Fluid is a substance which deforms stress

even

under smaller magnitude of shear

termed as movement
Deformation is

Atm Pr
t t ti k ti
water k KI t
in
 Fluid Mechanics

Introduction
Fluid solid more mechanics
trod Eng
SONI
force
Fluid mecha
To
deformation solids

Properties of fluids density

Fuid
0 Density
IEEE KIMI S kg1m3
Sw water is a std fluid
fwe 1000kgm3
Weight density Specific weight
weightofthefluid N m3 Jw 9810 NIM
T KNIMP
Volume g go

Specific volume v m4kg

f
rottenness

fofthefhu.de
8 of thefluid
Specific gravity sa
std
f of the Std fluD f of thefluid
w
9810 Nm3 9 810 kN m
 safari o g
or'Y

Viscosity Dynamic movement

Resistance offered by fluid for U max
one to other Est
layer free stream velocity
3 lessmax
2 less 3
l less
p'late v'sog
loyal

A
Kinematic Viscosity 1f
Dynamic
D
u
13yd
u freestreamveloci
u redo
ut viscosity
u
dug
can
 Viscosity
Poise
Dynamic viscosity
kinematic viscosity Stoke

Dynamic viscosity
Newton's law ofviscosity proportional
shear strers acting
on the fluid is

velocity gradient kPa

1013
re shear stress o static fluid

free streamvelocity UH
3T
I
dis
u 12do

Eddfy Newton's law of viscosity

dog p'dynamic it
µ u I
Nsm2 FzNpslg
p dgy Poise
 i Nsm2 to poise

Viscosity dynamic viscosity 401

kinematic viscosity y
thefluid mYsJ
ftp.dynamicriscost n
density
of
t mY stoke

Raise or fall the fluid compared

Capitan adjacent level offluid in a small
glass tube mm or m
of fluid
surfacetension
t

Tensile force acting on the surface of the

fluid Nlm
Air Solid
air

Fluid
conceptofcoutinu.am

f Y mefhid IF
f

constant

s EE
sie Q

c volume of
fluid
g
sa P i't M
6fluid
dn
g
 Pascal's law
a

Be
7
x

Afp
rg

F ma

at is independen
statement pressure a point
shear
of direction as long as there are no

stresses
present
distributed
Pressure is uniformly
in all directions
Pressure is equal
 if
Mps
ng

E F ma
EF Max IFL Maz
Pssinoryof max
E F of
Peony

Etz Patty Bcosofy f w maz

earn
Bodyof Borzoisok f dxdI ax
demity
volume

Bc B off f8 91 a
T
Bi Ps Idk
From
Paddy Ps 0 off fgf.BY fdxdLIaz
Pe B fxdig forxdyzaz fgfxd.LI
f
Ch Ps
facto
Cla Ps Nz az g

For a point doc

dygdz limits tending to hero

Poe Ps 0 Be 13 12
Pa Ps o

Hence Pascal's law is proved

 Hydrostatic
downward direction is equalto
Pressure acting in vertical
specific weight ofthe fluid
P
g

R f
I IIE Ih
pt

IF o
att
paa Lp nah W O

P PHA ha A PgaAah O
n

that fgattahl

fg 8

DPs fgdh
P Pgh
Hence hydrostatic lawis proved

µh
fg
 Air
over
pipe

i'it
µ

t.es
4EP
Ground
2.2 A closed, 5-m-tall tank is filled with water to a depth of 4 m. The top portion of the tank is filled with air which,
as indicated by a pressure gage at the top of the tank, is at a pressure of 20 kPa. Determine the pressure that the
water exerts on the bottom of the tank. Sgh
201hPa
5M tank height 17 1313 13
am water Air Tp
2012Pa 20 103Pa
im air Ty
4ns inhaler
5M I I
Pb tx
p fgh rh p
Ighfairim
Pwater Pair Pp am Ppi19h
Bottom pokpa
I I9
h
Pwx
Bottom dghlwatertfghjair Pbottom

Pbottom 1.000k9m3X9.811 2
4m 20hPM

39244kpa
P
zokp pbotl.com
bqotfom kPa1 59.24

d A
Lk e Kesh
2.3 A closed tank is partially filled with glycerin. If the air pressure in the tank is 4.1 N/cm2 and the depth of glycerin
is 3 m, what is the pressure at the bottom of the tank? Take specific weight of glycerin =12.4 kN/m3

Data
Mcm 41km1m2
o

hill
4
pairs
kPa

Pair 1
F Pogey
bot Take Vgey 124 kN m3
41 b
g guy

Lil t 12.4 3
Pz'kN1mJ
78
2.4 Blood pressure is usually given as a ratio of the maximum pressure (systolic pressure) to the minimum pressure
(diastolic pressure). As shown in Video V2.3, such pressures are commonly measured with a mercury manometer. A
typical value for this ratio fora human would be 120/70, where the pressures are in mm Hg. (a) What would these
pressures be in pascals? (b) If your car tire was inflated to 120 mm Hg, would it be sufficient for normal driving?
133 kN1m3
120mm of Hq Mtg
Systolic Pr

J
DiastolicPr To mmogHg

h Pr head
PAL
m
pig
aEEYmsgnO
nommogitg h.gs
120 mmHg
mmHg
70mm ofHg hdia p
dias
Palkpay
ofHg g
g
P

kPa
P fg Hg Y
p 133 1,2 0
KPa kPa

P Pa
Pear Pgh h 120 mm Hg

Pear KPI
compare
35 Psi kpa
Pearcpracy
2.5. An unknown immiscible liquid seeps into the bottom of an open oil tank. Some measurements indicate that the
depth of the unknown liquid is 1.5 m and the depth of the oil (specific weight = 8.5 kN/m3) floating on top is 5.0 m. A
pressure gage connected to the bottom of the tank reads 65 kPa. What is the specific gravity of the unknown liquid?

Data
human.w
5M
Em
1.5ns
hoice 5 on

8 5KN
m3
Voi 65142
Pgage
65hPa

Pgage
PoietPeio Fkpa
lfgh1oiltKghllio
8Lr5xC5Doict t5mlu.o

KN m3
g
2.6 Bathyscaphes are capable of submerging to great depths in the ocean. What is the pressure at a depth of 5 km,
assuming that seawater has a constant specific weight of 10.1 kN/m3?

F egh
P 10.1 5 1000

50500 KPa
PI 50500 KNIM2 or
 Calculate the dynamic viscosity of an oil which is

used lubrication between a square plate

for and an inclined plane
o 8M Xo 8M
of size
300 as shown in fig
with angle of inclination
is 300N and it
The weight of the square plate with a uniform
down the inclined plane
slides
thickness of the oil film
velocity of 0.3 Mls The t
01.5mm
is 1.5mm
oil

3
a gaff300
so
300N

Data
o 8 0.8 0.64 m2
Area of the plate a

ofthe plate 0 300

Angle
ofthe plate w 3ooN
weight the 0.3 mls
of plate 0
Velocity i 5k153m
Thickness of oil film t 1.5mm

m30 300 38
Shear stress z Wa
o 64
7 234.3 N m2
 But E to defy p tf
µ 0 5 1103
234.3

1.171 N.s.fm
µ o

71poiseJ
U ll

A vertical cylinder of diameter 180mm rotates

inside another cylinder of
concentrically are
diameter 181.2mm Both the cylinders
The between the cylinders
300mm high space is unknown
is filled with a liquid
whose viscosity
a tongue
Determine the viscosity of
the fluid if
20 Nm is required to rotate the inner
of
cylinder at 120 rpm

Htt 101180mL
p
1 0181.2mm
Data
O 18mm
Dinner180mm
douter 181.2mm
O 181M

0.3M
N 120 rpm
T 20 Nm

uz
FDN A dinner N 5 0.18 120 1 13m15
Go Go Go
o 18k 80
e µ p dy
y gm
0006M
2 1883.3 µ dy o

Ea 1883.3 0.1696
E
Ia f

f 319.4 N
LA f0.1696
180 0.3
m2
But
T Ftd
0
20 319.4 µ
o 1696 Ns m2 or 6.96 poise
µ
 Measurement of Pressure
Pressure measuring devices Gage pressure

A 101.31hPa
PGage
Atmospheric Pr 1101.3kPa Atmospheric Pr
A

Pabs
paemaoiskpa
Pabscvac
Pabscrac pabs PatientPgage
Patm Prac
Absolute
x x
Vacuum
devices
Pressure measuring

Mechanical gauges
Manometer
Bourdon's pressure gauge
Pierometer Diaphragm pressure gauge
Barometer
U tube manometer
Differential manometer
Inclined manometer
 Pierometer
p f h Referance

Pa Ight Patm
t
Ifeating h

V
P fgh
U tube manometer Pzefghz

i Ii
I

iii
_e

PghHg O
Pat Pgh Hgh H
ftp.t fgh
fghyg

fghhg fgh
 Differential manometer

E h

iii
i i
43 0
h t lag9h 1 fHµIg fagghtag 1942
Pa t f g Hg

Pa PB fz9hz f9h fHg9hHg

Inclined manometer
KB
e
t.tt a

i 01
y
e

Pa j f gh fHg9hag Z B
Ls
hµg
PA PB fz Shat fag9hHg Agh
 h
r
PA fwghwtfoiishq.it w9hw PB

71 PA PB fw9 2 fo h fog 3
f 27 0.9 981h 6.3
f
9.8101hPa
PAI 9.8101hPa
002
51hPa

0.67mJ
h

PA h fgho.am_PB
ffho.zmtf9

SGoil foil
fw

SGoicX fw foil
0.9 X 1000
Soil Tooo
 kgb water 133
0
Cgh
Pat Cgh water sa z6

3
4 a six 7 2.6 981 X sin 9.811 6 PB

11.51144
3
PA tfwgfhsm fwfhm fsao.gshsm

f w 9h2m PB o

60kPa f 00 9.81 3 9 81 2 PB
08,1

103.3kPaJ
PB
pct f.IS 9.8lX
PA

Pc GokPa
Pc
5kPaJ 3o

l
3o 5 kPa SGhg
Pc

Pc fh h

30 5 kPa t.IE
9Ilxhh hhg O 229M

hug 229mm
"%
2.25 On a given day, a barometer at the base of the Washington Monument reads 76 cm . of
mercury. What would the barometer reading be when you carry it up to the observation deck
152 m above the base of the monument?

A
Peak

Al

Pbase 101.3k
bas

Pbase 76C of hog

Tg 13.6 981
fhg9hhg 7 100
Pbage

Pb are lol 3 KPa

 fair 12kg153

Ptop
Please fghiszm

lol I i2fo9 x 152

lol 31 1.79
Ptop

Plop 99.51hPa
2.9g J Kh Po

D
did
d h

dp idk
dps Kh 80 dh

Pdp Kh 180 dh

P IT
kh

pressure
expression for
the
Develop an
inwhich the specific
variation in a liquid
depth h as f Khtfo
increases with
weight do the specific
constant and is
where K is a
at the free surface
weight
Cengel

A
V

fwater9h2 do i kids
Pair twagfh.tk

o
doggy ftp.a.hsl

0.6 9 81 06
9.81 0.4
Pair t

8410.6
8509 34
984

Pair 9780hPa
 Unit 2

Fluid statics

Pressure force

Gravity force

Eg
Dams
Gates floodgates
Tanks plate

i
 unitz
the surface
Hydrostaticforces
on
on the
Total pressure force
FFmfneffedertesdurbpayaf.lu'd

total
centre of presore It is a point where
force acts
pressure

I II
I
It
 force and centre of pressure on
Total pressure
an inclined surface
submerged in fluid

I
i ri
in

since hj hg.by
is
elemental area dA
Total pressureforce on

dF pdAEfghdAE8hdA't
entire area A
Total pressure force for
Idf frhdA
F 8 hdA I KA
e Ig Ak
8kAT
F fgh A or fggsino A
 Centre of pressure h
of moments
Principle
dFxy egdahy oh day

Jdfxy 18hday
Fxy frhday fry sinceday Vsino y2dA

F y IsinoIo fy2dA Io
Io
y
tsig Ioa Iat AT
Ia AT
ffifI is I
since

sina.ILIa Ash.IO
IG Sino
y Fino
If

t.ie IasiIf h.In

sinoJ
M
O h h y
h7 IGsin
Ah
Vertical surface submerged in
fluid

Horizontal surface

5 8 Ali
F IgA
h h

c h
hog
 submerged in fluid
Body
Vbody A s

Fifi area
A
E
pit
Fz Buoyancy
FB

F fgAh FB Fine
hts IgA s
Fz fgA 19Ah
8 It body
fgAS
FB TVbody Wbody
If body It body
FB
FBn IVbodyt 8Vbody
FB ffluidtfhu.la 8body body
displaced

by the
body
Wbody
FB Wfhid
displaced

co B
FBacfsatcentreofbvoyancyfpo.int
 Htaa mt

siIIE water

COB
B

OF

Meta centric height GII

I
Determination of meta centric height by
analytical method

o O

ti
t

B COB
a ca
de 8ft
Tx IA
SFB x 8 x OSA X

d FB x 8 20 da
Vaio IA
f Aff f
e
FB BB 80 x'IA

FB BB 80 I

ft BB D OI
small
Iff
since 0 is
BE very
sin 0 0

BM Sind
Iff
BG GM I
t
GM
BGT
If
Formulae
F PAK fgAh h hca
ht Iasino hcg O
Ahca
sino
hf hg h.c

c FB
Wfluid Wbod

VV
8Vfwid body in fluid
displaced

GM BG
I
Paso FM White

l t
I 2mL

Volume of oil in the rat is 3mx7m 4mtz2m

63 m3
weight of the oil in the rat is

o 85 N m3 63mg faith
9810
Woio Poirot oi
lwoil 525 25 LK Wbody broil
1
fbodytfb.gg
The force on the rat bottom surface
hold 0,857 9810 3 2 7
Foot toil boy
35Ok
fbof

The force on the trapezoidal end panel is

Fside PoilhqAside 085 9810 K
 is
hcgof trapezoid surface

1 a 1

I zfbtn.IT
h
b

zca.IE teIn
tEmtop

Surface area of trapezoid A lzCa b

tf 14 3

922
3 9

FGidefffi.EE FBgg
2 51

6M I

SGoil 4M
0.82
AT i
son My
N
400

hcg 4 t It 0 6 sin 400

5.028 M
1082 9810 5.028 f.zxo.I
FAB foiehca Agate
FAB
37881N hIt
hca bi 4

Ia
Iafin 5.028M
l 2 0.815.028
23sin240
0 8,1112
5.03M
 Iasino h Esino
h
h since
or Iasi
y A

y
oi8Xl
3xsin40

4 82
5.0285in 400

3.24 m
y't

yt hg hy
5.028 3 24
g khy 5 03

3.22M
g
rest water A

BC
HfIm
4 2.67
23
heaorh
2
I head 9810 2 67 x A
FAB

Area by 4AM
FEET
4.89 I 4.9m2
Fae 9810 2.67 4g

FABc l28kh
 3
bh 2 3.5 m4
I 3

h Iasino h
Ah

3.5515530 2.67
HA
4 9 2.67

2.84MJ
h

2 58
Agate
f 8ha

200 981 9810 hca Co 8J

fh IO 39TMIO.com
 O
EM hinge

F
f xhzlwae.ee gas

fgtthgxhj fgahcgxf
si C4x27C4
q.sixfrxhfhzlxhz foo 9 th ee

h 3.55M
P 103

TE It fluidx
T
sa
t
Water
0.75 it

8101 water 18101

II Hock
0 751101block
8 0.25
0 9 9810 block I 9810

09 9810 9810 0.751 8 0.25

0.9 9810 9810 075

Vx O 25

15 t 61
p
104

W If displaced 9810
14 0.095 0.08

oNJ
w 5

8108
FBae F
FBI Brass

8 Volar 8 Volbrass
VVddispi
fluid 2 yxgglofa 8 5 9810 brass
4
3983
9810 83 85 9810
27 431
2 7 9810 f 03573 85 19810 4 83
27 00353
j3

Fsg
bae T 0 brass
AFB AFB
Pure

t IM
c
0 1 14.5since FB 2 Since

FB 8 1 9810 X o 085 Gm
displaced

197N

So w 4.5 silo 197 since

W l5 N
 VfluidVfhfjdpa.ge
W 8 wood displaced

0082 5
I
157 6
wood
it X

6270.704 N
Jw 6270.7
twood
SG woods 8water 9810

sdo.gg
Summation vertical forces
of
IN 197 157.6
T FB

394NJ
T
 with yath
2,91ns A freshly cut 6g float of
above the
its volume protruding
determine the specific
water surface
the
weight of log
7.35 KN m3
log
2.98 A riverbarge whose cross section is
M carries a
approximately rectangular
8.5M
load of grain The barge
is
unloaded
wide and 274 m
long When
its is 1.5M and with theload
draft is 2M
of the
grain
the draft
Determine the unloaded weight of
the barge and the weight of the
grain 1142.3719N
KN I Wg
I Wb 3427
2 107
How much extra water does a 654kW
Canoe displace compared to an

ultra
lightweight 169 KN Kevlar
the same sire carrying
Canoe
of
the same load
66.64ms
I 66.6ns I extrawahs
volw
2108 0.917
An iceberg specific gravity
in the ocean 1025
floats s.p.gr
what percent ofthe volume of
under
is water
the iceberg
Ans
VSI 0.895
Vice
2.138 When the Tucurui Dam was constructed in northern Brazil, the lake that was created covered a large forest of
valuable hardwood trees. It was found that even after 15 years underwater the trees were perfectly preserved and
underwater logging was started. During the logging process a tree is selected, trimmed, and anchored with ropes to
prevent it from shooting to the surface like a missile when cut. Assume that a typical large tree can be approximated as
a truncated cone with a base diameter of 8 ft, a top diameter of 2 ft, and a height of 100 ft. Determine the resultant
vertical force that the ropes must resist when the completely sub- merged tree is cut. The specific gravity of the wood
is approximately 0.6.
 Fluid kinematics
fluids motion without
study of
in
motion
considering the forces causing the
That and gravity
means
only pressure
forces are considered

Two approaches
Eulerian
Lagrangian f
ffhagaing.c
q

dsimotioY
qf
Eulerian
space
time
 EI s
a
a

velocity components
y
F E

acceleration
a date f ffx.y.tt
dd u

P
dt

ddIf w

a.edu
EiDEiiEyfIEiEiDE
iEiEt ay
Ee EDIT.to
EItEiFaIEiE aa
dEe E I Ey I Ei o
 ao v w
a
y off
a fFt ffI

a
adf.tvoj iwdfi.I
Tl1oca
aE
ax2tag2 a
convective accln
accln
 f x
y z t a f V t V flu v w t

a a
ix I II o

a
E.IE oEEIeEeEe
w

a
oo H IEI tE It a

E of E of
u t w
a u

adf.tv off woot 9

x
ay
E veg w'Et E
a a

a ayhai
Types of flows
je time
aviable
and unsteady flows
Steady
and inviscid flows
Viscous V
and external flows
Internal flows
and incompressible
Compressible
Nonuniform flows
Eintifainmunstantand
dimensional flowT
andthree
One two

Streamline a

stream tube

c
line v
Time
Streamline
line is curve that is tangent
A stream a

to instantaneous velocity vector

da I
dr dei't dy'T't

Streamline
dy IV
da
e

TI up vJ wk
a ZD plane
From similar triangles on

1 Eor
Streamtuby
lines
It is a bunch of stream

0
oTy Stream
lines

Streaklined
It is locus of fluid particles passing
through a common
point sequentially

of Streak line
0 o_O

Pathling
fluid particle
by
a
Path followed
o
path line
t at t seat
Timeline
Line
joining
the fluid particles at
time instant
a
particular

O
s
I

att att tat

Note
state conditions
Under steady
streamline
the same
streak line are

timeline
 Massflowrate m
dnf
d
la fav
it
n fav

Rotation and Vorticity

Rotation w Omega
Vorticity sczeta or r Omega

2x angular velocity
Vorticity
hors 2x

Vorticity is also curl V

t.com
r or s
Ey Fa ti CE I
I
C8
Fy

off i foot of I
a
E
of
N z
so r
Ey Iz
s E F
r
Fy
o EF E
w
HEE oo
uh E food Ey
 mics
FluidDyna are
the motion offluid particles
Forces causing
considered

Gravity forces
Pressure
Tension
compressibility

F ma

Gravity force Euler's wavier's

Pressure force egg stokesJ
Viscous force
Turbulent force
Compressibilityforce
Reynold's eqn
Surface tension force
 Continuityequation
is based on
Continuity equation
conservation of mass law
principle of 2

21 l l

l
T
t de

doc Ly
K
Ly I
Rate flow right face in the redirection
of mass through
series That is
is given byTaylor's expansion
12
I Cutoff Ei Ei Jasa

III higher order term

Neglecting

lot E dyde
 rate mass flow through leftface
Similarly of
x direction
is
in the
series
dyda by Taylor's
JIF flu di neglecting higher
order terms

in the direction is
Net rate of mass flow
0M dy da
to HE Yu
0 07
dadydz
direction is
in the g
Similarly rate of
mass flow

doe dy da
flyer
in the L direction is
Similarly rate of
mass flow
dxdyd2
0µW
Net change in mass flow rate is
given by
foldxdgdri fydbdxdydrtfzfewjdxdgd

f.FI fly wYdxdyda

But f is a function of ffx y z t and using

conservation of mass principle
9 wyd.caydz o
fz J t ff
so 03 o
IgM FEW
compressible
This isContinuity equation for
fluids gases flow
f is constant
For incompressible flows

If Fat
o

constant
steady flow conditions
For is

0
912 0
Streamlines
R

v
t
S

S alongstreamline
n normal to streamer

a
Effy Ev

l
 F ma along and normal to streamline

F ma or Newton's second law along a

stream line

normal to stream line

F ma

F stream line
ma
along a

tobe
stream
DA
f PHP
to streamline

I
DA
y
s
PDA
Y
did son 0 dL

Along the streamline

Assumptions
Fluid is incompressible steady is rotational
1
non viscous and Contino us
Only gravity and pressure forces
2 are

considered

As per f ma

pda Cptdp da
dwsino m.VE
Here mi f f e f dads
dw mg PdAds.g
Since de
des

substituting
ldttdls.GG fdAds VddI
PHA PHA dpdA

dpIt fgHtdz fItv.dV

dp fgd2 fv.tv
Dividing by 9 and rearranging

dpq gdztvdV
 This equation is known as Euler's equation of
motion

Integrating

jdf fvdv fg.de

p v2 constant
t t g z
g z
is known as Bernoulli equation
This equation
assumptions considered
and is valued for
equation are
Other forms of this

F t t ga Ky Eat 922

Or

Vig 12 tygtrig Iz

or

t f fg2 constant
P t
where the static
p is pressure

PVI is the dynamic pressure

is the hydrostatic pressure
fg2
thestatic dynamic and hydrostatic
The sum of
pressures is called total pressure

The sum of static and dynamic pressure

is called stagnation pressure
i e
Pstag
p EVI

pressure energy
f
is

kinetic energy
VI is

energy
92 is potential
 F ma normal across the streamline

Assumptions
Fluid is incompressible steady is rotational
1
non viscous and continous
Only gravity and pressure forces
2 are

considered

tube
stream
DA
PHP
to streamline

l
DA

Faa
a

Normal to streamline
as
d2
10
Along the streamline
 As per f ma

pda Cptdp da din coso m VI

R
Here mi f f e f d Adn
d w mg PdAdn g
cos O de
d n

ldadng.dz f dAdnYZ
pdft pdft dpdA

dpdkttftkngdq fdttdnVL
fg.dz dp
dnt I 0

Dividing by f

dy g da t Yzdn o

Integrating
g dy t f gda ftp.dn

constantT
I g2 JYIdn
Applications of Bernoulli's expression

Venturi meter constant

Pfg 172g121
Orificemeter
Pitot tube

FCowrate
DischargeQ
crossection X velocity of flow
Q area of
avi
Q
Qe ax Volom t

A V Aziz
 Expression for discharge through the
venturime ter
Eh frenturimeter

I
Pipe
consider a rentorimeter fitted to a horizontal
as shown in
pipe carrying fluid water
the above figure
Let d and da be the diameter of the pipe
and respectively
and throat at section
Pi V a and Pz Vz Az are
Similarly
and area of cross sectional
pressure velocity
and respectively
at section

Applying Bernoulli's expression between

section and we have

Ig 12 Vig the
 Since pipe is horizontal 21 22
2
so k
Pyg Pegg
2g

P 12 h pressure head
But
g
so
he VEI
2g
Oz
Now
applying continuity equation Of
A V I AzV2
92
Al
the value of V in equation
Substituting 2

h Vz
2g

h
ri
a
at
rife aid
2g 2g
08

2gh
Vici aai
or
Tegh a T
iaEH
FI
a V 92k
Now discharge equation D

Q Aziz Az
Ai FT
ta
aiaz
Q
jafar
or
aiaz
Qth
1
actual Cd
a Az Fgb
Tata
 whereCd is co efficient of discharge

This is the expression for discharge

through the renturimeter 1.0
less than
The value of Cd is always
 Expression for discharge through the
Orificeme ter On Pipe
Az

E
r

A Ao
I l
ith
it a n

Consider a flow of fluid in a horizontal

pipe a
orifice meter is connected to
the pipe as shown in the above figure

Consider section and as

shown in the figure Section is

considered at the pipe where one of

the limbs of the manometer is connected
section is considered at the
vena contractor region where other limb
of the manometer connected Manomete
is
that flows in the
same
carrys Let h fluid
pipe be its reading
9 ti and Pa Vz as are the pressure
a
section at
velocity and area of cross
section and respectively

Applying Bernoulli's equation between

section and

Pigtrig 12
Pff Egg 122

But h
Pigg 2 22

so
he VEI
2g

Using continuity equation

Q air Arik but here az GAO
so where a is areaof orifice
a V CcAoV2 Cc is co efficient of
contraction
 So Ccaovy
A

V in equation
the value of
Substituting
V f
he
29 Ciao
ri cia vicar
a
h 2g at
zg

2g ath VI
Iia or

VFR a

Vz
Taita
So Cc Ao Fgh Al
Q AzVz Coaouz
a aI
Rearranging
Cc Aoa Rgb
air Ciao
But co efficient of discharge is related to
ad
contraction by
Cc co efficient of

cd gate
ai f ciao

So 2 2
Aoa TBH

E aE
ao

a
i E
909 Agh
Qed
Tata
or
Cd Ao A Tzgh
Qa
Tata
This is the equation for discharge through
orificemeter
 sionfor Velocityofthefow
pitottube.SE

seat velocity
stagnation pressure

static
FITE Pierometer
pitorube

I IF

EEE
too
III gtEgtH

Eg Es Esto k h
g

Ish v Eh
 a Fsh I
This is the equation for velocity of flow
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y
food

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ay
age

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 13.1814in

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 Cengel

At absolute 800 100

gookpa
700 kPa gage
low velocity

100 KPa 4100 100 okPa

velocity
Cow

Pfg Efi Ei Eg Eg if
Rg Igor vie

Vz I 000

Vz l 18 m s
!!(
 Angel

Take
fair 0909kg m3

f
2

0.909

2.56mfs
 Unit 4

Impact of jets
Viscous flow through pipes
External flows
Impact of Jets
ay
Flat and curved plate f vz
9202
Q H a _away
T
i
Pipe Vs
Q
fan
02 03
fair fast
g
FE changeotentum
in xaxis
time
Fa masc
F MI
t

Fa
IV
Fa fav
Fae Sav Antialvelocity Final velocity

Consideration

Incompressible stead inviscid

 Impact of Jets

stationary plates

vertical plate
stationary
Force exerted by jet
a of water on a

fixed plate
stationary

Ffwatwpat .us
Pipe

L y
f
4,441g

H I
consider a jet of water out from
coming fixed
a nozzle of diameter'd strikes
a

shown in the
plate with velocity'v
as

figure cross section

Let a be the area of
of the jet
 From the momentum equation
Force exerted bythe jet rate of change of
on the plate momentum
Findmmetum
F Initium
time

ma Initial velocity final velocity

F me

F fav V o

Belait
Similarly
ma Initial velocity final velocity
Fy me

v
far o
Fy
Fy
 Stationary Inclined plate
ninolined
of waterona
Force exated by jet
a

plates
stationary water
No226no jetof
AV
fixedpig
vs

I c

oi
he

F Fncos910 O FuSind Fu is the normal

FucosO force
Fg FnSinko O

Now dirn is
X
Force in
Foc Fn Sind
Fa since
my Initialcity Finn
since
Fx fav V sino o

since cos O
Fy fav o
9aV2sinOcos
 D
Stationarycurvedplat force corned
exerted by jet
a on a
stationary
plate at the centre AVsin0

qq.nl

Foe Massine thirteiffity finalvelocity

Be fav V C vcoso
Fx fav2 Hcos
1
fav o vsino
Fg
fav2sinO
Ty
 curved plate
Stationary
Forceexertedbythejetonafixed
angentially
cymedplateatoneendl

I met

t d vaso
fav Vaso C vooso
F
Foe 2 fav OSO

Fy fav vsinfo Vsino

O
Fg
 Movingplatey
Force exerted by jet
a on a moving vertical plate
yetof
water plate
i
if iii
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Consider a
jet of water from a nozzle
of diameter'd strikes a movable plate As
a

result the plate moves with um Is away

be the velocity
from the jet Let Vmls
of the jet of water
F rate of change of momentum
F Matisse Invietiffity Finnedcity

Ee lad u
H V o

IE.fafv.us
fafV u o cu ul
Fy
lfyefaf.FI
Movable Inclined plate
Force exated by jet of
a onanined
movable plate
Northno et EaF t
7 b
y My f
g i

he she y

F Fucos910 O FuSind Fu is the normal

FucosO force
Fg FnSinko O

Now dirn is
X
Force in
Foc Fn Sind
Fa since
my Initialcity Finagle

F fa U LV ul Sino o since

Fx 9av sin
Fy Fucose

faf o o
f 01since coso
Fy
Fg fad UI since cos
 Movingcurved plate
corned
Force exerted by jeta on a
moving
plate at the centre Hino

v
ft
is
i

k ut
e
Fa
Ma
me
thirteiffity finalvelocity
C t U cosoD
Foe law o
d u

T
2
u ltcoso
IFx faf

Fy fad CV
u o o since

IFye uts.TT
fafv
 Moving curved plate
movable
Forceexertedbythejetona
cu.medplateatonee.ir tangentiay
since

is

g i
Since
a v o

u cosO
µ
BE lad o
d o Coo C C ulcosoD

2cosoJ
Fx 2fa u

Fye fad 07kV ossific d u no

1Fy
 nozzle
Ajet of water from a is

deflected through 600 from its original

direction by a curved plate which
it enters tagentially without shock with
and leaves with
velocity of 30M
a
a
the discharge
velocity of 25m15 If
morale is 0.8 Kgb Calculate
from the direction of resultant
and
the magnitude Hsin vz
force if the vane
is
stationary
El
ni o
8kg6 cos68
µ

30 Mls
25 Mls I

4 2

Tv
Ee n's CV VzcosGoo
Fx 0.8 30 2505600
Fx 14 N
mi O Hsin Goo
Resultant
fifty
Fy F iI
o 8 o 12.5
Fy 22.27NJ
F
1732 N
Fy
 diameter 75mm strikes
A jet of water of a velocity
a curved at its centre with
plate is moving
corned plate
of 20m15 The the direction
with a velocity of 8 m s in
an
The jet is deflected through
of the jet exerted by
the force
angle of 165 Find
i
second
ii work done per
the jet on the plate
and Ciii Efficiency of the E

9 75 8M IS

150
I
1800 1650
0
ul
Sad o d u ft
F
Fx fail 072 I coso
2
Fx 1000 470.075120 8 It cos150
Power of the jet Exo
is 1.25 8
10kW
workdonels.ee
Efficiency of thejetp
Kinetic energyIsee
I 250 8 1 250 1250
Y 82
fav vz 12
1000 0.0044
X 20 204
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At a sudden enlargement of a water main
the hydraulic
240mm to diameter
from 480mm
10mm Estimate the rate of
gradient rises by
flow Egg
L
Hydraulic gradient fat Pfg

o ol M
10 mm

Head loss due to sudden enlargement

4
he

0.2402
a II d It
0.4802
Az Iu
V Vz 4 V2

so he l 4k 21 91 zg
Bernoulli's exp

fig 1
Ig 12 Rpg Ig 122 the

Pfg 14
2 Egg Eg tht 91g

161 Vig 911g ffg th ffg th

i8m

482 X o 181
Q AzVz Ego
lt s o.o32m
IQe32.75
 Hagen Poiseuille Equation
or

Flow of the viscousd through a cigar

C 2 Trax

i
I
pay
2
I a

E Fx 0

So
z za r ax o
P Rt case

axe ezxxa.c

oI.izT
e

IEEE
Shea stress
Velocity
Z is also de
p dy
But here R r
y
dr
dy
so e de
p dr
From equation
e pedant

E II
w r t r
Integrating

c Tf
u

To find the value of constant c

Boundary conditions
At r R 4 0
02 1C becomes
So u 8
 o
8 R't C

R2
C
8
substituting c in equation we get
a
fpdf.si offer

fµT
u i

Velocity distribution
 To find the average velocity
Uarg
the
The average velocity is obtained by dividing
the sectional area
discharge of the fluid across
in which it is flowing

d Velocity at radius X area of ring element

dQ UX 2Ardr

dQ R2 r zardr
x

Q de R2 f utrdr
for fµ c

fi 17 R2 f rdr
2

tff EI FIR
Q t luf RI

µ T ot
 Uarg I Eea
R4
T Esp

R
m

re
sit

µ
Pressure deep acroses the section
Using J equation
E gtfo 8 R2

8 PI
R2
doc
f 2Op g
Z
µ Ipa

Ch Pd
8 t 04 x

P Pz 8µ
Iq Xa x

X L
But Iz

P Pz 8 P I L
R2
8 J L 32 lNFL
P Pa p z
d2
R R 32K
Tg Pg d2
so
ftp.Rgk
34fgYIT
Poiseuille's
This equation is known as Hagen

equation
 Is

!$'
!$(
!$)
 Externally
Drag and Lift

Air blowing
over building
trees plant
v aint
H
air External
flow
7
Resultant force of pressure and shear
forces acting on the entire surface of
the body

Component of the resultant pressure and

shear forces acting in the flow
direction is called as the drag force
or drag
resultant
Component of the pressure and
shear forces acting normal to the
flow direction is called as lift force or
 l

Liftytopice
air
F Dragforce

Lift force will move the body

in that direction
force will resist the flow
Drag
of the body

a
art 0

Pressure anforesehgar
Lift
Drag Pressure afodreseshear
 Yum
free stream
velocity

vptxx.EE
O 0
J y

Hey
Free stream velocity The velocity of the
fluid approaching a body

Incompressible flows
Flow over building automobiles trees
Maco 3

Compressible flows
Flow over aircrafts highspeeds rockets
missiles
 blunt body
Bluff body building trees
block the flow of air
stream line body air crafts
with
body is having a shape align
stream lines of the flow
V
c
 Dragandlift

i EfI

PdAfyO
t ew da

dF
p
PDA Coso ZwdA Sino

d PDA since ZwdAcoso

Fa
PDACOSO EwdAsino
Drag foonrce Fo JadFp Ja
body

f
EwdAeoso
Liftonforgged II Jade
PDAsince
 Fp and IT depends on density f ofthe
fluid upstream velocity V size shape
and orientation of the body

Drag co efficient
EWA

efficient C I
Lift co
YzfV2A

where A is the frontal area planearea

normal to the direction of flow

ft dynamic pressure
 A frontal area
of different
cylinder so

A
I µ
LD
v

A D xD

Cube

A td

F disk

Q.me A
E
 streamlined body

FED
A Ad44

Cone

IID A TD
 Friction and Pressure drag

Pressureforce Shear force

Drag force
PDA t EwdA
Fp

The that is due directly

part of drag is called the
to wall shear stress Cw
skinfnnction drag on friction drag

The that is due to pressure p

part of drag
is called the pressure drag

fn n

CP friction ENA
Fb pressure
CD pressure
A
Cp CD friction Cp pressure

FD friction 1 FD pressure
Fp
 Frcoso
Drag force FD

Fp 580.005350

475NJ
LFp

Lift force Fc Frsino

580 sin 350
FL

333NJ
FL
Assume
density of air _1.164 Kglm

force Fp CDA
Drag
ZED
CD V 90 Km hr
FAV'd 90 m s
3600
25 Mls

2 220 2 0.29
Cpg
1 164K 1.25 1.65 252

Oi2
CD
A The air is calm
110km h
rear
against the direction
b wind is blowing
of the car at 30km1 hr

110 130
V V'cart wind
140km h

in the same direction

C wind is blowing
the at 30km h
of car

110 30
rear Vwind
80km h
 5
Take fair 11269kgm3 1.382 10 MYS
2
CD 0 A Idk

air gm

FD FD FDpressure
friction
512 4 9
FD friction Fp Fp pressure
O 3N
Fp friction

1
Fp CDA and FD friction CDfriction
 FD friction CD friction
If
FD
Cp Afl

CD friction CD B friction
FD
0.2 a 013

Or 0115
Cp friction
 Take fair L 231Kg m
Cp 1 I

150 km hr 103
150 41 67m21s
3600
A
Frontal area A Idf 045 0,20 m

Fp Cp API lil X O 20 1.231 X 41.67

F 3

at the bottom the poleis

Bending moment of
235
M bottom FpXL 0.25 15

4HNmJ
Mbottom
 Take 22
Cp

Fp Cp AI
2
1 5 0
2.2 0.3 0.9 5056

7li6lNJ
Fp

Work done to overcome this dragforce is

CFDX distance
Fp X L
drag
71 61 Go ooo kmyear

4.3 106 kJ year

 is
Energy input required
4 30X106
Wdra9_ year
Ein
Ncar 0.28

1154 107
Ein KJlyear

is
The amount and cost of fuel
Mfuel Ein HV
Amount of fuel
Volume offuel ffuel ffuel

54 kJ i2k3 kg
Volume offuel
0.72 kg IL
µolumeoffuel 5oq4yea

Unitcost
Cost roloff
509 Ll year X t.IO
Cost 56 0year
Increase in annual cost due to
this sign is 5601year
 Dimensional Analysis

Mathematical tool for solving complex experimental

problems
Methods
r
Rayleigh's
method
a
Buckingham
Matrix tensor method
Bridgham's method

Dimensions
Measurable
Fundamental dimension primary
Desired dimensions
Fundamental dimensions
Mass M Force F
Length 1h1
Time it
Temperature
Deinreddimensions
Area Lx L L2
V LT
IT 3
f m
 Diemsional homogeneity Area
AreaTengthxbedth pursue Fiora
0104
L2 L X L 2
MI'T MLT 11
µ2LJ T2 MI T2
M
Density

1
Quantity Dimensions
Klass M

Length L
Time T
Area E
Volume L
3

velocity LT
Angular velocity T
i
2
Acceleration LT
acceleration 2
Angular y
1
Discharge is 1
2
Gravity LT
I
Dynamic viscosity nai'T
1
kinematic viscosity L2 1
2
Force MLT
3
Density µ 2
Specific weight
2
µ 1
Pressure MEITZ2
Work part
Power 3
 Rayleigh's method
fluid density 5
Q depends on prersuredropapd
diameter
diameter Drand orifice
pipe
Mathematically f xp S D d

Q c Apa Sb Dc dd
term and a b cand d
where C is dimensionless
to be evaluated
ale arbitary power

Dimensions

t
mE
f.i.f.IE fundamental dimensions
m 3
No of
Q c Lipa Sb De dd
a
Milb Lc Ld
IT c Cmi't

M o atb
L 73 a Sb c d
1 I za
 diameter is raid to be an important
Orifice diameter Ed is
parameter So power of orifice
referance
taken as
From egm From elm
I
a Iz
D a
_Iz
b iz
FromeM
C 3tat3b d
C 3 1
2 312 d
c 2 d

Using com
c apa Sb Dc dd
Q
d
D2 dd
Q c apt 5
d did
Q c apt ftp.D
i5
J 0
 ethod
Rayleighism
force on smoothsphere of
Find an expression for drag velocity in a fluid
diameter D moving with a uniform
viscosity µ
density5 and dynamic
dependent variable
F dragforce
D diameter
velocity Independent variable
density
I viscosity
µ
Mathematically
F f D V S P
where C is non dimensionalnvm
F C D.av.bg µd a
a b Cgd are powers of D V Sg µ
Dimensions respectively to be determined
2
F 1
I ta L

D L
LT fundamental dimensions
3 No of
f m 3
ML t I
µ b 3
d
MLT
1ha F Cai fait
M I Ctd
L I at b 3C d
T 2 b d

Assuming µ play to a vital role independent

among
variables so power
off µ is d express a b c values in
terms d
using i C d atb 3C d
1
C d 11 a l b 13C 1 d
b d d 3G d d

aay zCg

F c Da Vb Sc pd
d d
F c Dtd v2 g god

F c Bod v id S jd gud
f c D2 v S D did gdpd

F
Tf
Dhis0
 Buckingham a method

Ap S D d Mathematically
Q depends on

Q f Ap f D d
D d o
f gap f
dependents independent n 5
No of parameters
independent variables
Dimensions
5 D d
Q Ap
tifft

Cm 3
No of fundamental dimensions

terms n m
Numbers of a
5 3
2

written as
can be
Eqn
f I 523 0
 To find Tig A2
i term
should contain m
Each term
number of repeating
a
where m represents
variables
AP S D are repeating variables
variables
are non repeating
Q and d
Sb De Q
A Lip
Tz Ap Sb Dh d

Sb pc a
Ae apai
ai37bl.E Pi
Mohoto_LMiii279
a t b
M O
3b c 13
L 70 a

T 70 Za 1

b 112 C 2
a Iz
IT apa lb D a
2
trap't Sh D a
 Hi FI
it apai Sh D d

HM E h
milit fatty
M o Az 1 bz
92 3bz1 Cz l
t
L 70
T 70 292

0 bz 0
Cz I
92

Ipoh
Sb DE d
Fz
Apo fo D d
Fz

152 15 1
1
 CAT Iz o
f
Fifa E
o
1

ftp.t
Q fEfD0
 Buckingham's a method
in a water turbine can
Show that the power p developed
beexpressed as 115
p fN3p5Of
P f l N D B µ 9H
f Pf N D B p g H O
3
P MET
3 Mh
f
N T
D L
B L
µ MI'T
LT
2
g
H L

n no of variables both independent and dependent

m no of fundamental dimensions

n 8
m 3
terms m M
No of A
8 3
5 terms

f M Tz Tz Ta Is 0
terms
Each term should have m 11
m is a
repeating variable
 D N and f as repeating variables

IT Dal Nb 59 p
Iz Dat Nb Sh B
Da Nb 53 µ
Tg
AT Da Nb gC4 H
Das Nb gets g
Tg

I D Nb g't p
bi 3
C
MR T 3
Mooto La f
M 7 0 9 1
L 7 O a 3C 12
T O b 3

C I a 5 b 3

IT Da Nbl Sc P
5 3
Te D N g P

µi p
b
Az Da N f B
b2 3 02
MovTo Lah
f Y m L

M 7 O Cz
L 7 O Az 3Gt l
T 70 bz
Tz Da Nb Fa B
µ E3
1
Moo 10 Laz ft by L

M o Cz
L 70 az 3Gt l
T 70 bae
O
Cz
b2 0

1
Az I 3 cz I z o

Az 1

So Tz D NO fo B
B
E
a
Da b
Tz N f µ
CHE'T4
3
3
MOLOTO Las F b3
Solving 2
I by I
Cz ay
2 l t
AT D N f µ
TF
1i l
AT Da 4 Nb4 fc 4 H
Moloto La4 b4 344 L
CT
M o C4
L O t l
ay 3cg
T o
by
3cg I 0 I
So 9h I

94 1
Cc 0

o
by

So Ty Dall Nb 54 H

AI D No fo H
 Dob Nbs g's g
Is
Mohoto La
if
b5 3 5 LIZ
M o Cg
L O a5 35 t l
T O b5 2

C5 0 b5 2 Ag 1
So
Is D N so g

t5

f Fi T2 AJ 94,55 I 0

fi PE 0
3,25
µ 5
F
Isps Bj µ p
O

f 3,55 BJ O
pzµ

fights 75 1 o
 D D
Fipps 0
SD D
p fN3p50
 AP is a function of
Diameter 1 D
Diameter2 D2
Velocity V
Density f
Viscosity µ
ape f Di Dz V f N

f AP Di Da V f p 0

Dimensions

pp
yg t

So n 6 m 3
 No of A terms is n M 6 3 3

0
So
f CAT T2 Tg

Here D V
µ are repeating variables

so I
Dia Vb 109 ap

Tz DT2 Vb Pk Dz
Tz Dia Vb pub p

T Dia Vb pci ap
b
MI'T HE T
Moc10 a La I

M O Citi
A bi G I
o

1 o bi c 2

Here c I

b C 2 CD Z I
b 1

a b c 11
a C1 CD t 1

A I
 IT D Vt pi ap

ftp.ap.D
1 up

Tz DT2 Vb Ns Dz
2
th 1 L
MOEto LAZ F ly i't

M O Cz
L 0 Azt bz Cz I
0
g bz Cz

So O
Cz
Cz O
bz
bz D

Az bz 1 Cz 1
0 to 1

Az 1

So Dia Vb N Dz
Tze

Tz Di Vo No Dz
 YTEDDIT

Tz Dfb Vbs µc3 p

M i3
Molton has
bs
frailty
M o
Cz I
0 Az bz Cz 3
T O by c3

I
So Cz
bye Cz CD I

b3 1

Az bz Cz 13
G Ct 13
I I 3
11
Az I

1393 Vb f
53 µ
l
AT Di V p f
 T3 Diy
O
But f Cri Iz Is

Dj Diy
o
f
Caff
aI f DII

lap.irDyIT o Dz
Distance d depends on

volume
accln due to gravity
g
density
viscosity
µ
D f f g f p
o
d f g f µ
f
Dimensions

dfg
14 2
31Mif
Ii
II
1
I

n 5 m 3

No of A terms n m

5 3 2

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Assuming g f µ are
repeating
variables
a ga lb pi d
b
ga f p if
Tz
 so T ga Pb's
µ d
b
MOLTO Ma ca GE't y
L

M o be C

a 3 bi
c t I
L o
29 C
O
1

So C b

Za C

C bi
ai
biz
C 11 0
a 3b
11 0
biz 3b Cb

biz 2b 11 0

b I
2
 3b 2

1432
2

a biz
Iz Iz
1a
C b

1GzJ
So I gal fb µ d
73 d
T g't f µ

7
M d9bµ

f
Now Iz e
ga lb µ
F
oh a
3 b
gift Is
Moet
M o but E
L O Az 3bz Gt3
1 292 Cz

Here fCz
O Zaz Cz
zaz f.bz
2Az bz
az bz

O Az 3bz Cz 13

bag 3bz Cbad 13

b 3bztbz 13

beg 2bz 3

b 3
2
3 2
3
 3 bz G
b 633 2

22
152

BE
2
Az 92 2
1

1az
Cz e bz
Cz

b
So TE ga f p f

Tze g p p f

fTz 2J f9µ

So f T2 o

3
f d9
tg
o

j
 HII
d

d
I ol
Dimensionlessnumber t
Reynold's number
2 Froude's number
3 Euler's number
4 Weber's number
5 Mach's number
6 Knudsen number

the fluid
Forces acting on
the
mass x acceleration of fluid
1 Inertia Force Fi
ex surface area
2 Viscous force Fr
3 Gravity
force Fg massing
4 Pressure
force Fp fix a
Fs ox L
5 Surface
tensionforce
6 Elastic force Fe kxa
I Reynold's number Rn
Rn Inertial
viscousforce
MXacdn x velocity
Rn 7
Exa ex a

sqoinarasctfesm.is
RN
fuaIg a
fff
2
SF
or
Rr
SLI or

5
Raf If t isthekinemaatsifosity

2 Froude's Number FN

Fp Inertial
Gravityforce
T
For
f EI
L
FN Tg
3 Euler's Number
FEI
EN
TItiafforce
Pressure

Er
ftp.t
4 Weber's Number Ww

Hr fIFtiaforce
Turfautmion
force

war
EI III
V
INN
E
5 Mach number M
t e
M
Elasticforce
M
f tyg
M where C ffg velocity ofsound
in the fluid
6 Knudsen number kn
Molecularfreepattength
Kµ physical lengthseate
Representative

Kaede
o o