NoSQL CIA EXAMS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
NoSQL CIA EXAMS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
NoSQL CIA EXAMS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
PART - A
1. What is MongoDB?
a. A relational database management system
b. A NoSQL database management system
c. A programming language
d. A web server
PART - B
1. Explain the concept of NoSQL databases and how MongoDB fits into this
paradigm. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of MongoDB compared to
traditional SQL databases.
2. Describe the structure of a MongoDB database and explain how it differs from a
relational database. Provide examples to illustrate your answer.
Data access patterns: Understand the application's read and write patterns, as well as
the types of queries performed. Design the schema to align with the most frequent and
critical operations to optimize performance.
Data relationships: Determine how different entities and documents relate to each
other. Embedding related data within a single document can improve query
performance, but be mindful of potential document growth and update implications.
Atomicity requirements: Consider the need for atomic operations. If operations on
multiple documents require atomicity, a denormalized schema with embedded data
might not be suitable.
Data growth and scalability: Anticipate future data growth and design the schema to
accommodate scalability requirements. Sharding and distribution strategies should
align with expected growth patterns.
Data integrity: Validation rules prevent the insertion of invalid or inconsistent data
into the database, maintaining data integrity and consistency.
Simplified application logic: By shifting data validation to the database layer,
application code can focus on business logic, reducing complexity and potential
errors.
Improved security: Validation rules can help guard against potential security
vulnerabilities by enforcing strict data formats or rejecting certain types of input.
Enforce a required field: { name: { $exists: true, $ne: "" } } ensures that the "name"
field exists and is not an empty string.
Validate field types: { age: { $type: "int" } } validates that the "age" field is of integer
type.
Enforce value range: { rating: { $gte: 1, $lte: 5 } } ensures that the "rating" field is
between 1 and 5 (inclusive).
These examples demonstrate how document validation rules can be used to enforce
data integrity and consistency within a MongoDB collection.
PART - C
7. Explain the key components of a MongoDB database and how they relate to each
other. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using MongoDB databases
compared to traditional relational databases.
In MongoDB, a database is the top-level container that holds collections,
which, in turn, store individual documents. The key components of a MongoDB
database are as follows:
Flexible schema: MongoDB's flexible schema allows for easy handling of evolving
data structures and accommodates dynamic changes in application requirements
without the need for migrations.
Scalability: MongoDB's architecture supports horizontal scalability through sharding,
allowing for the distribution of data across multiple servers. This enables seamless
handling of large datasets and high traffic loads.
Performance: MongoDB's document-oriented structure and indexing capabilities
provide efficient read and write operations, resulting in improved performance for
certain types of applications and workloads.
8. Discuss the considerations and best practices for schema design in MongoDB.
Provide examples to illustrate your answer.
Example 1:
Consider an e-commerce application. Instead of having a separate "orders" collection
and a "customers" collection, you can denormalize the data by embedding order
information within the customer document. This way, a customer document can
contain an array of embedded order objects. This design optimizes read operations for
retrieving customer and order information together, reducing the need for complex
joins.
Example 2:
For a blogging platform, you can have separate collections for "users" and "posts."
The "users" collection stores user-related information, while the "posts" collection
stores blog post documents. Each post document can contain a reference to the user
who created it, using the user's unique identifier. This design avoids data duplication
and simplifies user-related queries, but requires a separate query to retrieve user
details for a given post.
10. Which MongoDB operator is used to perform pattern matching using regular expressions?
a. $regex
b. $in
c. $exists
d. $text
PART - B
1. Explain the role of the `$in` operator in MongoDB. Provide an example of how it
can be used in a query.
The $in operator in MongoDB allows you to specify multiple values and match
documents where a field's value matches any of the specified values. Here's an example:
This query will return documents from the "products" collection where the "category"
field is either "electronics" or "clothing".
This code will insert a document with the given fields ("name", "age", and "email") into
the "users" collection.
This code will delete a document from the "users" collection where the "name" field
is "John."
5. Explain the concept of "upsert" in MongoDB and how it can be achieved using
the `db.collection.updateOne()` method.
"Upsert" is a combination of "update" and "insert" operations. In MongoDB, when
using the db.collection.updateOne() method, if the specified filter does not match any
document, an "upsert" can be performed to insert a new document. Here's an example:
If a document with the "sku" field equal to "123" exists, the code will update its
"name" field to "New Product." However, if no matching document is found, a new
document will be inserted with the specified fields.
6. Discuss the use of the `db.collection.find()` method in MongoDB and explain how
it can be enhanced with additional query operators.
The db.collection.find() method in MongoDB is used to retrieve documents from a
collection that match a specified query filter. Additional query operators can be used to
enhance the querying process. For example:
In this example, the query will return documents from the "products" collection where
the "price" field is greater than 100 and the "category" field is "electronics." The $gt
operator is used to compare values and retrieve documents with a price greater than the
specified value.
PART - C
Improved query performance: Indexes reduce the number of documents that need to
be scanned by the query engine, resulting in faster and more efficient queries.
Sorting and ordering: Indexes can be used to sort and order query results based on
specific fields, eliminating the need for manual sorting.
Constraint enforcement: Indexes can enforce unique constraints on fields, ensuring
data integrity.
Text search: MongoDB supports text indexes that enable efficient text search
operations.
To create an index in MongoDB, you can use the createIndex() method. Here's an
example:
db.users.createIndex({ email: 1 })
This command creates an index on the "email" field of the "users" collection. The
value 1 indicates an ascending index, while -1 would represent a descending index. By
creating an index on the "email" field, queries that involve searching or sorting based on
email will benefit from the index's improved performance.
To enable sharding in a MongoDB cluster, you need to perform the following steps:
sh.enableSharding("mydatabase")
This command enables sharding for the "mydatabase" database. Once sharding is
enabled, you can shard individual collections within that database using the appropriate
shard key.
6. How can you insert a document into a collection using the MongoDB shell?
a. insertOne({document})
b. createDocument({document})
c. db.collection_name.insertOne({document})
d. db.insert({document}, collection_name)
7. Which command is used to retrieve all documents from a collection in the MongoDB
shell?
a. find()
b. get()
c. retrieve()
d. getAll()
8. How can you update a document in a collection using the MongoDB shell?
a. updateOne({filter}, {update})
b. modify({filter}, {update})
c. db.collection_name.updateOne({filter}, {update})
d. db.update({filter}, {update}, collection_name)
PART - B
1. Explain the process of connecting to a MongoDB server using the MongoDB
shell. Provide the necessary steps and commands.
To connect to a MongoDB server using the MongoDB shell, follow these steps:
2. Describe the process of creating a new database in MongoDB shell. Include the
necessary commands and any optional parameters.
To create a new database in MongoDB shell, follow these steps:
Connect to the MongoDB server using the appropriate command (as explained in
question 1).
Use the use command followed by the name of the new database. For example, use
mydatabase.
If you want to specify additional options like database-level authentication or
sharding, you can pass them as options to the use command.
3. Explain how to insert documents into a MongoDB collection using the MongoDB
shell. Provide an example with multiple documents.
To insert documents into a MongoDB collection using the MongoDB shell, follow these
steps:
Example:
Suppose we have a collection named users and we want to insert two documents:
db.users.insertMany([
{
"name": "John",
"age": 30,
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Alice",
"age": 25,
"email": "[email protected]"
}
])
4. Explain how to insert documents into a MongoDB collection using the MongoDB
shell. Provide an example with multiple documents.
To query data from a MongoDB collection using the MongoDB shell, follow these steps:
Example:
Suppose we have a collection named users and we want to retrieve all documents where
the age is greater than 25, and project only the name and email fields:
db.users.find(
{ "age": { "$gt": 25 } },
{ "name": 1, "email": 1, "_id":
0}
)
Example:
Suppose we have a collection named users and we want to update all documents where
the age is greater than 30, setting their "status" field to "inactive":
db.users.updateMany(
{ "age": { "$gt": 30 } },
{ "$set": { "status":
"inactive" } }
)
db.orders.aggregate([
{ $group: { _id: "$customer", totalSales: { $sum: "$amount" } } },
{ $sort: { totalSales: -1 } }
])
The $group stage groups the orders by the "customer" field and calculates the
sum of the "amount" field for each customer.
The $sort stage sorts the results based on the "totalSales" field in descending
order.
Example:
Suppose we have a collection named products with documents representing
various products. We want to create an index on the "category" field to optimize
queries related to product categories.
db.products.createIndex({ category:
1 })
db.products.find({ category:
"Electronics" })
When executing this find() command, MongoDB will utilize the created index
to efficiently retrieve documents matching the specified category.
PART - B
1. Explain the concept of MongoDB Aggregations and how they differ from regular
queries.
MongoDB Aggregations provide a way to process and analyze data within the
database using a flexible pipeline of stages. Unlike regular queries, which retrieve
individual documents, aggregations allow you to perform complex data
transformations, grouping, filtering, and calculations. The aggregation framework
provides a set of operators and stages that can be combined to create powerful data
processing pipelines.
2. Describe the $match and $group stages in MongoDB Aggregations and provide
an example for each.
The $match stage filters documents based on specified criteria. For example:
db.collection.aggregate([
{ $match: { age: { $gt: 25 } } }
])
This query matches documents where the "age" field is greater than 25.
The $group stage groups documents together based on a specified key and
performs aggregations on the grouped data. For example:
db.collection.aggregate([
{ $group: { _id: "$category", total: { $sum: "$quantity" } } }
])
This query groups documents by the "category" field and calculates the total
quantity for each category.
3. Explain the $project and $sort stages in MongoDB Aggregations and provide an
example for each.
The $project stage reshapes documents, includes or excludes fields, and
computes new fields. For example:
db.collection.aggregate([
{ $project: { name: 1, age: 1, fullName: { $concat: ["$firstName", " ",
"$lastName"] } } }
])
This query projects the "name" and "age" fields from the documents and adds
a new field called "fullName" by concatenating the "firstName" and "lastName"
fields.
The $sort stage orders the output documents based on specified criteria. For
example:
db.collection.aggregate([
{ $sort: { age: -1 } }
])
This query sorts the documents in descending order of the "age" field.
db.orders.aggregate([
{
$lookup: {
from: "products",
localField: "productId",
foreignField: "_id",
as: "product"
}
}
])
5. Explain the $unwind and $limit stages in MongoDB Aggregations and provide
an example for each.
The $unwind stage expands an array field, creating a new document for each
element in the array. For example:
db.collection.aggregate([
{ $unwind: "$tags" }
])
This query unwinds the "tags" array field, creating a separate document for
each tag value.
The $limit stage restricts the number of documents in the output. For example:
db.collection.aggregate([
{ $limit: 10 }
])
This query limits the output to the first 10 documents.
db.collection.aggregate([
{
$facet: {
categoryCounts: [
{ $group: { _id: "$category", count: { $sum: 1 } } }
],
averagePrice: [
{ $group: { _id: null, avgPrice: { $avg: "$price" } } }
]
}
}
])
This query uses the $facet stage to compute two separate aggregations. The
first pipeline calculates the count of documents for each "category," and the second
pipeline calculates the average "price" across all documents.
PART - C
1. Explain the purpose and usage of the $lookup pipeline stage in MongoDB
Aggregations. Provide a detailed example of its application.
The $lookup pipeline stage in MongoDB Aggregations is used for performing
a left outer join between two collections. It allows you to combine data from multiple
collections based on specified conditions. The $lookup stage has the following syntax:
{
$lookup: {
from: <collection>,
localField: <field>,
foreignField: <field>,
as: <outputArray>
}
}
db.orders.aggregate([
{
$lookup: {
from: "products",
localField: "productId",
foreignField: "_id",
as: "productInfo"
}
}
])
The result of this aggregation pipeline will be a set of order documents, with
each document containing an additional "productInfo" array field. The "productInfo"
array will include the matching product document(s) based on the "productId"
reference.
2. Describe the $group and $project stages in MongoDB Aggregations and provide
a detailed example showcasing their usage together.
The $group and $project stages are essential components of MongoDB
Aggregations that enable powerful data transformations and summarizations.
The $group stage groups documents together based on a specified key and
performs aggregations on the grouped data. The $group stage has the following
syntax:
{
$group: {
_id: <expression>,
<field1>: { <accumulator1> : <expression1> },
<field2>: { <accumulator2> : <expression2> },
...
}
}
{
$project: {
<field1>: <1 or 0>,
<field2>: <1 or 0>,
...
}
}
In this example, the $group stage groups the documents by the "customer"
field and calculates the sum of the "orderTotal" field as "totalAmount". The $project
stage follows, where we reshape the output documents. We exclude the default "_id"
field by setting it to 0, rename the "_id" field to "customer" using the "$_id" system
variable, and include the "totalAmount" field.
MongoDB (Unit V)
PART - A
1. What does ODM stand for in the context of MongoDB?
a. Object-Database Model
b. Object-Document Mapping
c. Object-Design Mapping
d. Object-Distributed Model
10. How can you establish a connection to a MongoDB server using Mongoose?
a. By using the connect() method with the MongoDB server URL
b. By executing the mongoose.connect() function with the database credentials
c. By running the mongoose.connection() function with the MongoDB connection string
d. By calling the mongoose.createConnection() method with the server details
PART - B
1. Explain what MongoDB ODM is and discuss its advantages over traditional
MongoDB drivers.
MongoDB ODM is a library or framework that provides an abstraction layer
between MongoDB and the application code, allowing developers to work with
MongoDB using object-oriented paradigms. Its advantages over traditional MongoDB
drivers include:
2. Discuss the concept of schema in Mongoose and explain how it helps in data
modeling.
In Mongoose, a schema is a blueprint or definition that defines the structure
and behavior of a MongoDB collection. It specifies the fields, their types, validation
rules, default values, and other configuration options. The schema helps in data
modeling in the following ways:
Structure definition: With a schema, developers can define the fields and their
types, providing a clear structure for the data stored in the MongoDB collection.
This ensures consistency and makes it easier to understand the data model.
Validation rules: Mongoose schemas support defining validation rules for each
field, such as required fields, minimum/maximum values, regular expressions, or
custom validation functions. These rules ensure that the data inserted or updated in
the collection meets the defined criteria.
Default values: Schemas allow specifying default values for fields. When a
document is created without providing a value for a specific field, the default value
from the schema will be assigned automatically. This helps in ensuring consistency
and avoids unnecessary data inconsistencies.
Middleware and hooks: Mongoose schemas support defining middleware functions
and hooks that can be executed before or after specific operations (e.g., save,
update, remove). This allows developers to add custom logic for data manipulation
or perform additional actions based on specific events.
Virtual properties: Schemas in Mongoose support virtual properties, which are
derived properties that do not persist in the database but can be accessed as if they
were real fields. Virtual properties are useful for computed values or for combining
data from multiple fields.
Embedded documents:
In this approach, related data is directly nested within the parent document.
The related data becomes part of the parent document and is stored in the same
MongoDB document.
Embedded documents are denormalized and provide better performance for read
operations that involve retrieving the complete parent document with its related
data.
Updates to embedded documents are atomic and don't require separate operations
to modify the related data.
However, embedding large amounts of data or frequently changing related data can
lead to increased document size and potentially impact write performance.
Document references:
With document references, the parent document stores a reference to the related
document in a separate collection.
The reference can be stored as the related document's ID or any other unique
identifier.
Document references allow for a more normalized data structure and separate
storage of related data.
Retrieving the related data requires additional queries to fetch the referenced
documents.
Document references are beneficial when working with large amounts of related
data or when the related data needs to be frequently updated without affecting the
parent document.
The choice between embedded documents and document references depends on
factors like the nature of the relationship, data access patterns, performance
requirements, and scalability considerations.
PART - C
1. Explain the concept of middleware in Mongoose and discuss its role in
implementing complex business logic and data validation.
Middleware in Mongoose refers to functions that can be executed before or
after specific operations, such as saving a document, updating a document, or removing a
document. It allows developers to add custom logic and perform additional tasks during these
operations. Here's how middleware works in Mongoose and its role in implementing complex
business logic and data validation:
Pre and post hooks: Mongoose provides pre and post hooks that allow you to define
middleware functions to be executed before or after specific operations. For example,
you can define a pre-save middleware function that runs before a document is saved to
the database or a post-remove middleware function that executes after a document is
removed.
Data validation: Middleware functions can be used for data validation before saving or
updating a document. You can define pre-save middleware that checks the document's
fields, applies validation rules, and ensures that the data is consistent and valid. If
validation fails, you can stop the operation or perform error handling.
Business logic implementation: Middleware functions enable the implementation of
complex business logic in your application. For example, you can define pre-save
middleware that performs calculations or transformations on the document's fields,
updates related data, or triggers external actions based on specific conditions. This allows
you to encapsulate and centralize your business logic within the database layer.
Error handling and data normalization: Middleware functions can handle errors and
exceptions that occur during database operations. You can define error-handling
middleware that catches and handles specific errors, logs them, and performs recovery
actions. Additionally, middleware functions can normalize the data before saving or
updating it, ensuring consistency and adherence to specific rules or formats.
Asynchronous operations: Middleware functions in Mongoose support asynchronous
operations using promises or async/await syntax. This allows you to perform
asynchronous tasks like calling external APIs, querying other collections, or performing
complex calculations within the middleware.
Reusability and maintainability: Middleware functions can be defined at the schema
level and reused across multiple operations or documents. This promotes code
reusability, reduces duplication, and improves the maintainability of your application's
logic.
By utilizing middleware in Mongoose, developers can implement complex business
logic, enforce data validation rules, handle errors, and perform additional tasks during
database operations, making the code more modular, maintainable, and robust.
2. Discuss the process of schema migration in Mongoose and explain how it helps in
managing changes to the database structure over time.
Schema migration in Mongoose refers to the process of managing changes to
the database structure (schemas) over time, typically when introducing modifications to
existing schemas or adding new schemas. It ensures that the database structure stays in sync
with the evolving application requirements. Here's how the process of schema migration
works in Mongoose and its benefits:
Versioning: The first step in schema migration is versioning the schemas. Each schema is
associated with a version number, which is typically stored alongside the schema
definition. The version number represents the state of the schema at a particular point in
time.
Changes to schemas: When a change is required in a schema, such as adding a new field,
modifying an existing field, or removing a field, the schema definition is updated
accordingly. The version number of the schema is also incremented to reflect the change.
Migration scripts: Migration scripts are created to handle the actual migration process. A
migration script consists of logic that detects the current schema version in the database
and applies the necessary changes to bring it to the desired version.
Upgrading the schema: When the application starts or during a deployment process, the
migration scripts are executed. They analyze the current version of the schema in the
database, compare it with the desired version, and apply the required changes
incrementally.
Data migration: In addition to updating the schema structure, migration scripts can also
handle data migration if necessary. For example, if a new field is added, the migration
script may populate the existing documents with default values or migrate data from
other fields.
Rollbacks and reversibility: Schema migration scripts should be designed to be
reversible. In case of errors or issues during the migration process, rollbacks can be
executed to revert the changes and restore the previous schema version.
Flexibility: Schema migration allows for flexible changes to the database structure,
accommodating evolving application requirements without requiring a complete database
rebuild.
Consistency: Schema migration ensures that the database schema is consistent across
different environments (e.g., development, staging, production) and avoids data
inconsistencies caused by manual changes.
Maintainability: By versioning and scripting schema changes, developers can easily track
and manage database modifications, making it easier to maintain and update the
application over time.
Collaboration: Schema migration facilitates collaboration among developers by
providing a systematic approach to managing schema changes. It allows multiple
developers to work on different aspects of the application's schema without conflicts.