CHAPTER-6 SEQUENCE & SERIES

SEQUENCE:
 A Sequence is an arrangement of numbers subject to some definite rule.
 A Sequence is a function whose domain is a subset of the set of Natural Numbers and
range is Real or Complex Numbers. f : N  / C
Key Facts:
 Notation used for sequence is {an}.
 Each number in the sequence is called a Term.
 The nth term or general term of a sequence is denoted by an.
 a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 be the first, second, third and, fourth terms of a sequence respectively.
 If all members of a sequence are real numbers, then it is called a Real Sequence.
 If the domain of a sequence is a finite set then the sequence is called a
Finite Sequence otherwise, an Infinite Sequence.
 An infinite sequence has no last term.
Arithmetic Sequence or Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
 A sequence in which every term after the first is obtained from the preceding term by
adding a fixed number in it is called an Arithmetic Sequence or Arithmetic
Progression.
 The difference of two consecutive terms of an A.P. is called the Common Difference.
Symbolically it is written as an  an 1  d where n  1 .
d can be any number
General Term or nth Term of an A.P.
 The general form of an A.P. is a1 , a1  d , a1  2d , , a1   n 1 d
 th
The General or n term of an A.P. is written as
an  a1   n 1 d ,
Where, a1  First term , n  Number of terms The value of n is always a
positive integer.
d  Common Difference, an  nth term or general term
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.):
 If three terms are in A.P. then middle term is known as Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) of the
other two terms.
ab
 If a, A, b are in A.P. then A 
2
 If  ,  ,  are in A.P. then their A.M. is  .
n Arithmetic Means Between Two Numbers:
 If a, A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An , b are in A.P then the numbers A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An are called n

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Arithmetic Means between ‘a’ and ‘b’.

a  nb
 nth arithmetic mean between a and b is given by, An 
n 1
 The sum of n A.M’s between any two numbers a and b is equal to n-times their A.M
 ab
i.e., A1  A2  A3   An  n  .
 2 
Series:
The sum of an indicated number of terms of a sequence is called a Series.
Arithmetic Series:
If a1 , a1  d , a1  2d , a1  3d ,, a1   n –1 d are in A.P, then series
a1   a1  d    a1  2d    a1   n  1 d  is called an Arithmetic Series.
Sum of First ‘n’ terms of an Arithmetic Series:
n
 If a1=first term, and an   general term is given then use formula, S n   a1  an  ,
2
n
Sn   a1  l 
2
 The sum of first n terms of arithmetic series can be calculated by using the formula
S n  2a1   n  1 d  .
n
2
 If d  0 then the above Series becomes a1  a1  a1  ...  n terms and Sn  na1
Summary of Formulae in A.P.
Arithmetic
Arithmetic mean Arithmetic series
progression
ab
1. an  a1   n  1 d
n
1. A  1. Sn   2a1   n  1 d 
2 2
m b  a  n
2. d  an  an1 , n  1 2. Am  a  2. S n   a1  an 
n 1 2
a a ab
3. A1  A2  A3  ...  An  n 
n
3. n  n 1  1  3. S n   a1  l 
d  2  2
Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progression (G.P.)
 A sequence in which every term after the first is obtained from the preceding term by
multiplying it with a non-zero constant number is called a Geometric Sequence or
Geometric Progression.
 The constant ratio of any two consecutive terms of a G.P. is called its Common Ratio.
Symbolically it is written as
a
r n , where n  1 . No term of a G.P can be zero.
a n 1
General Term Or nth Term of G.P.
 The general form a G.P. is a1 , a1r , a1r 2 , a1r 3 , , a1r n 1
 The General Term or nth term of G.P. is an  a1r n 1 ,  an  0
Where a1  First term, r  Common Ratio an  General or nth term.

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Geometric Mean (G.M.):

 If three terms are in G.P, then middle term is known as Geometric Mean (G.M.) of the
other two terms.
 If a, G, b are in G.P. then G   ab .
n Geometric Means Between Two Numbers:
 If a, G1 , G2 , G3 ,..., Gn , b are in G.P. then the numbers G1 , G2 , G3 ,..., Gn are called n
geometric means between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
n
 b  n 1
 nth G.M. between a and b is given by; Gn  a  
a
 The product of n G.M’s between a and b is nth power of single G.M between a and b
 
n
i.e., G1.G2 .G3...Gn  ab
Geometric Series
If a1 , a1r , a1r 2 , a1r 3 , , a1r n 1 are in G.P. then the series
a1  a1r  a1r 2  a1r 3   a1r n 1 is called Geometric series.
Sum of First ‘n’ Terms of a Geometric Series

(a) Sn 

a1 1  r n
,
 r  1.
1 r
a  lr
(b) S n  1 , r 1
1 r

(c) Sn 

a1 r n  1
,
 r 1
r 1
lr  a1
(d) S n  , r 1
r 1
The Infinite Geometric Series
The series a1  a1r  a1r 2  a1r 3   a1r n 1   is called Infinite Geometric Series.
Sum of an Infinite Geometric Series
a
Sum of infinite geometric series can be calculated by the formula S   1 , r  1
1 r
Convergent Series
An infinite series is said to be convergent if nth term of series tends to a definite number L
as n   i.e. lim an  L
n 
Divergent Series:
An infinite series is said to be divergent if nth term of series tends to  as n  
i.e. lim an  
n 

 If r  1, then the series becomes a1  a1  a1  a1  ... . In this case S n does not tend to a
limit when n   and the series does not converge.
a   1 a1
n

 If r  1 , then the series becomes a1  a1  a1  a1  a1  a1  ... and Sn  1

2

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i.e., (a) Sn  a1 if n is positive odd integer.

(b) Sn  0 if n is positive even integer.
Thus S n does not tend to a definite number when n   . In such a case we say that
series is Oscillatory.
Summary of Formulae in G.P.
GEOMETRIC
GEOMETRIC MEAN GEOMETRIC SERIES
PROGRESSION
1. an  a1r n1 1. G   ab For Finite Series:
a1 1  r n 
n
a  b  n1
2. r  n , r  1 2. Gn  a   1. Sn  , r 1
an1 1 r
a
a1  r n  1
 
n
3. G1.G2 .G3....Gn  ab 2. Sn  , r 1
r 1
For Infinite Series:
a
3. S   1
1 r
Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
 A sequence of numbers is called a Harmonic Sequence or Harmonic Progression if the
reciprocals of its terms are in Arithmetic Progression.
1
 General term of H.P is an 
a1   n  1 d
Harmonic Mean (H.M.)
 If three terms are in H.P. then the middle term is called Harmonic Mean (H.M.) of the
other two terms.
2ab
 If a, H, b are in H.P. then H 
ab
n Harmonic Means Between Two Numbers
 If a, H1 , H 2 , H 3 , H n , b are in H.P then the numbers H1 , H 2 , H 3 , H n are called n
Harmonic Means between a and b.

 nth harmonic mean between a and b is given by, H .M . 

 n  1 ab .
na  b
Relations between A.M, G.M and H.M:
 G2 = A.H
 A  G  H , if a and b are two distinct positive real numbers and G  0 .
 A  G  H , if a and b are two distinct negative real numbers and G  0 .
 If a  b then A = G = H

Note:
A,G,H are in G.P.

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Sigma Notation or Summation Notation:

Sum of 1st n natural numbers
n
n  n  1
 1 2  3   n  k 
k 1 2
Sum of squares of 1st n natural numbers
n
n  n  1 2n  1
 12  22  32   n2   k 2 
k 1 6
Sum of cubes of 1st n natural numbers

 n  n  1  n2  n  1  n 
2 2 2
n
 1 2 3 
3 3 3
 n  k  
3 3
   k 
k 1  2  4  k 1 
n
   k   k  1   n m
m m

k 1

n
 1  1  1  ...  n terms  1  n
k 1

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PRACTICE EXERCISE

n
(1) The first three terms of the sequence an  are
n  4n  3
2

1 1 1 1 2 3
(a) , , (b) , ,
10 12 15 8 15 21
1 2 1
(c) , , (d) None of these
8 15 8
(2) If y  x  x 2  x 3  ...  , 0  x  1 then,
1 y
(a) x  (b) x 
1 y 1 y
1 y
(c) x  (d) x 
1 y 1 y
(3) Next term of the sequence 3,12,39,120,... ;
(a) 363 (b) 360
(c) 420 (d) 525
(4) If an  an1  1 and a3  8 then a1 
(a) 7 (b) 6
(c) 9 (d) –8
(5) In sequence m  2n, m  n, m, ... the 11 term is,
th

(a) m  2n (b) m  6n
(c) m  8n (d) None of these
(6) In a series, 5,5,5,5,5 the dispersion is,
(a) 5 (b) 1
(c) 1 (d) 0
(7) Which of the following may not be general term of an arithmetic sequence?
n 2  2n  1
(a) an  3n  5 (b) an 
n 1
2n 2  3n  1
(c) an  (d) an  8n 2  5n  1
2n  1
(8) The nth term of A.P which have recursive relation an  an1  5 and a2  1 ;
(a) 5n  9 (b) 4n  7
(c) 3n  5 (d) 8n 15
(9) If an2  3n  11 then n term of the sequence;
th

(a) 3n  3 (b) 3n 17

(c) n  5 (d) 4n  5
(10) In an A.P a5  17, a9  37 then a4 
(a) 12 (b) 10
(c) 8 (d) 15

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(11) Which term of the A.P 10,7, 4,... is 92 ;

(a) 30th (b) 35th
(c) 32nd (d) 33rd
1 1 1
(12) If , , are in A.P then q 
p q r
2 pr 2 pr
(a) (b)
pr pr
pr pr
(c) (d)
2 pr 2 pr
(13) Arithmetic mean of 2 and 3 2 is;
(a) 4 2 (b) 2 2
(c) 2 3 (d) 4
xm  y m
(14) For what value of m, m2 m 2
may be A.M between x 2 and y 2 ?
x y
(a) m  2 (b) m  0
1
(c) m  1 (d) m 
2
(15) Sum of 5 A.M’s between 2 and 12 is;
(a) 10 (b) 24
(c) 35 (d) 60
(16) If Sum of n A.M’s between a and b is zero then which of the following must be true?
(a) Both a and b are zero
(b) Both a and b are additive inverse of each other
(c) n  0
(d) None of these
(17) If there are 10 A.M’s between 1 and 23 then 10th A.M is;
(a) 17 (b) 19
(c) 21 (d) None of these
(18) Vulgar fractions of 3.14 is:
319 311
(a) (b)
99 99
314
(c) (d) None of these
99
(19) A.M of log10 20 and log10 50 is;
log 70 3
(a) (b)
2 2
(c) 5 (d) None of these

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(20) Sum of the series 4  7  10  ... upto 15 terms is;

(a) 300 (b) 325
(c) 350 (d) 375
(21) The n term of an arithmetic–sequence is an  5n  1 , then how many terms of the
th

corresponding arithmetic series amount to be 1070?

(a) 10 (b) 15
(c) 20 (d) 21
(22) How many terms of the series 9  6  3  0  3  ... amount ot 66?
(a) 30 (b) 26
(c) 17 (d) 11
(23) For what value of k numbers k  1, 2k ,5k  4 are in A.P?
(a) k  1 (b) k  1
3
(c) k  (d) None of these
2
(24) If 4th term of an A.P is 10 then sum of first 7 terms of such A.P will be;
(a) 28 (b) 70
(c) 15 (d) Insufficient data
1
(25) If ratio between sum of first fifteen terms of two arithmetic series is then ratio
2
between their 8th term will be;
1 1
(a) (b)
2 8
3 5
(c) (d)
8 8
(26) Three numbers are in A.P, their sum is 33 and their product is 1287 numbers are;
(a) 9,11,13 (b) 4, 7,12
(c) 11,11,11 (d) None of these
(27) A train leave the station at 8:00 a.m after 1st minute it is 5k.m far from station, after
2nd minute it is 7 k.m far from station and at the end of 3 rd minute it is 9 k.m far
from station, at what time it will be 63 k.m far from station?
(a) 8:25 a.m (b) 8:30 a.m
(c) 8:35 a.m (d) 9:00 a.m
(28) Which of the following is not a geometric sequence?
(a) r , r 2 , r 3 ,... (b) a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3 ,...
a a a r a2 r 2
(c) 2 , , a, ar , ar 2 ,... (d) , , 2 , 2
r r r a r a
(29) Which of the following could not be a term of G.P?
(a) Zero (b) –1
(c) 2 (d) 

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(30) Which of the following sequence is G.P as well as A.P?

(a) 2, 4,6,8,... (b) 3,6,12, 24,...
(c) 0,0,0... (d) 1,1,1,1,...
(31) 9th term of G.P 3,3 3,9,... is;
(a) 81 (b) 243
(c) 81 3 (d) 729 3
(32) If k , 2k  2,3k  3 are in G.P then 4 term of G.P is;
th

(a) 27 (b) –27

27 27
(c) (d)
2 2
(33) If a, b, c, d are in G.P then which of the following could not be in G.P;
(a) a  b, b  c, c  d (b) a 2  b2 , b2  c 2 , c 2  d 2
(c) a 2  b2 , b2  c 2 , c 2  d 2 (d) None of these
(34) 8th term of the sequence   
3  2 ,1, 
3  2 ... ;

  (b)  
5 6
(a) 3 2 3 2

(c)  2 (d)  2
7 4
3 3
243
(35) If ratio between 10th and 5th term of a G.P is then real common ratio of such G.P is;
32
3 9
(a) (b)
2 4
81 81
(c) (d)
16 64
(36) For what value of k the numbers log  k  10 ,log  k  100  andlog  k  10000  are in G.P;
(a) k  0 (b) k  10
(c) k  100 (d) All of these
1
(37) Which term of the sequence 2, 2,1,... is ?
64
(a) 12th (b) 13th
(c) 14th (d) 15th
(38) Sum of the series 1  3  9  27  81... upto 10 terms is;
310  1
(a) 310  1 (b)
9
1  310
(c) (d) 38  9
4

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32
(39) If A.M of two numbers is and H.M is 10 then G.M is
3
(a) 8 (b) 6
(c) 4 (d) None of these
8 64
(40) If 4th and 7th term of G.P are and respectively its 2nd term will be;
125 15625
2 4
(a) (b)
5 25
16 32
(c) (d)
625 3125
(41) Which of the following series has rational sum?
(a) 2  4  8 16  ... (b) log10  log102  log103  ...  log1010
1 1 1
(c)    ... (d) Both (b) and (c)
3 9 27
81
(42) 3 real G.M’s between 1 and ;
16
3 9 27 2 4 8
(a) , , (b) , ,
2 4 8 3 9 27
3 9 27
(c) , , (d) None of these
4 8 16
a
(43) If 0.125  then a  b 
b
125
(a) 125 (b)
999
(c) 1124 (d) 9925

1
(44) n 1 2
n

1 1
(a) (b)
2 2
(c) –1 (d) 1
2
x x x3
(45) In which interval does the series    ...   converges?
2 4 8
(a) x  2 (b) x  1
(c) x  4 (d) None of these
th th th
(46) If 7 , 9 and 10 terms of a G.P are a, b, c then
(a) b 2  ac (b) b 2  ac 3
(c) b  a c
3 2
(d) b 3  ac 2
1 1 1 1
(47) 3.32.34.38.316... 
(a) 3 3 (b) 9
(c) 27 (d) 81

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(48) In a tank presently water is 256th part of a whole tank after each minute a tap can
fill twice the water already present in, after how many minutes tank will be full?
(a) 8 (b) 9
(c) 10 (d) 11
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
(49) 1     ...   1     ...   ?
 2 4 8   2 4 8 
3 8
(a) (b)
8 3
(c) 2 (d) Cannot be determine

1 1 1 1
(50) 8th term of H.P , , , ,...
8 11 14 17
1
(a) 29 (b)
29
1 1
(c) (d)
27 31
1 1
(51) 5th term of an H.P is and 12th term of that H.P is then 15th term of that H.P will be;
14 35
1 1
(a) (b)
44 54
1 1
(c) (d)
49 81
1 1
(52) H.M between and is;
3 9
1 2
(a) (b)
6 27
2 1
(c) (d)
3 27
1 1
(53) Three H.M’s between and are;
7 15
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) , , (b) , ,
9 11 13 8 10 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) , , (d) , ,
10 12 14 11 12 13
(54) Harmonic mean of the values 12,5,8, 4 is approximately equal to
(a) 9.076 (b) 6.076
(c) 7.606 (d) 6.907
(55) If A,G and H have their usual meanings and a  b then which of the following
relation could be true;
(a) A  G  H (b) A  G  H
(c) A  G  H (d) A  G  H

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(56) If A, G and H have their usual meaning then which of the following sequence is
always G.P;
(a) A, G, H (b) H, G, A
(c) A, H, G (d) Both (A) and (B)
(57) H.M of two real numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ is infinity, which of the following must be true
for ‘a’ and ‘b’;
(a) Both are zero (b) Both are additive inverse of each other
(c) Both are multiplicative inverse of each other (d) Both are conjugate of each other
(58) If A.M and H.M of two real numbers is 25 and 4 then G.M will be;
(a) 5 (b) 2
5
(c) (d) 10
2
(59) 1 3  3 6  5  9  ...
n  n  1 4n  1 n  n  1 4n  1
(a) (b)
2 2
n  n  1 4n  1 n  n  1 4n  1
(c) (d)
2 2
(60) If 13  23  33  43  ...  k 3  3025 then k 
(a) 10 (b) 11
(c) 55 (d) 35
(61) The sum of all odd numbers from 1 to 101 is:
(a) 2601 (b) 3500
(c) 2500 (d) 2401
(62) If a1   , a1  d  2 , a1  2d  3 then 3a10  ?
(a) 3 (b) 3a1  9
(c) 30 (d) a1  9
(63) 13  23  33  ...  n3 
n  n  1 n  n  1
(a) (b)
2 4
n  n  1 n  n  1 2n  1
2 2

(c) (d)
4 6
(64) Which of the following are first three terms of a sequence whose general term is
 1  n
n

an  ?
n2
3 2 4 9
(a) 1, , (b) 0, ,
4 9 3 2
3 2 3 2
(c) 1, , (d) 0, ,
4 9 4 9
(65) Reciprocals of which of the following is harmonic sequence?
(a) 1000,900,800,... (b) 1,5,9,...
(c) 20, 16, 12,... (d) All of these

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(66) There are 10 A.M’s between 7 and , then sum of all A.M’s is:
7
40
(a) (b) 40 7
7
56
(c) (d) None of these
7
100
(67) If sum of an infinite geometric series is and first term is 10. Then what is the
11
value of r ?
1 1
(a)  (b)
10 10
1 1
(c) (d) 
11 2
1 1 1
(68) If s   2  3  ... , then t  ?
t t t
1 1
(a) 1  (b)
s s
1 1
(c)  1 (d) 1 
s s
(69) If there are three G.M’s between 3 and 48, then G3  ?
(a) 6 (b) 12
(c) 24 (d) 48
(70) Which of the following is true for S n ?
n
(a) a1  an (b)  a1   n  1 d 
2
n
(c)  3  n  a1   n  1 a2  (d) None of these
2
k  1 :
5
2
(71)
k 2

(a) 50 (b) 60
(c) 70 (d) None of these
(72) How many terms of the series 1  2  5  8  ... amount to 99?
(a) 7 (b) 8
(c) 10 (d) 9
  
(73) Vulgar fractions equivalent to recurring decimal 0.234 is:
234 117
(a) (b)
10 50
26 26
(c) (d)
99 111

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(74) A ball dropped from a height of 135m and rebounds of original height. How
5
much distance will the ball have covered before coming to rest?
(a) 135m (b) 540m
(c) 270m (d) 450m

k2
(75) If the G.M between two numbers is k 2 and H.M is , then A.M is:
2
(a) 2k (b) 2k
k
(c) 2k 4 (d)
2
(76) In a sequence, m  2n, m  n, m,... then 11 term is:
th

m
(a) 8n  m (b)
8n
(c) m  8n (d) m  8n
(77) An A.P has first term 12 and fifth term 18, then sum of first 25 terms is:
(a) 850 (b) 650
(c) 750 (d) 950
(78) The first three terms of a G.P are 144, x,64  x  0 , then sum to infinity is:
(a)  (b) 1
1
(c) (d) 432
432
(79) G.M between 2i and 8i is:
(a) 4i (b) 4
1 1
(c)  (d) 
4 4i
1 1 1
(80) The value of 2 4.28.216... is:
(a) 1.41 (b) 2
(c) 1.5 (d) 4
(81) If a, b, c are in G.P, then which of the following must be true?
b b
(a) a  (b) a  2
c c
2
b
(c) a  (d) None of these
c

1
(82) i 0 2
i
?

1
(a) 1 (b)
2
1
(c) (d) 2
4

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12i
(83) If harmonic mean between 2i and a is , then a  ?
5
(a) 2i (b) 3i
(c) 5i (d) 3

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1 1 1
(84) If , , are in H.P, then 100a ,100b ,100c will be in:
a b c
(a) A.P (b) G.P
(c) H.P (d) None of these
(85) If third term of G.P is 2 then product of first five terms of G.P is
(a) 16 (b) 32
(c) 64 (d) Cannot be determined
(86) If y  1  2 x  4 x  8x  ... then the interval in which series is convergent is:
2 3

1
(a) x  (b) 0  x  1
2
1 1
(c)   x  (d) 1  x  1
5 5

(87) Sum of the series 1  e1  e2  e3  ... is:

1 e
(a) 1  (b)
e e 1
1 e
(c) 1  (d)
e e 1
(88) 1  2  3  ...  9 
2 2 2 2

(a) 281 (b) 381

(c) 385 (d) 285
(89) Two A.M’s between 0 and 1 are:
1 1 1
(a) ,1 (b) ,
2 2 3
1 2 1 4
(c) , (d) ,
3 3 3 3
(90) A clock strikes once when its hour hand is at 1, twice when on 2 and so on. How
many times does it strike in 11 hours?
(a) 78 (b) 66
(c) 55 (d) 45
ANSWER KEY

1 B 11 B 21 C 31 B 41 D 51 A 61 A 71 A 81 C
2 D 12 B 22 D 32 D 42 A 52 A 62 C 72 D 82 D
3 A 13 B 23 C 33 D 43 C 53 A 63 C 73 D 83 B
4 B 14 A 24 B 34 B 44 D 54 B 64 D 74 B 84 B
5 C 15 C 25 A 35 A 45 A 55 C 65 B 75 C 85 B
6 D 16 B 26 A 36 A 46 D 56 D 66 B 76 D 86 C
7 D 17 C 27 B 37 D 47 B 57 B 67 A 77 C 87 D
8 A 18 B 28 D 38 C 48 B 58 D 68 A 78 D 88 D
9 B 19 B 29 A 39 D 49 B 59 A 69 C 79 A 89 C
10 A 20 D 30 D 40 A 50 B 60 A 70 C 80 A 90 B

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