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
Vrms 200
(12) I rms    5 A, I o  I rms 2  7.07 A
R 40
1
(13) Speed of electromagnetic wave = c 
oo
(14) Speed of electromagnetic wave = c  3 108 ms1
Speed of   rays = c
(15)

T 1 1
(16) t    5 103 s , I o  I rms 2  10 2  14.14 A
4 4 f 4  50
(17) Wave transfer energy without transporting matter
(18) Sound waves are mechanical waves
(19) A chock coil has high inductance and low resistance.
1
(20) Resonance frequency f r 
2 LC
1
(21) fr 
2 LC
If C = 4C
1
f r 
2 L  4C 
1
f r  f r
2
(22) In AC through capacitor current lead the applied voltage by angle 90o, so it is one fourth of
cycle.
(23) Irms  ID.C
1
(24) XC  For DC f = 0
2fC
1
XC  
2  0  C
200 1 200 1 
(25) Vrms  , I rms   P  Vrms I rms cos   cos  50 watt
2 2 2 2 3
(26) Vo  Vrms  2  220  2  310
(27)
VC 
VC  IC X C  IC   VC 2fC  VC 2 C  VCC
XC 2
IC  50 100 106  5mA
Department of Physics STEM 315
FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
(28) R-L circuit:

R
Power factor  cos  
Z
Or similarly R-C circuit

(29) P  Vrms I rms cos  P  cos , where  is phase between V & I

200 5 5
(30) I rms   A. So I o  I rms  2   2  1A
280 7 7
V 141
(31) V  141sin  628t  , Vrms  o   100 V and 2 f=628  f  100 Hz
2 1.41
V 707
(32) Vrms  o   500 V
2 1.41
(33) In inductive circuit, phase between voltage and current is 90°
Pd  Vrms Irms cos 0
Pd  0
Vo 10
(34) Vrms    7V
2 1.4
V 120
(35) Vrms  o   84.8 V
2 1.414
(36) P  Vrms I rms cos  ; since   90 . So P  0
1
(37) XC 
2fL
1 1
XC   XC
2  2f  L 2
Oscillation will double then capacitive reactance will halved
(38) In RLC series circuit when XL  XC , this condition is called resonance. At resonance the
inductive reactance being equal and opposite to capacitor reactance cancel each other. So,
Z  R , so V = 0
V V 240
I    8A
Z R 30
(39) In case of resistive circuit, rms current is independent of frequency
V
(40) V o
2
2  V  Vo
Vo  110 2V
(41) P  Vrms Irms cos 
Here, power factor = 1
V I VI
P  o . o  o o
2 2 2

Department of Physics STEM 316

FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current
1 1
(42)    500rads 1
6
LC 0.5  8 10
1 1
(43) XC  , XC 
2fC f
XC 1 f 2 XC  f1 10  50
  XC 2  1   5
XC 2 f1 f2 100
(44) V  2cos  t  
Vo 2 2. 2
 Vo  2V, Vrms     2V
2 2 2
(45) From graph
Vo  2V
T  5ms
 5 103 sec
As
1 1
f 
T 5 103
103 1000
 
5 5
 200 Hz

(46) Peak voltage  2  220  311 V

X
(47) tan = L
R
X
tan45o  L  XL  R
R
1 1 1
(48) fr   fr  
2 LC 1 4
2 8  106 2
2 1000000
1 1000 250
fr    Hz
2
2 4  
1000
(49)

R 10 1
Cos =  cosθ     cos 1    60
Z 20 2

Department of Physics STEM 317

FUNG Assignment Series Ch 16: Alternating Current

(50) According right-hand rule E  B direction is along the direction of propagation of

electromagnetic wave.

1 2 1 C
(51) LI 0  CV02 or I0  V0
2 2 L
1
(52) fr 
2 LC
(53) Period of the sinusoidal voltage, T = 0.4 s
The frequency for the voltage is thus
1 1
f    2.5 Hz
T 0.4
 0.1  
N lags M by 0.1 s which is equivalent to   2  or rad. Thus, the lead of N over M is
 0.4  2

 rad.
2
(54) D.C ammeter measure average voltage that will remain zero in case of A.C.
1
(55) E  E0 sin t  2 E 0v sin 2  5  volt
600
200 
 2 sin volt  100volt
2 6
(56) cos   1
1 1
(57) f  L
2 LC C
(58) For pure capacitor   90o so, cos90o  0
(59) X c  X L hence resonance is achieved so, cos 0o  1 .
(60) P=EI
P  E0 sin  tI0 sin  90o  t 
E0 I 0
P  2sin t cos t 
2
P  sin 2t
Clearly, the angular frequency for instantaneous power is 2 .

Department of Physics STEM 318