Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 5th Edition Miller Solutions Manual Instant Download All Chapter
Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 5th Edition Miller Solutions Manual Instant Download All Chapter
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Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
1. a. union; A B
b. M N 4, 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 3, 5
b. intersection; A B 8. a. P Q a, e, i
c. intersection b. P Q a, b, c, d , e, f , g, h, i, o, u
d. a x b
9. A C 7, 4
e. union
10. B C 2,
2. 6u 8 2
6u 6
11. A B , 4 2,
6u 6 12. A D , 4 0, 5
6 6
13. A B
u 1 ,1 14. A D
3. 2 3z 4
15. B C 7,
3 z 6
16. B D 0,
3 z 6
17. C D 0, 5
3 3
z2 , 2 18. B D 2, 5
3 19. C D 7,
4. 12 p
4
43
20. A C ,
12 p
4
3 34 21. a. 2, 5 1, 1, 5
16 p b. 2, 5 1, 2,
p 16 16,
22. a. , 4 1, 5 1, 4
1
5. 5 w
3 b. , 4 1, 5 , 5
1
3 5 3 w 5 9
23. a. , 3 1, 1, 3
3 2 2
15 w ,15 5 9 5 9
b. , 3 1, ,
6. 3 x 5 2 x 1 2 2 2 2
x 4
24. a. 3.4,1.6 2.2, 4.1 2.2,1.6
x4 4,
b. 3.4,1.6 2.2, 4.1 3.4, 4.1
7. a. M N 3, 1
476
Section 9.1 Compound Inequalities
25. a. 4, 5 0, 2 0, 2 29. 2t 7 19 and 5t 13 28
2t 12 5t 15
b. 4, 5 0, 2 4, 5
t 6 t 3
26. a. 1, 5 0, 3 0, 3
,6 3, 3,6
b. 1, 5 0, 3 1, 5
27. y 7 9 and y 2 5
y 2 y 3
30. 5 p 2 p 21 and 9 p 3 p 24
2, , 3 2, 3
7 p 21 6 p 24
p 3 p4
28. a 6 2 and 5a 30
3, , 4 3, 4
a 8 a 6
8, , 6 8, 6
31. 2.1k 1.1 0.6 k 1.9 and 0.3k 1.1 0.1k 0.9
32. 0.6 w 0.1 0.3w 1.1 and 2.3w 1.5 0.3w 6.5
10 0.6 w 0.1 10 0.3w 1.1 and 10 2.3w 1.5 10 0.3w 6.5
6 w 1 3w 11 and 23w 15 3w 65
3w 1 11 20 w 15 65
3w 12 20 w 50
50 5
w 4 w
20 2
5 5
4, , ,
2 2
477
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
478
Section 9.1 Compound Inequalities
58. 22 4t 10 or 7 2t 5
51. 12 6 x 3 0
32 4t 12 2t
9 6 x 3
3 1 3 8t 6t
x 1 2 , 2
2 2 ,8 ,6 ,8
52. 4 2 x 5 7 59. 5 x 1 5 or 5 x 11
1 2 x 2 5 x 5 5 x 6
1 1 5x 0 x 6
x 1 1,
2 2 x0 x 6
0, 6, 6,
53. 0.2 2.6 7t 4
2.8 7t 1.4
60. p 7 10 or 3 p 1 12
0.4 t 0.2 0.4, 0.2 p 3 3 p 3 12
p 3 3 p 15
479
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
5 68. a. 2r 4 8 or 3r 5 8
a 12 a
2 2r 12 3r 3
5
, 12 , r 6 r 1
2
6, ,1
480
Section 9.1 Compound Inequalities
481
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
1. a. quadratic 2. 6 x 10 8 or 8 x 2 5
b. solutions; undefined 6 x 18 8x 3
c. test; point 3
x 3 x
8
d. true 3
3, , 8
e. rational
f. zero
482
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
3. 3 a 1 2 0 or 2 a 5a 12
b. , 2 4,
3a 3 2 0 3a 12
c. , 2 4,
3a 1 0 a 4
3a 1 a 4 d. 2, 4
1 11. a. 2, 0 3,
a a 4
1
3
b. , 2 0, 3
3 , , 4 c. , 2 0, 3
4. 5 k 2 25 and 7 1 k 7 d. 2, 0 3,
5k 10 25 7 7k 7
5k 15
7 k 0
12. a. , 3 3,1
b. 1,
k 3 k0
c. 1,
3, , 0 3, 0
5. 2 y 4 10 and 5 y 3 13
d. ,1
2y 6 5 y 16 13. a. 3 4 x 2 x 1 0
16 4 x 0 or 2 x 1 0
y3 y
5 x 4 or 2 x 1
16 16
3, , 3,
1
x 4 or x
5 5 2
6. 0 3 x 1 4 b. 3 4 x 2 x 1 0
0 3x 3 4 The boundary points are 4 and 12 .
3 3x 1 Use test points x –1, x 0,
1 1 and x 5.
1 x 1,
3 3
Test x 1: 3 4 1 2 1 1 3 5 1
7. 6 4 2 x 2 15 0 True
2 2 x 6
Test x 0 : 3 4 0 2 0 1 3 4 1
1 x 3 1, 3 12 0 False
8. 4 5 x 6
Test x 5 : 3 4 5 2 5 1 3 111
9 x 11 33 0 True
9 x 11 9,11 The boundary points are not included.
9. a. , 2 3, The solution is
1
x x or x 4 or , 4,
1
b. 2, 3
2 2
c. 2, 3
d. , 2 3,
10. a. 2, 4
483
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
c. 3 4 x 2 x 1 0 c. 5 y 6 3 5 y 0
The boundary points are 4 The boundary points are 6 and 35 .
and 12 . Use test points Use test points y –7, y 0,
x –1, x 0, and x 5. and y 1.
Test x 1: 3 4 1 2 1 1
Test y 7 : 5 7 6 3 5 7
3 5 1 15 0 False 5 1 38 190 0 False
Test x 0 : 3 4 0 2 0 1
Test y 0 : 5 0 6 3 5 0
3 4 1 12 0 True 5 6 3 90 0 True
Test x 5 : 3 4 5 2 5 1
Test y 1: 5 1 6 3 5 1
3 111 33 0 False 5 7 2 70 0 False
The boundary points are not included.
The boundary points are not included.
The solution is:
The solution is:
1 1 3 3
x x 4 or , 4 . y 6 y or 6, .
2 2 5 5
14. a. 5 y 6 3 5 y 0
15. a. x 2 7 x 30
y 6 0 or 3 5 y 0
x 2 7 x 30 0
y 6 or 5 y 3
3 x 10 x 3 0
y 6 or y
5 x 10 0 or x 3 0
b. 5 y 6 3 5 y 0 x 10 or x 3
The boundary points are 6 and 35 . b. x 7 x 30
2
Use test points y –7, y 0, The boundary points are –10 and 3.
and y 1. Use test points x –11, x 0,
Test y 7 : 5 7 6 3 5 7 and x 4.
5 1 38 190 0 True Test x 11: 11 7 11
2
Test y 0 : 5 0 6 3 5 0 121 77 44 30 False
5 6 3 90 0 Test x 0 : 0 7 0
2
False
Test y 1: 5 1 6 3 5 1 0 0 0 30 True
5 7 2 70 0 Test x 4 : 4 7 4
2
True
The boundary points are not included. 16 28 44 30 False
The solution is: The boundary points are not
3 included. The solution is :
y y 6 or y
5
3
x 10 x 3
or ,6 , .
5
or 10, 3 .
484
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
c. x 2 7 x 30 c. q 2 4 q 5
The boundary points are –10 and 3. The boundary points are –1 and 5.
Use test points x –11, x 0, Use test points q –2, q 0,
and x 4. and q 6.
Test x 11: 11 7 11 Test q 2 : 2 4 2 4 8
2 2
0 0 0 30 False 0 5 False
4 74
2
Test x 4 :
Test q 6 : 6 4 6 36 24
2
16 28 44 30 True
12 5 True
The boundary points are not The boundary points are
included. The solution is: included. The solution is :
x x 10 or x 3 or q q 1 or q 5 or
, 10 3, , 1 5,
16. a. q 2 4 q 5 17. a. 2 p p 2 p 3
q 4q 5 0
2
2 p2 4 p p 3
q 1 q 5 0 2 p2 5 p 3 0
q 1 0 or q 5 0 2 p 1 p 3 0
q 1 or q 5 2 p 1 0 or p 3 0
b. q 4 q 5
2
2 p 1 or p3
The boundary points are –1 and 5. 1
p or p 3
Use test points q –2, q 0, 2
and q 6. b. 2 p p 2 p 3
Test q 2 : 2 4 2 4 8
2 1
The boundary points are
2
12 5 False and 3. Use test points
Test q 0 : 0 4 0 0 0
2
p –1, p 0, and p 4.
0 5 True Test p 1 : 2 1 1 2
Test q 6 : 6 4 6 36 24 2 3 6 1 3 2 False
2
12 5 False Test p 0 : 2 0 0 2
0 2 0 0 3 3
The boundary points are
True
Test p 4 : 2 4 4 2
included.
The solution is :
8 2 16 4 3 7 False
q 1 q 5 or 1, 5 .
485
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
36 10 6 16 False
The boundary points are included. Test w 0 : 3 0 0 4 0 4
The solution is : 0 10 0 10 True
Test w 1: 3 11 4 3 5
1
p p or p 3 or
2
1 15 10 1 9 False
, 2 3,
The boundary points are not included.
18. a. 3w w 4 10 w The solution is :
3w 2 12 w 10 w 2
3w 13w 10 0
2 w w 5 or w or
3
3w 2 w 5 0 2
3w 2 0 or w 5 0
, 5 ,
3
3w 2 or w 5 19. t 7 t 1 0
w
2
or w 5 t 7 t 1 0
3 t 7 0 or t 1 0
b. 3w w 4 10 w t 7 or t 1
2
The boundary points are and – 5. 3 The boundary points are –1 and 7.
Use test points w –6, w 0, Use test points t –2, t 0, and t 8.
and w 1. Test t 2 : 2 7 2 1 9 1
9 0 False
486
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
6 4 2 x 5 x 0
m m 1 m 5 0
2
4 2x 0 or 5 x 0 m 0 or m 1 0 or m 5 0
2 x 4 or x 5 m 0 or m 1 or m 5
x 2 or x5 The boundary points are – 5, –1, and 0.
The boundary points are – 2 and 5. Use test points m –6, m –2,
Use test points x –3, x 0, m –0.5, and m 1.
and x 6.
6 5
2
Test m 6 : 6 6 1
Test x 3 : 6 4 2 3 5 3
6 5 1 150 0 False
2
6 2 96 0 True
2 5
2
Test m 2 : 2 2 1
Test x 0 : 6 4 2 0 5 0
2 1 3 6 0 True
2
6 4 5 120 0 False
487
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
Test m 0.5 :
0.5 0.5 1 0.5 5
2
Test a 0 : 0 2 12 0 0 0
0 32 False
0.5 0.5 4.5 0.5625 0 True
2
Test a 5 : 5 12 5 25 60
2
1 1 1 1 5
2
Test m 1 :
35 32 True
1 2 6 24 0 False
2
Test a 9 : 92 12 9 81 108
The boundary points are included. 27 32 False
The solution is : m 5 m 0 or 5, 0. The boundary points are included.
24. w 2 3 w w 2 0
The solution is a 4 a 8 or 4,8 .
w 2 3 w w 2 0
26. w 2 20 w 64
w 0 or 3 w 0 or w 2 0
w 2 20 w 64
w 0 or 3 w or w 2
The boundary points are – 2, 0, and 3. w 2 20 w 64 0
Use test points w –3, w –1, w 1, w 16 w 4 0
and w 4. w 16 0 or w 4 0
Test w 3 : 3 3 3 3 2
2
w 16 or w 4
9 6 1 54 0 False The boundary points are –16 and – 4.
Test w 1: 1 3 1 1 2
2
Use test points w –17, w –5,
1 4 1 4 0 True and w 0.
Test w 1: 1 3 11 2 Test w 17 : 17 20 17
2 2
488
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
29. b 2 121 0
8 0 True
b 2 121 0
Test x 0 : 5 0 4 0 1 0 0 1
2
b 11 or b 11
15 0 True
The boundary points are –11 and 11.
The boundary points are not included.
The solution is :
Use test points b –12, b 0,
1 and b 12.
x x or x 1
Test b 12 : 12 121 144 121
2
5
1 23 0 False
or , 1, .
5
0
2
Test b 0 : 121 0 121
28. x x 6
2
121 0 True
x2 x 6 0
Test b 12 : 12 121 144 121
2
a 1, b 1, c 6
23 0 False
x
1 1
2
4 1 6 The boundary points are not included.
2 1
The solution is : b 11 b 11 or
1 1 24
11,11 .
2
30. c 2 25 0
1 25
c 2 25 0
2
1 5 c 5 c 5 0
2 c5 0 or c 5 0
The boundary points are : c 5 or c 5
1 5 1 5 The boundary points are – 5 and 5.
=2 and 3.
2 2 Use test points c –6, c 0, and c 6.
489
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
2
Test c 6 : 6 25 36 25 2t 3 t 4 0
2t 3 0 or t 4 0
11 0 False
2t 3 or t 4
0
2
Test c 0 : 25 0 25
3
25 0 True tor t 4
2
6
2
Test c 6 : 25 36 25 The boundary points are 23 and – 4.
11 0 False Use test points t –5, t 0,
The boundary points are not and t 2.
included. Test t 5 : 2 5 5 3 5
The solution is c 5 c 5 or 5, 5 . 10 2 5 25 12 False
Test t 0 : 2 0 0 3 0 0 3 0
31. 3 p p 2 3 2 p
0 12 True
3p p 2 3 2 p
Test t 2 : 2 2 2 3 2 4 5 2
3 p2 6 p 3 2 p
18 12 False
3 p2 8 p 3 0 3 p 1 p 3 0
The boundary points are included.
3p 1 0 or p 3 0
3 3
3 p 1 or p3 The solution is t 4 t or 4,
2 2
1
p or p3
3 33. x 3 x 2 12 x
The boundary points are 13 and 3. x 3 x 2 12 x
Use test points p –1, p 0, and p 4. x 3 x 2 12 x 0
Test p 1: 3 1 1 2 3 3 3 3
x x 2 x 12 0
6 2 1 2 True x x 3 x 4 0
Test p 0 : 3 0 0 2 3 0 2 3 x 0 or x 3 0 or x 4 0
3 2 0 0 False x 0 or x 3 or x 4
Test p 4 : 3 4 4 2 3 12 2 3 The boundary points are – 3, 0, and 4.
21 2 4 8 True Use test points x –4, x –1, x 1,
The boundary points are included. and x 5.
64 16
3 2
1 Test x 4 : 4 4
The solution is p p or p 3 or
3 80 12 4 48 True
1
, 3 3, . Test x 1: 1 1 1 1
3 2
32. 2t t 3 t 12
2 12 1 12 False
2t t 3 t 12 1 1
3 2
Test x 1: 1 1
2t 6t t 12
2
0 12 1 12 True
2t 2 5t 12 0
490
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
100 12 5 60 False w3 w2 4 w 4
The boundary points are included. w3 w 2 4 w 4 0
The solution is x x 3 or 0 x 4 w 2 w 1 4 w 1 0
w 1 w 2 w 2 0
34. x 3 36 4 x 2 9 x w 1 0 or w 2 0 or w 2 0
x 36 4 x 9 x
3 2
w 1 or w 2 or w 2
x 4 x 9 x 36 0
3 2
The boundary points are – 2, –1, and 2.
x2 x 4 9 x 4 0 Use test points w –3, w –1.5, w 0,
x 4 x 9 0
2 and w 3.
Test w 3 : 3 3 27 9
3 2
x 4 x 3 x 3 0
x 4 0 or x 3 0 or x 3 0 18 4 3 4
x 4 or x 3 or x 3 12 4 8 False
Test w 1.5 : 1.5 1.5
3 2
The boundary points are – 3, 3, and 4.
Use test points x –4, x 0, x 3.5, 3.375 2.25 1.125 4 1.5 4
and x 5. 6 4 2 True
Test w 0 : 0 0 0 0
3 3 2
Test x 4 : 4 36 64 36
0 4 0 4 0 4 4 False
28 4 4 9 4 64 36
2
Test w 3 : 3 3 27 9
3 2
28 False
36 4 3 4
0
3
Test x 0 : 36 0 36
12 4 16 True
36 4 0 9 0 0 0 0 True
2
The boundary points are not included.
Test x 3.5 : 3.5 36 42.875 36
3
The solution is:
78.875 4 3.5 9 3.5 49 31.5
2
w 2 w 1 or w 2
80.5 False or 2, 1 2, .
Test x 5 : 5 36 125 36
3
36. 2 p3 5 p 2 3 p
161 4 5 9 5 100 45
2
2 p3 5 p 2 3 p
145 True 2 p3 5 p 2 3 p 0
The boundary points are not included.
p 2 p2 5 p 3 0
The solution is : x 3 x 3 or x 4 p 2 p 1 p 3 0
or 3, 3 4, p 0 or 2 p 1 0 or p 3 0
491
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
7 3 1 3 True 10 5 x 25
35 5 x
3 2
Test p 0.1: 2 0.1 5 0.1
x7
0.002 0.05 10
5
b.
0.052 3 0.1 x 5
The boundary points are
0.3 False
7 and 5 undefined .
Test p 1: 2 1 5 1 2 5
3 2
492
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
8 z2
42. a. 4 43. a. 3
a 1 z6
8 4 a 1 z 2 3 z 6
z 2 3z 18
8 4a 4
4 z 16
4 4a
z4
a 1
z2
8 b. 3
b. 4 z 6
a 1 The boundary points are
The boundary points are
4 and 6 undefined .
1 and 1 undefined .
Use test points x 2, x 0, and x 2. Use test points z 0, z 5, and z 7.
02 2 1
Test x 2 :
8
8
8 4 False Test z 0 : 3 False
0 6 6 3
2 1 1
8 8 52 7
Test x 0 : 84 True Test z 5 : 7 3 True
0 1 1 5 6 1
72 9
8 8 Test z 7 : 9 3 False
Test x 2 : 4 False 76 1
2 1 3
The boundary points are not included. The boundary point at z 4 is included.
The solution is : The solution is
x 1 x 1 z 4 z 6 or 4, 6 .
or 1,1 . z2
c. 3
c.
8
4 z 6
a 1 The boundary points are
The boundary points are 4 and 6 undefined .
1 and 1 undefined . Use test points z 0, z 5, and z 7.
Use test points x 2, x 0, and x 2. 02 2
Test z 0 :
Test x 2 :
8
8 0 6 6
2 1 1 1
8 4 True 3 False
3
8 8 52 7
Test x 0 : Test z 5 :
0 1 1 5 6 1
8 4 False 7 3 True
72 9
Test x 2 :
8 8
4 True Test z 7 :
2 1 3 76 1
The boundary points are not included. 9 3 False
493
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
w 8 7 8 15
44. a. 2 Test w 7 :
w6 7 6 1
w 8 2 w 6 15 2 True
w 8 2 w 12 0 8 8
w 20 Test w 0 :
06 6
w 20 4
2 False
w 8 3
b. 2
w6 The boundary point at w –20
The boundary points are
is included.
–20 and – 6 undefined . The solution is:
Use test points w –21, w –7,
and w 0
w 20 w 6
Test w 21:
21 8 29
or 20, 6 .
21 6 15 2
29 45. 0
2 True x 1
15 2
7 8 15 0
Test w 7 : x 1
7 6 1
2 0 x 1
15 2 False
0 8 8 2 0 No Solution
Test w 0 :
06 6 The boundary point is 1 undefined .
4
2 True Use test points x 0 and x 2.
3 2 2
Test x 0 : 2 0 False
The boundary point at w –20 0 1 1
2 2
is included. Test x 2 : 2 0 True
The solution is : 2 1 1
The boundary point is not included.
w w 20 or w 6 The solution is :
or , 20 6, . x x 1 or 1, .
w 8 3
c. 2 46. 0
w6 x2
The boundary points are 3
0
–20 and – 6 undefined . x2
Use test points w –21, w –7, 3 0 x 2
and w 0. 3 0 No Solution
21 8 29 The boundary point is – 2 undefined
Test w 21: Use test points x – 3 and x 0.
21 6 15
29
2 False 3 3
Test x 3 :
15 3 2 1
3 0 False
494
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
3 3 3 4 1 5
Test x 0 : 0 True Test a 4 : 50 False
02 2 2 4 3 1
The boundary point is not included. The boundary points are not included.
The solution is : x x 2 or 2,
The solution is : a 1 a 3
b4 or 1, 3
47. 0
b4 3
b4 49. 1
0 2x 7
b4 3
b4 0 1
b 4 2x 7
3 1 2 x 7
Boundary points are 3 2 x 7
–4 and 4 undefined . 2x 4
Use test points b –5, b 0, x2
and b 5. Boundary points are 2 and 7
2
Test b 5 :
5 4 1 1
0 True undefined
5 4 9 9 Use test points x 0, x 3, and x 4.
04 4
Test b 0 : 1 0 False Test x 0 :
3
3
0 4 4 2 0 7 7
5 4 9
Test b 5 : 90 True 3
1 False
54 1 7
The boundary points are not included. 3 3
Test x 3 :
The solution is : 2 3 7 1
b b 4 or b 4 or , 4 4, 3 1 True
3 3
a 1 Test x 4 :
48. 0 2 4 7 1
a 3
a 1 3 1 False
0
a 3 The boundary points are not included.
a 1 0 The solution is :
a 1 7 7
The boundary points are x 2 x or 2, 2
2
–1 and 3 undefined .
8
Use test points a –2, a 0, 50. 1
4x 9
and a 4. 8
1
2 1 1 1 4x 9
Test a 2 : 0 False 8 4x 9
2 3 5 5
0 1 1 1 1
Test a 0 : 0 True 4 x 1 x
0 3 3 3 4
495
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
or 5, 7
1
Test x 1: 1 2 True
1
496
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
55. 0 2 y 2 8 24
x
x 2 0 2 y 2 32 0
2
x
2 y 2 16 0
x 2 0
2
2 y 4 y 4 0
x2 0 y 4 0 or y 4 0
x 2
y 4 or y4
Boundary points are
–2 and 0 undefined . The boundary points are – 4 and 4.
497
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
and y 5.
The quantity 5 x 2 is greater than
2
Test y 5 :
or equal to zero which is greater than
2 5 8 50 8 42 24 False
2
–4 for all real numbers. The solution
Test y 0 :
is all real numbers, , .
2 0 8 0 8 8 24 True
2
60. 3 7 x 1
2
Quadratic
Test y 5 :
The quantity 3 7 x is greater than
2
2 5 8 50 8 42 24 False
2
2 0 3
3
The boundary points are not included. Test x 0 :
The solution is : 0 1 1
32 False
3 3
p p or p The boundary point is not included.
2 2 The solution is :
3 3
or , , .
2 2 x x 1 or , 1 .
498
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
4 3 1
2 y 0 or y 3 0
5 0 1
1 1 y 0 or y 3
Test x 0 :
5 False
03 3 3 The boundary points are 0 and 3.
The boundary point is not included.
Use test points y –1, y 1,
The solution is :
and y 4.
x x 3 or , 3 . Test y 1: 2 1 12 1 18 1
3 2
4 x 3 40 x 2 100 x 0 2 12 18 8 0 False
4 x x 10 x 25 0
2
Test y 4 : 2 4 12 4 18 4
3 2
4 x x 5 0
2
128 192 72 8 0 False
4 x 0 or x 5 0 The boundary points are not included.
x 0 or x5 The solution is :
x x 0 or , 0 .
The boundary points are 0 and 5.
Use test points x –1, x 1,
and x 6. 67. 2 p3 4 p2 Polynomial(degree > 2)
Test x 1: 4 1 40 1 100 1 2 p3 4 p2
3 2
4 40 100 144 0 2 p3 4 p2 0
False 2 p2 p 2 0
Test x 1: 4 1 40 1 100 1 p2 0 or p 2 0
3 2
4 40 100 64 0 p 0 or p 2
True The boundary points are 0 and 2.
Use test points p –1, p 1,and p 3.
Test x 6 : 4 6 40 6 100 6
3 2
499
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
4 False 3 4 5 3 16 5
2
Test p 3 : 2 3 54 4 3
3 2
240 0 True
36 True Test x 6 : 3 6 4 6 5
2
included.
300 0 False
The solution is: p p 2 or 2, . The boundary points are included.
68. w 3 5w 2 Polynomial(degree > 2) The solution is :
w 3 5w 2 x x 5 or , 5 .
w 5w 0
3 2
70. 5 x x 2 x 6 0
2
w w 5 0
2
Polynomial(degree > 2)
w 2 0 or w 5 0
5 x 0 or x 2 0 or x 6 0
w 0 or w5
The boundary points are 0 and 5. x 0 or x 2 or x 6
The boundary points are 0, 2 and 6.
Use test points w –1, w 1,
Use test points x –1, x 1,
and w 6.
x 3 and x 7.
Test w 1: 1 1 5 1
3 2
5 True
5 3 7 5 3 49
2
735 0 True
5 True
Test x 1: 5 11 2 1 6
2
Test w 6 : 6 216 5 6
3 2
5 1 5 5 1 25
2
180 False
The boundary points are included. 125 0 False
Test x 3 : 5 3 3 2 3 6
2
The solution is : w w 5 or , 5
15 1 3 15 1 9
2
69. 3 x 4 x 5 0
2
135 0 True
Polynomial(degree > 2)
Test x 7 : 5 7 7 2 7 6
2
x4 0 or x 5 0
35 5 1 35 5 1
2
x 4 or x5
The boundary points are – 4 and 5. 175 0 True
Use test points x –5, x 0,and x 6. The boundary points are included.
Test x 5 : 3 5 4 5 5
2
The solution is :
500
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
65 1
Test x 0 : 0 2 0 2 2 0 True The boundary points a –2 is included.
2
Test x 2 : 2 2 4 2 2 0 False
2
The solution is : a a 2 or a 5
The boundary points are not included.
or , 2 5, .
The solution is :
t 1
x 2x 2 or
2, 2 .
74.
t 2
t 1
0 Rational
72. y 2 3 0 Quadratic 0
t 2
y2 3 0 t 1 0
y2 3 t 1
The boundary points are –1 and 2
y 3
undefined .
The boundary points are 3 and 3
Use test points t –2, t 0,
Use test points y –2, y 0, and y 2.
and t 3.
Test y 2 : 2 3 4 3 1 0 True
2
2 1 1 1
Test t 2 : 0 False
Test y 0 : 0 3 0 3 3 0 False 2 2 4 4
2
0 1 1 1
Test y 2 : 2 3 4 3 1 0 True Test t 0 : 0 True
2
0 2 2 2
The boundary points are not included. 3 1 4
Test t 3 : 4 0 False
The solution is : 32 1
The boundary points t –1 is included.
y y 3 or y 3 The solution is :
or , 3 3, t 1 t 2 or 1, 2
a2 75. 2 t 3 Linear
73. 0 Rational
a5
5t
a2
0
a5 t5 , 5
a2 0 76. 5 p 8 p Linear
a 2 8 6p
Boundary points are – 2 and 5
4 4
undefined . p
3 3 ,
501
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
77. x 2 2 x 1 0 83. x 2 12 x 36 0 x 6 0
2
x
or equal to zero for all real numbers. 2 1
There is no solution.
3 9 20
80. x 2 8 x 16 0
2
x 4
2
0 3 11
The quantity x 4 is greater than or
2 2
3 i 11
equal to zero for all real numbers.
2
The solution is all real numbers, Since the solutions for the related
, . equation are complex numbers,
81. x 4 3 x 2 0 there are either no real number
solutions or all real numbers as
The expression x 4 3 x 2 is greater
solutions. Test to check.
than zero for all real numbers, x,
except 0 which makes the expression Test x 0 :
502
Section 9.2 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
1 19
zero for all real numbers
10
except for 11.
1 i 19
10 , 11) (11, .
Since the solutions for the related 90. y 2 24 y 144 0
equation are complex numbers,
x 12
2
0
there are either no real number
solutions or all real numbers as The quantity (x-12)2 is greater than
solutions. Test to check. zero for all real numbers except for 12.
Test x 0 : ,12) (12, .
5 0 0 0 0 91. 4t 2 12t 9
2
0 1 True 4t 2 12t 9 0
The solution is all real numbers, , . 2t 3
2
0
88. 3 x x 6
2
The quantity (2t-3)2 is less than or
3 x 2 x 6 0 3 3
a 3, b 1, c 6
equal to zero only when t=
2 2
503
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
92. 4t 2 12t 9
4t 2 12t 9 0
2t 3
2
0
The quantity (2t-3)2 greater than zero
3
for all real numbers except for
2
3 3 97. x 2 10 x 25 0
, 2 2 ,
5
x
93. 0
x 2
, 0 2,
98. x 2 10 x 25 0
5
x
94. 0
x 2
0, 2
8
99. 0
x 2
2
No Solution
95. x 2 1 0
1,1
6
100. 0 No Solution
x2 3
96. x 2 1 0
, 1 1,
504
Section 9.3 Absolute Value Equations
2
Test x 2 : 2 1 1
t t 1 or t
4 1 3 0 True 2
1
Test x 0 : 0 1
2
or , 1 ,
2
0 1 1 0 False
505
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
6. x 3 7 x 2 8 x 0 11. y 8 5
x3 7x2 8x 0 y 3 No solution,
x x2 7x 8 0 12. x 12 6
x x 1 x 8 0 x 6
x 0 or x 1 0 or x 8 0 No solution,
x 0 or x 1 or x 8
13. w 3 1
The boundary points are –1, 0,
and 8. w 2
Use test points x –2, x –0.5, w 2 or w 2, 2,2
x 1, and x 9. 14. z 14 10
8 2
3 2
Test x 2 : 2 7 2 z 4
8 28 16 20 0 False z 4 or z 4, 4, 4
3 2
Test x 0.5 : 0.5 7 0.5 8 0.5 15. 3q 0
0.125 1.75 4 2.125 0 True 3q 0 or 3q 0
Test x 1: 1 7 1 8 1 1 7 8 q0
3 2
Test x 9 : 9 7 9 8 9
3 2 4 p 0 or 4p 0
729 567 72 90 0 True p0
1 1
The boundary points are not included. 17. 3 x
2 2
The solution is
1 1 1 1
x 1 x 0 or x 8 3x
2 2
or 3 x
2 2
or 1, 0 8, 3 x 1 or 3x 0
1
7. p 7 x or x0
3
p 7 or p 7
18. 4 x 1 6
8. q 10
4 x 1 6 or 4 x 1 6
q 10 or q 10
4 x 5 or 4 x 7
9. x 5 11 5 7
x or x
x 6 4 4
x 6 or x 6 19. 5 2x 4
2 x 4 5 or 2 x 4 5
10. x 3 20
2 x 9 or 2 x 1
x 23
9 1
x 23 or x 23 x or x
2 2
506
Section 9.3 Absolute Value Equations
20. 10 3x 7 27. 10 4 2 y 1
3x 7 10 or 3x 7 10 2y 1 6
3x 3 or 3x 17 2 y 1 6 or 2 y 1 6
x 1 or x
17 2 y 5 or 2 y 7
3 5 7
7z 1 y or y
21. 36 2 2
3 3 28. 1 5 x 7
7z 1
3 5x 7 1
3 3
5 x 7 1 or 5 x 7 1
7z 1 7z 1
3 or 3 5 x 6 or 5 x 8
3 3 3 3
7 z 1 9 or 7 z 1 9 6 8
x or x
7 z 10 or 7 z 8 5 5
10 8 29. 2 3b 7 9 9
z or z
7 7 2 3b 7 0
w 3 w 3
22. 2 7 9 3b 7 0
2 2 2 2
3b 7 0 or 3b 7 0
w 3 w 3
9 or 9 7
2 2 2 2 3b 7 b
w 3 18 or w 3 18 3
w 15 or w 21 30. 3 5 x 1 4 4
23. 0.2 x 3.5 5.6 No solution 3 5 x 1 0
24. 1.81 2 x 2.2 No solution 5x 1 0
1 5 x 1 0 or 5 x 1 0
25. 1 4 2 w
4 1
1 5 x 1 x
2 w 5 5
4
31. 2 x 3 5
1 1
2 w 5 or 2 w 5 5
4 4 x 3 No solution
8 w 20 or 8 w 20 2
w 12 or w 28 32. 3 x 5 7
w 12 or w 28 7
x 5 No solution
26. 12 6 6 2 x 3
6 2x 6 33. 0 6 x 9
6 2 x 6 or 6 2 x 6 6 x 9 0 or 6 x 9 0
2 x 0 or 2 x 12 3
6x 9 x
x 0 or x 6 2
507
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
34. 7 4k 6 7 39. 4 x 2 8 4 x 2 8
0 4k 6 4 x 2 8 or 4 x 2 8
4 k 6 0 or 4 k 6 0 4 x 10 or 4 x 6
4k 6 x
5
or x
3
3 2 2
k
2 40. 3x 5 5 3 x 5 5
1 1 9 3x 5 5 or 3x 5 5
35. k
5 2 5 3x 0 or 3x 10
1 1 9 1 1 9 10
k or k x 0 or x
5 2 5 5 2 5 3
2 5k 18 or 2 5k 18
41. 4 w 3 2w 5
5k 20 or 5k 16
4 w 3 2w 5 or 4 w 3 2w 5
16
k 4 or k 4 w 3 2w 5 or 4 w 3 2w 5
5
1 2 1 2w 3 5 or 6w 3 5
36. h 2w 8 or 6w 2
6 9 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 1
h or h w 4 or w
6 9 2 6 9 2 3
3 4 h 9 or 3 4 h 9 42. 3y 1 2 y 7
4 h 12 or 4 h 6
3y 1 2 y 7 or 3y 1 2 y 7
3
h 3 or h 3y 1 2 y 7 or 3y 1 2 y 7
2
y 1 7 or 5 y 1 7
37. 3 2 6 x 5 10
y 8 or 5 y 6
3 2 6 x 15 6
y 8 or y
2 6x 5 5
2 6x 5 or 2 6 x 5 43. 2 y 5 7 2 y
6 x 3 or 6 x 7 2 y 5 7 2 y or 2 y 5 7 2 y
1 7 2 y 5 7 2 y or 2 y 5 7 2 y
x or x
2 6 4y 5 7 or 5 7
38. 5 1 2 x 7 3 1
4y 2 y or contradiction
5 1 2 x 10 2
44. 9a 5 9a 1
1 2x 2
9a 5 9a 1 or 9a 5 9a 1
1 2x 2 or 1 2 x 2
9a 5 9a 1 or 9a 5 9a 1
2 x 1 or 2 x 3
1 3 5 1 or 18a 5 1
x or x 2
2 2 contradiction or 18a 4 a
9
508
Section 9.3 Absolute Value Equations
509
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
6 z 8 or 00
8
z or all real numbers
6
z | z is a real number
55. x 2 x 4 0
x2 x4 No solution,
56. t 6 t 1 0 63. 8 x 1 8 1
t 6 t 1 No solution, No solution
57. x 6
7
58. x
2
4
59. x
3
60. x 9 64. 3 x 2 4 2
61. 4 x 3 5 No solution
1
x 2 or x
2
65. x 3 x 2
1
x
2
62. x 4 3 66. x 4 x 2
x 1
x 1 or x 7
510
Section 9.4 Absolute Value Inequalities
1. a. a ; a b. x 5
b. a ; x 5 or x 5 , 5 5,
c. ; (, ) c. x 5
d. includes; excludes
5 x 5 5, 5
2. 10 x 6 5 No solution
10. a. a 4
3. 2 5 7x 1
a 4 or a 4
1 5 7x
b. a 4
5 7 x 1 or 5 7 x 1
7 x 4 or 7 x 6
a 4 or a 4 , 4 4,
4 6 c. a 4
x or x
7 7 4 a 4 4, 4
4. 3 x 12 4 6 2
11. a. x 3 7
3 x 12 0
x 3 7 or x 3 7
3 x 12 0
x 4 or x 10
3 x 12 x 4
5. 15 3w 6 9 b. x 3 7
9 3w 3 x 3 7 or x 3 7
3 w 1 3, 1 x 4 or x 10
6. 5 2 y 1 and 3y 2 14 , 4 10,
2 y 4 3y 12 c. x 3 7
y2 y4
2, 4, 4,
7 x 3 7 4 x 10 4,10
12. a. w 2 6
7. m 7 5 or m 7 10
w 2 6 or w 2 6
m2 m 3
w 8 or w4
, 2 3, , b. w 2 6
8. 3b 2 7 or b 2 4 w 2 6 or w 2 6
3b 9 b6 w 8 or w 4
b3 b6 , 8 4,
,3 6, c. w 2 6
9. a. x 5 6 w 2 6
x 5 or x 5 8 w 4 8, 4
511
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
13. a. p 2 b. p 3 0
No solution p 3 0 or p 3 0
b. p 2
p 3 or p 3 , 3 3,
All real numbers , c. p 3 0
p 2 No solution
c.
No solution 19. a. k 7 0
14. a. x 14 k 70
No solution k7
b. k 7 0
b. x 14
k 7 0 or k 7 0
All real numbers ,
k 7 or k 7 , 7 7,
c. x 14
No solution c. k 7 0
15. a. y 1 6 No solution
No solution 20. a. 2 x 4 3 2
b. y 1 6 No solution
All real numbers , b. 2 x 4 3 2
All real numbers (-, )
c. y 1 6
c. 2 x 4 3 2
No solution
No solution
16. a. z 4 3 21. x 6
No solution
b. z 4 3
x 6 or x 6 , 6 6,
All real numbers , 22. x 6
c. z 4 3
6 x 6 6, 6
No solution
17. a. x 0
x0 23. t 3
b. x 0 3 t 3 3, 3
x 0 or x 0 , 0 0,
c. x 0 24. p 3
No solution p 3 or
18. a. p 3 0
p3 0
p 3 , 3 3,
p 3
512
Section 9.4 Absolute Value Inequalities
25. y 2 0 x 3
32. 2 4
All real numbers , 2
x 3
6
2
x 3 x 3
6 or 6
2 2
26. 0 7n 2 x 3 12 or x 3 12
All real numbers , x 15 or x9
, 15 9,
27. 5 2 x 1 33. 14 9 4 y 2
2x 1 5 9 4 y 16
2 x 1 5 or 2 x 1 5 9 4 y 16 or 9 4 y 16
4 y 25 or 4 y 7
2 x 4 or 2x 6
25 7
x 2 or x 3 y or y
4 4
, 2 3, 7 25
, 4 4 ,
28. x 2 7
x 2 7 or x 2 7
34. 5 2 m 7 4
x 5 or x 9
, 5 9, 1 2m 7
2m 7 1
1 2 m 7 1
29. k 7 3
6 2m 8
No solution
30. h 2 9
3 m 4 3, 4
No solution
w2 2x 1
31. 3 1 35. 5
3 4
w2 2x 1
4 5 5
3 4
20 2 x 1 20
w2
4 4 21 2 x 19
3
12 w 2 12 21 19 21 19
x 2 , 2
10 w 14 10,14 2 2
513
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
x4
36. 9 2
5 42. y 1 4 4 y 1 0
x4 0 y 1 0
7
5
1 y 1
x4
7
5
7 1
35 x 4 35
31 x 39 31, 39 43. z 6 5 5 z 6 0
z 6 0 or z 6 0
37. 8 4 3 x 12 z6 or z 6
4 4 3x , 6 6,
4 3x 4
All real numbers , 44. 2c 1 4 4
2c 1 0
2c 1 0 or 2c 1 0
38. 16 5 x 1 1
2c 1 or 2c 1
15 5 x 1 1 1
c or c
2 2
5 x 1 15 1 1
, 2 2 ,
All real numbers ,
45. 5 2 y 6 3 13
39. 5 2m 1 5 5 2 y 6 10 2 y 6 2
2m 1 0 2 y 6 2 or 2 y 6 2
2y 4 or 2y 8
2m 1 0
y2 or y4
No solution
40. 3 5 x 3 3 , 2 4,
5x 3 0
46. 7 y 1 3 11
5x 3 0
No solution 7 y 1 14
41. p 5 0 y 1 2
0 p 5 0 y 1 2 or y 1 2
5 p 5 y 3 or y 1
5 , 3 1,
514
Section 9.4 Absolute Value Inequalities
51. x 7
47. 3 6 t 1 5 52. x 3 4
3 6 t 6
53. x 2 13
6t 2
54. x 6
2 6 t 2
8 t 4 55. x 32 0.05
4 8 x 16 7 1
58. x
8 16
8 x 4
59. w 2 0.01
4 8 x 4
0.01 w 2 0.01
12 x 4
1.99 w 2.01
12 x 4
1.99, 2.01
4,12
The solution set is w |1.99 w 2.01
or equivalently in interval notation,
49. 0.02 x 0.06 0.1 0.05
1.99, 2.01 . This means that the actual
0.02 x 0.06 0.15
width of the bolt could be between 1. 99
0.15 0.02 x 0.06 0.15 cm and 2. 01 cm, inclusive.
0.21 0.02 x 0.09
60. p 0.53 0.03
10.5 x 4.5
0.03 p 0.53 0.03
10.5, 4.5 0.50 p 0.56 0.50,0.56
The solution set is p | 0.50 p 0.56
50.
or equivalently in interval notation,
0.05 x 0.04 0.01 0.11
0.50,0.56 . This means that the
0.05 x 0.04 0.12 percentage of votes received by the
0.12 0.05 x 0.04 0.12 front-runner was projected to be
0.08 0.05 x 0.16 between 50% and 56%, inclusive.
1.6 x 3.2 61. b
1.6, 3.2 62. d
63. a
64. c
515
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
70. x 2 2 No solution
x 1
67. 2 7, 5
3 71. 2 x 5 4 ,
72. 1 2 x 4 ,
516
Problem Recognition Exercises: Equations and Inequalities
1 4
73. 6 x 1 0 x 74. 3 x 4 0 x
6 3
or , 9 1, x 8 x 2
2. 5a 2 6 a 4 Linear or 8, 2 .
5a 2 6a 24 4. 4 x 2 7 x 2 Quadratic
a 26 a 26 4 x 7x 2 0
2
x4
3. 1 Rational 4 x 1 x 2 0
2x 4
4 x 1 0 or x 2 0
x4
1 4 x 1 or x 2
2x 4
x 4 1 2 x 4 1
x or x 2
x 4 2 x 4 8 x 4
517
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
p 4 0 or p 1 0 84 2 2 0 True
p 4 or p 1
518
Problem Recognition Exercises: Equations and Inequalities
10.
x 6
7 x 4 Rational
Test x 4 : 4 3 2 4 1 4 5
x4 1 9 9 81 0 True
x 6
x 4 x 4 7 x 4 The boundary points are included.
The solution is :
x 6 7 x 28
6 x 22 1
x 5 x or x 3
11 2
x
1
3 or 5, 3,
11. 3 2 x 4 1 x 3 Linear 2
6 x 12 1 x 3 14. x 2 x 3 0 Quadratic
6 x 12 x 4
a 1, b 1, c 3
7 x 16
1 1 4 1 3
2
16 x
x
7 2 1
16 1 1 12
7 ,
2
12. 6 x 5 3 2 Absolute value 1 11
2
6 x 5 1
1 i 11
No solution
2
13. x 3 2 x 1 x 5 0 Since the solutions for the related
Polynomial degree > 2 equation are complex numbers,
x 3 2 x 1 x 5 0 there are either no real number
x 3 0 or 2 x 1 0 or x 5 0 solutions or all real numbers as
x 3 or 2 x 1 or x 5 solutions. Test to check.
x 3 or
1
x or x 5 Test x 0 :
2
0 0 3 0 0 3
2
The boundary points are – 5, 12 ,
and 3. 3 0 True
Use test points x –6, x –1, The solution is all real numbers
x 0, and x 4. ,
519
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
6 x
15. 2 Rational 17. 2 6 6 Absolute value
y2 4
6 x
2 2 0
y2 4
6 2 y 2 x
2 0 or
x
2 0
4 4
6 2 y 4 x x
2 or 2
2 2 y 4 4
x 8 or x 8
y 1
Boundary points are –1 and 2 , 8 8,
undefined . 18. x 2 36 0 Quadratic
Use test points y – 2, y 0, x 6 x 6 0
and y 3. x 6 0 or x 6 0
6 6 x 6 or x 6
Test y 2 :
2 2 4 The boundary points are – 6 and 6.
3 Use test points x – 7, x 0,
2 True
2 and x 7.
6 6 Test x 7 : 7 36 49 36
2
Test y 0 :
02
2 13 0 False
3 2 False Test x 0 : 0 36 0 36
2
6 6 36 0 True
Test y 3 :
32 1 Test x 7 : 7 36 49 36
2
6 2 True
13 0 False
The boundary points are not included.
The solution is : The boundary points are not
y y 1 or y 2 included.
The solution is :
or , 1 2, x 6 x 6 or 6, 6
16. x 2 1 5 x Quadratic
19. 3 y3 5 y 2 12 y 20 0 Polynomial
x 2 5x 1 0
y 2 3 y 5 4 3 y 5 0 (degree > 2)
a 1, b 5, c 1
3y 5 y 2 4 0
5 5 4 1 1
2
x
2 1
3y 5 y 2 y 2 0
3 y 5 0 or y 2 0 or y 2 0
5 25 4
3 y 5 or y 2 or y2
2
5
5 29 y or y 2 or y2
3
2
520
Problem Recognition Exercises: Equations and Inequalities
undefined . Test x 2 : 4 2 2 5 2 2 3
2
Use test points x –1, x 1, 8 7 1 8 49 1
2
Test x 1 :
1
1 Test x 1 : 4 1 1 5 2 1 3
2
1 5 6
4 6 1 4 36 1
2
1
0 True 144 0 True
6
Test x 1 :
1
1
Test x 1: 4 11 5 2 1 3
2
1 5 4
4 4 5 4 16 5
2
1
0 False 320 0 False
4
Test x 6 :
6
6
Test x 6 : 4 6 6 5 2 6 3
2
65 1 24 1 15 24 115
2
60 True
The boundary point x 0 is included. 360 0 False
The solution is : The boundary points are not
x x 0 or x 5 included.
The solution is :
or , 0 5,
3
23. 6 x 1 5 6 x Absolute value x x 0
2
6x 1 5 6x 3
or 6 x 1 5 6 x or , 0
2
521
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
1. a. linear 8. y 2
b. is not; is a. 3 2 Yes
c. dashed; is not b. 2 2 Yes
d. solid; is c. 0 2 No
2. 5 x 1 and 2 x 6 6 d. 2 2 No
9. x5
4x and 2 x 12
a. 4 5 No
4x and x6
b. 5 5
4, 6
Yes
c. 8 5 Yes
3. 5 x 4 and 6 3x 3
d. 0 5 No
x 1 and 9 3x 10. Use a dashed line when the
x 1 and x 3
inequality is strict or .
1, 3
11. To choose the correct inequality
4. 4 y 3 y 12 or 2 y 3 12 symbol, three observations must
8 4 y or 2 y 6 12 be made. First, notice the shading
4 y 8 or 2 y 18 occurs below the line. Second,
y 2 or y 9 since the coefficient of y is
, 9 2, negative in the given statement,
5. 2 x 4 or 3x 1 13 the direction of the inequality
x 2 or 3x 12 will change. Third, the boundary
x 2 or x 4 line is dashed indicating no
, 4 2, equality. Thus use the symbol
6. 2x y 8 for the inequality : x y 2
a. 2 3 5 6 5 11 8 Yes 12. To choose the correct inequality
b. 2 1 10 2 10 8 8 No symbol, three observations must
c. 2 4 2 8 2 10 8
be made. First, notice the shading
Yes
occurs below the line. Second,
d. 2 0 0 0 0 0 8 No
since the coefficient ofyis positive
7. 3y x 5 in the given statement, the
a. 3 7 1 21 1 20 5 No direction of the inequality will
b. 3 0 5 0 5 5 5 No not change. Third, the boundary
c. 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 Yes line is solid indicating equality.
d. 3 3 2 9 2 Thus use the symbol for the
7 5 Yes inequality : y 2 x 3.
522
Section 9.5 Linear Inequalities and Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
523
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
20. x 3 y 8
Graph the related equation
22. 4 x 3y 12
x 3 y 8 by using a dashed line.
Test point above 0, 0 :
Graph the related equation
4 x 3y 12 by using a dashed line.
0 30 8
Test point above 0, 0 : Test point below 0, 5 :
08
4 0 3 0 12 4 0 3 5 12
0, 0 is a solution. 0 12 0 3
Test point below 0, 4 : 0, 0 is a solution. 0, 5 is not a solution.
0 3 4 8 Shade the region above the boundary line.
12 8
0, 4 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
23. 2 y 4 x
Graph the related equation
2 y 4 x by using a solid line.
524
Section 9.5 Linear Inequalities and Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
24. 6 x 2 y
Graph the related equation 26. y 5
6 x 2 y by using a dashed line. Graph the related equation
Test point above 0,1 : y 5 by using a solid line.
6 0 2 1 Test point above 0, 6 : Test point below 0, 0 :
02 65 05
6 0 2 1
0 2
0, 1 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
5
27. 4 x 5 or x represents all the
4
points to the left of the vertical
5
line x .
4
525
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
5
30. y x 4
2
Graph the related equation
5
y x 4 by using a solid line.
2
28. x 6 7 or x 1 represents all the
Test point above 0, 0 :
points to the left of the vertical
0 0 4
5
line x 1.
2
The boundary is a dashed line. 0 4
Shade the region to the left of the
0, 0 is a solution.
boundary line. Test point below 0, 5 :
5 0 4
5
2
5 4
0, 5 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
2
29. y x4
5
Graph the related equation
2
y x 4 by using a solid line.
5
Test point above 0, 0 :
1
31. y x 6
0 4
2
0 3
5 Graph the related equation
0 4 0, 0 is a solution.
1
Test point below 0, 5 : y x 6 by using a solid line.
3
5 0 4
2 Test point above 0, 7 :
5
5 4 0, 5 is not a solution. 0 6
1
7
3
Shade the region above the boundary line. 7 6 0, 7 is not a solution.
526
Section 9.5 Linear Inequalities and Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
1
32. y x 2
4
Graph the related equation
1
y x 2 by using a solid line.
4 1
34. y x0
Test point above 0, 3 : 2
Graph the related equation
0 2
1
3
4 1
y x 0 by using a dashed line.
32 2
0, 3 is not a solution. Test point above 0, 3 :
Test point below 0, 0 : 3
1
0 0
2
0 0 2
1
3 0 0, 3 is a solution.
4
02 Test point below 0, 3 :
0, 0 is a solution. 3 0 0
1
Shade the region below the boundary line. 2
3 0 0, 3 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
527
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
x y
35. 1
5 4
Graph the related equation
x y
1 by using a dashed line.
5 4
Test point above 0, 5 :
0 5
1 37. 0.1x 0.2 y 0.6
5 4
5 Graph the related equation
1
4 0.1x 0.2 y 0.6 by using a solid line.
0, 5 is not a solution. Test point above 0, 5 :
Test point below 0, 0 : 0.1 0 0.2 5 0.6
0 0
1 1 0.6
5 4
0 1
0, 5 is not a solution.
Test point below 0, 0 :
0, 0 is a solution.
0.1 0 0.2 0 0.6
Shade the region below the boundary line.
0 0.6
0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
y
36. x 2
2
Graph the related equation
y 38. 0.3x 0.2 y 0.6
x 2 by using a solid line.
2 Graph the related equation
Test point above 0, 5 : 0.3 x 0.2 y 0.6 by using a dashed line.
5
0 2 2
5 Test point above 0, 0 :
0.3 0 0.2 0 0.6 0 0.6
2 2
0, 5 is a solution.
Test point below 0, 0 : 0, 0 is a solution.
0 Test point below 0, 5 :
0 202
2 0.3 0 0.2 5 0.6 1 0.6
0, 0 is not a solution. 0, 5 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line. Shade the region above the boundary line.
528
Section 9.5 Linear Inequalities and Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
3 0
5 15
0
4 4
0, 3 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
2
39. x y
3
Graph the related equation
2
x y by using a solid line.
3
Test point above 0, 3 :
0 3 0 2
2
41. y 4 and y x 2
3
is not a solution.
0, 3 y 4 represents the points below the
Test point below 0, 3 : horizontal line y 4.
Shade the region below the boundary
0 3 0 2
2
3 line using a dashed line border.
0, 3 is a solution. Graph the related equation y x 2
Shade the region below the boundary line. by using a dashed line.
Test point above 0, 3 :
3 0 2
32
0,3 is a solution.
Test point below 0, 0 :
0 0 2
02
5
40. x
4
y 0, 0 is not a solution.
Graph the related equation Shade the region above the boundary line.
5 The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
x y by using a solid line.
4
Test point above 0, 3 :
3
5
0
4
15
0
4
0,3 is a solution.
529
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
530
Section 9.5 Linear Inequalities and Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
46. x y 4 and 3x y 9
Graph the related equation
x y 4 by using a dashed line.
Test point above 0, 5 : Test point below 0, 0 :
05 4 5 4 00 4 0 4
0, 5 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
Graph the related equation
45. x y 3 and 4 x y 6
3 x y 9 by using a dashed line.
Graph the related equation
Test point above 3, 3 : Test point below 0, 0 :
x y 3 by using a dashed line.
3 3 3 9 30 0 9
Test point above 0, 4 :
12 9 09
04 3 4 3
3, 3 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
0, 4 is not a solution. Shade the region below the boundary line.
Test point below 0, 0 :
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
0 0 3 0 3 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
Graph the related equation
4 x y 6 by using a dashed line.
Test point above 0, 7 :
4 0 7 6 7 6
0, 7 is not a solution.
Test point below 0, 0 :
4 0 0 6 0 6
47. 2 x y 2 and 2 x 3y 6
0, 0 is a solution.
Graph the related equation
Shade the region below the boundary line.
2 x y 2 by using a solid line.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
Test point above 0, 0 :
2 0 0 2
02
0, 0 is a solution.
Test point below 0, 3 :
2 0 3 2
32
0, 3 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
531
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
2 0 3 3 6 9 6 0, 4 is not a solution.
0, 3 is a solution. Shade the region above the boundary line.
2 0 30 6 0 6
0, 0 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
49. x 4 and y 2
x 4 represents the points to the right
of the vertical line x 4.
Shade the region to the right of the
boundary line using a dashed line border.
48. 3x 2 y 4 and x y 3
y 2 represents the points below the
Graph the related equation horizontal line y 2.
3 x 2 y 4 by using a solid line.
Shade the region below the boundary
Test point above 0, 3 :
line using a dashed line border.
3 0 2 3 4 6 4 The solution is the intersection of the
0, 3 is a solution. graphs.
Test point below 0, 0 :
30 2 0 4 0 4
0, 0 is not a solution.
Shade the region above
the boundary line.
Graph the related equation
x y 3 by using a solid line.
Test point above 0, 0 :
50. x 3 and y 4
00 3 0 3
x 3 represents the points to the left
0, 0 is a solution. of the vertical line x 3.
532
Section 9.5 Linear Inequalities and Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
51. x 2 and y 0
x 2 represents the points to the left
of the vertical line x 2. 53. x 0 and x y 6
Shade the region to the left of the x 0 represents the points to the right
boundary line using a solid line border. of the vertical line x 0.
y 0 represents the points below the Shade the region to the right of the
horizontal line y 0. boundary line using a dashed line border.
Shade the region below the boundary Graph the related equation
line using a solid line border. The x y 6 by using a dashed line.
solution is the intersection of the graphs. Test point above 0, 7 : Test point below 0, 0 :
076 76 0060 6
0, 7 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
533
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
55. y 0 and 2 x y 4
y 0 represents the points above the
horizontal line y 0.
534
Section 9.5 Linear Inequalities and Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
535
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
536
Section 9.5 Linear Inequalities and Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
60. 2 x 2 y 50
x 0 and y 0 and 2 x 2 y 50
x 0 represents the points to the right of the vertical line x 0. Shade the region to the right
of the boundary line using a solid line border.
y 0 represents the points above the horizontal line y 0. Shade the region above the
boundary line using a solid line border.
Graph the related equation 2 x 2 y 50 by using a solid line.
Test point above 0, 27 : Test point below 0, 0 :
2 0 2 27 50 2 0 2 0 50
54 50 0 50
0, 27 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
61. 2 x 2 y 40
x 0 and y 0 and 2 x 2 y 40
x 0 represents the points to the right of the vertical line x 0. Shade the region to the right
of the boundary line using a solid line border.
y 0 represents the points above the horizontal line y 0. Shade the region above the
boundary line using a solid line border.
Graph the related equation 2 x 2 y 40 by using a solid line.
Test point above 0, 21 : Test point below 0, 0 :
537
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
2 0 2 21 40 2 0 2 0 40
42 40 0 40
0, 21 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
62. x 0, y 0
4 x 3y 24
3x y 12
x 0 and y 0 and 4 x 3 y 24 and 3 x y 12
x 0 represents the points to the right of the vertical line x 0. Shade the region to the right
of the boundary line using a solid line border.
y 0 represents the points above the horizontal line y 0. Shade the region above the
boundary line using a solid line border.
Graph the related equation 4 x 3y 24 by using a solid line.
Test point above 0, 9 : Test point below 0, 0 :
4 0 3 9 24 4 0 3 0 24
27 24 0 24
0, 9 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
Graph the related equation 3 x y 12 by using a solid line.
Test point above 0,13 : Test point below 0, 0 :
3 0 13 12 3 0 0 12
13 12 0 12
0,13 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
Yes. The point (3, 1) represents 3 Model A desks and 1 Model B desk being produced.
No. The point (5, 4) represents 5 Model A desks and 4 Model B desk being produced.
Producing this combination of desks would exceed the number of available hours for staining
and finishing and for assembly.
538
Section 9.5 Linear Inequalities and Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
63. x 0, y 0
x 40, y 40
x y 65
x 0 and y 0 and x 40 and y 40 and x y 65
x 0 represents the points to the right of the vertical line x 0 . Shade the region to the right
of the boundary line using a solid line border.
y 0 represents the points above the horizontal line y 0 . Shade the region above the
boundary line using a solid line border.
x 40 represents the points to the left of the vertical line x 40. Shade the region to the left
of the boundary line using a solid line border.
y 40 represents the points below the horizontal line y 40. Shade the region below the
boundary line using a solid line border.
Graph the related equation x y 65 by using a solid line.
Test point above 0, 66 : Test point below 0, 0 :
0 66 65 0 0 65
66 65 0 65
0,66 is a solution. 0, 0 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
Yes. The point (35, 40) means that Karen works 35 hours and Todd works 40 hours.
No. The point (20, 40) means that Karen works 20 hours and Todd works 40 hours. This does
not satisfy the constraint that there must be at least 65 hours total.
539
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
Section 9. 1
4. Y Z ,
12. 2 b 2 5b 6
5. Y Z 1,1
2 b 2 5b 6
6. Z W , 3 1,
2 6b 2 6
7. Z W 0 6b 8
8. 4 m 11 and 4 m 3 13 4 4
0b 0, 3
m
11
4 m 16
3
4
13. 4 x 1
1 3
11
m m4 2 2
4 8 x 1 3
11 11
4 , , 4 4 , 4
7 x 2 7, 2
14. 140 x 225
9. 4 n 7 1 and 7 3n 8
x 140 or x 225
4n 8 3n 15
15. 140 x 225
n2 n 5
x 140 or x 225
, 2 5, 5, 2 16. x 2 4 0
10.
2
t 3 1 or
3
t 2 7 x 2 x 2 0
3 4 x2 0 or x 2 0
2 3
t4 t 9 x 2 or x2
3 4
3 2 3 4 3 4 2, 0 and 2, 0 are the x -intercepts.
t 4 t 9
2 3 2 3 4 3 x 2 4 0 The boundary points are
t 6 t 12
–2 and 2.
,6 12, Use test points x = –3, x = 0, and x = 3.
540
Chapter 9 Review Exercises
Test x 3 : 4x
0 The boundary points are 0 and
3 x 2
2
4 94 5 0 False
Test x 0 : 2 (undefined).
Use test points x = –1, x = 1, and x = 3.
0
2
4 0 4 4 0 True
4 1 4 4
Test x 3 : Test x 1: 0 True
1 2 3 3
3
2
4 94 5 0
4 1 4
False
The boundary points are not included. Test x 1: 4 0 False
1 2 1
The solution is 4 3 12
x 2 x 2 or 2, 2 .
Test x 3 :
32 1
12 0 True
the x-axis.
The solution is x 0 x 2 or 0, 2 .
4x
17. x 2 0 On the interval 0, 2 the graph is on or
4 x 0 x 2 below the x-axis.
4x 0 18. w 2 4 w 12 0
x 0 0, 0 is the x -intercept.
w 2 4 w 12 0
k x is undefined for x 2. w 2 w 6 0
x 2 is the vertical asymptote. w 2 0 or w 6 0
w 2 or w 6
541
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
542
Chapter 9 Review Exercises
The solution is
4 2 3 2 2 3
y 2 y 0 or y 5
2
2
or 2, 0 5, 2 3
23. 3c c 2 2c 5 0 The boundary points are 2 3 and
3c c 2 2c 5 0 2 3 .
3c 0 or c 2 0 or 2c 5 0 Use test points x = –4, x = –1, and
c 0 or c 2 or 2c 5 x = 0.
5 Test x 4 :
c 0 or c 2 or c
2
2 4 4 4 16 16 0 1 True
The boundary points are –2, 0 and 25 .
Test x 1:
Use test points c = –3, c = –1, c = 1, and
2
c = 3. 1 4 1 1 4 3 1 False
Test c 3 : 3 3 3 2 2 3 5 Test x 0 :
9 1 11 99 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1
2
False True
Test c 1: 3 1 1 2 2 1 5 The boundary points are included. The
3 1 7 21 0 True solution is
Test c 1:
3 11 2 2 1 5 x x 2 3 or x 2 3
3 3 3 27 0 False or , 2 3 2 3, .
Test c 3 :
3 3 3 2 2 3 5 25. y2 4 y 5
9 5 1 45 0 True
y2 4 y 5
The boundary points are not included.
y2 4 y 5 0
The solution is
y 5 y 1 0
5
c 2 c 0 or c y 5 0 or y 1 0
2
y 5 or y 1
5
or 2, 0 , . The boundary points are –5 and 1.
2
Use test points y = –6, y = 0, and y = 2.
24. x 2 4 x 1 Test y 6 :
x2 4 x 1 0
6
2
4 6 36 24 12 5 True
a 1, b 4, c 1
Test y 0 :
4 4 1 1
2
4 0 4 0 0 0 0 5
2
False
x
2 1 Test y 2 :
2 4 2 4 8 12 5
2
4 12 True
2 The boundary points are not included.
543
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
The solution is y y 5 or y 1 The solution is
or , 5 1, . a a 3 or 3, .
w 1 28. t 2 10t 25 0
26. w 3 1 t 5
2
0
w 1
1 The quantity t 5 is greater than zero
2
w3
w 1 w 3 for all real numbers. except t 5 , for
1 3 contradiction which it is zero.
Boundary point is 3 (undefined). The solution is {–5}.
Use test points w = 0 and w = 4. 29. x2 4 x 4
0 1 1 x2 4 x 4 0
Test w 0 :
0 3 3
1
x2 4x 4 0
1 False x 4x 4 0
2
3
4 1 5 x 2 0
2
Test w 4 :
4 3 1
The quantity x 2 is greater than
2
5 1 True
The boundary point is not included. zero for all real numbers except x 2 ,
The solution is for which it is zero. The solution is all
w w 3 or 3, . real numbers except –2 or
2a , 2 2, .
27. 2
a3
2a
2 Section 9. 3
a3
2 a 2 a 3
2a 2a 6 30. x 10
Test a 4 :
8
2 4 8.7 2 x 6.1 or 8.7 2 x 6.1
4 3 1 2 x 2.6 or 2 x 14.8
82 False x 1.3 or x 7.4
2 0 33. 5.25 5 x 7.45
0
Test a 0 : 5.25 5 x 7.45 or 5.25 5 x 7.45
03 3
02 True 5 x 2.2 or 5 x 12.7
The boundary point is not included. x 0.44 or x 2.54
544
Chapter 9 Review Exercises
34. 16 x 2 9 40. 3x 5 2 x 1
7 x2 3x 5 2 x 1 or 3x 5 2 x 1
x2 7 or x 2 7 3x 5 2 x 1 or 3x 5 2 x 1
x5 or x 9 x 5 1 or 5 x 5 1
x 6 or 5 x 4
35. 5 x 2 4 4
x 6 or x
1 x 2 5
x 2 1 or x 2 1 41. 8 x 9 8 x 1
x 3 or x 1 8x 9 8x 1 or 8 x 9 8 x 1
36. 4 x 1 6 4 8x 9 8x 1 or 8 x 9 8 x 1
9 1 or 16 x 9 1
4 x 1 2
contradiction or 16 x 8
No solution
1
37. 3 x 1 7 3 x
2
3x 1 4 42. Both expressions give the distance
No solution between 3 and –2.
7x 3
38. 4 4
5 Section 9. 4
7x 3
0
5
43. x 5
7x 3 7x 3
0 or 0
5 5 44. x 4
7x 3 0
45. x 6
7x 3
2
3 46. x
x 3
7
47. x 6 8
4x 5
39. 3 3 x 6 8 or x 6 8
2
x 14 or x 2
4x 5
0
2 , 14 2,
4x 5 4x 5
0 or 0
2 2 48. x 8 3
4x 5 0
3 x 8 3
4 x 5
11 x 5
5
x 11, 5
4
545
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
49. 2 7 x 1 4 4 53.
x
6 5
2
2 7x 1 0
x
7x 1 0 5 6 5
2
7 x 1 0 or 7 x 1 0 x
1 11
7 x 1 or 7 x 1 2
2 x 22 2, 22
1 1
x or x
7 7
1 1 x
2 2
, 7 7 , 54.
3
x
2 2 2
3
50. 4 5 x 1 3 3 x
4 0
4 5x 1 0 3
12 x 0 12, 0
5x 1 0
5 x 1 0 or 5 x 1 0
55. 4 2 x 8 8 4 2 x 0
5 x 1 or 5 x 1
4 2 x 0 or 4 2 x 0
1 1
x or x 2 x 4 or 2 x 4
5 5
1 1 x 2 or x2
, 5 5 ,
2, , 2 ,
51. 3x 4 6 4 56. 9 3x 1 1
3x 4 2 9 3x 0
2 3 x 4 2 9 3x 0 or 9 3x 0
6 3 x 2 3 x 9 or 3x 9
2 2 x 3 or x 3
2 x 2, 3
3 , 3 3, ,
52. 5 x 3 3 6 5 x 3 3 57. 2 5.2 x 7.8 13
3 5 x 3 3 13
0 5x 6 5.2 x 7.8
2
0x
6 6
0, 5
All real numbers ,
5
546
Chapter 9 Review Exercises
Section 9. 5
65. 2 x y 5
Graph the related equation 2 x y 5 by using a dashed line.
Test point above 0, 6 : Test point below 0, 0 :
2 0 6 5 2 0 0 5
0 1 05
0, 6 is a solution. 0, 0 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
547
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
66. 2 x 8 3 y
Graph the related equation 2 x 8 3 y by using a solid line.
Test point above 0, 0 : Test point below 0, 3 :
2 0 8 3 0 2 0 8 3 3
0 8 0 1
0, 0 is not a solution. 0, 3 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
2
67. y x 3
3
2
Graph the related equation y x 3 by using a solid line.
3
Test point above 0, 4 : Test point below 0, 0 :
0 3 0 3
2 2
4 0
3 3
43 03
0, 4 is a solution. 0, 0 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
3
68. y x 2
4
3
Graph the related equation y x 2 by using a dashed line.
4
548
Chapter 9 Review Exercises
0 2 0 2
3 3
0 3
4 4
0 2 3 2
0, 0 is a solution. 0, 3 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
549
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
1
71. x y
2
1
Graph the related equation x y by using a solid line.
2
Test point above 0, 2 : Test point below 0, 2 :
2 2
1 1
0 0
2 2
0 1 0 1
0, 2 is not a solution. 0, 2 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
2
72. x y
5
2
Graph the related equation x y by using a dashed line.
5
Test point above 0, 5 : Test point below 0, 5 :
5 5
2 2
0 0
5 5
02 0 2
0, 5 is a solution. 0, 5 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
550
Chapter 9 Review Exercises
73. 2 x y 2 and 2 x y 2
Graph the related equation 2 x y 2 by using a dashed line.
Test point above 0, 3 : Test point below 0, 0 :
2 0 3 2 2 0 0 2
3 2 0 2
0, 3 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
Graph the related equation 2 x y 2 by using a solid line.
Test point above 0, 0 : Test point below 0, 3 :
2 0 0 2 2 0 3 2
02 3 2
0, 0 is a solution. 0, 3 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
74. 3 x y 6 and 3 x y 2
Graph the related equation 3 x y 6 by using a dashed line.
Test point above 0, 7 : Test point below 0, 0 :
30 7 6 30 0 6
76 06
0, 7 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
Graph the related equation 3x y 2 by using a dashed line.
Test point above 0, 0 : Test point below 0, 7 :
3 0 0 2 3 0 7 2
0 2 7 2
0, 0 is not a solution. 0, 7 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
551
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
75. y x and y x
Graph the related equations.
For y x shade the region above the boundary line using a solid
line border.
For y x shade the region below the boundary using a solid line border.
Shade the region above the boundary line using a solid line border.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
2
76. x 0 and y 0 and y x 4
3
x 0 represents the points to the right of the vertical line x 0.
Shade the region to the right of the boundary line using a solid
line border.
y 0 represents the points above the horizontal line y 0.
Shade the region above the boundary line using a solid line border.
2
Graph the related equation y x 4 by using a solid line.
3
Test point above 0, 5 : Test point below 0, 0 :
5 0 4 0 0 4
2 2
3 3
54 04
0, 5 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
552
Chapter 9 Review Exercises
77. x 0, y 0
x y 100
x 4y
x 0 and y 0 and x y 100 and x 4 y
x 0 represents the points to the right of the vertical line
x 0. Shade the region to the right of the boundary line
using a solid line border.
y 0 represents the points above the horizontal line y 0.
Shade the region above the boundary line using a solid
line border.
Graph the related equation x y 100 by using a solid line.
Test point above 0,101 : Test point below 0, 0 :
0 101 100 101 100 0 0 100 0 100
0,101 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
Graph the related equation x 4 y by using a solid line.
Test point above 0,1 : Test point below 0, 1 :
0 4 1 0 4 0 4 1 0 4
0,1 is not a solution. 0, 1 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
553
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
Chapter 9 Test
1. 2 3 x 1 5 1
x
1 3 x 6 2
1
1 1 Boundary points are and 6 (undefined).
x2 3 , 2
2
15, , 24
1 1
x x 6 or , 6 .
2 2
3. 2 x 3 3 and x 3 0
8. 50 2 a 0
2
2 x 0 x 3
50 2 a 2 0
x0 x 3
, 0 3, 3, 0
2 a 2 25 0
2 a 5 a 5 0
4. 5 x 1 6 or 2 x 4 6
a 5 0 or a 5 0
5x 5 2 x 10
a 5 or a 5
x 1 x 5 Boundary points are –5 and 5.
,1 5, , Use test points a = –6, a = 0, and a = 6.
5. 2 x 3 1 and x 4 1 Test a 6 :
2
2x 4 x 5 50 2 6 50 72 22 0 False
x 2 x 5 Test a 0 :
2, , 5 No solution 50 2 0 50 0 50 0
2
True
6. a. 9 x 33 Test a 6 :
b. x 9 or x 33
2
50 2 6 50 72 22 0 False
2x 1
7. 0 The boundary points are not included.
x 6
2 x 1 The solution is
0
x 6
2 x 1 0 a 5 a 5 .
2x 1 or 5, 5
554
Chapter 9 Test
9. y3 3y 2 4 y 12 0 Test w 2 :
3 3
3 2 True
y3 3 y 2 4 y 12 0 2 3 1
y 2 y 3 4 y 3 0 Test w 0 :
3 3
1 2 False
03 3
y 3 y 4 0
2
The boundary points are not included.
y 3 y 2 y 2 0 The solution is
y3 0 or y 2 0 or y 2 0 3 3
y 3 or y 2 or y 2 w 3 w or 3, .
2 2
The boundary points are –3, –2, and 2.
11. 5 x 2 2 x 2 0
Use test points y = –4, y = –2.5, y = 0,
a 5, b 2, c 2
and y = 3.
2 2 4 5 2 2
2
4 40
4 x
3 2
Test y 4 : 3 4 4 4 12
2 5 10
64 48 16 12 12 0 True
2 36 2 6i
Test y 2.5 :
10 10
2.5 3 2.5 4 2.5 12
3 2
Since the solutions for the related
15.625 18.75 10 12 1.125 0 False equation are complex numbers, there are
0 3 0 4 0 12
3 2
Test y 0 : either no real number solutions or all real
0 0 0 12 12 0 True numbers as solutions.
3 3 3 4 3 12
3 2
Test y 3 : Test to check.
27 27 12 12 30 0 False Test x 0 :
50 2 0 2 0 0 2
2
The boundary points are not included.
The solution is u y 3 or 2 y 2 2 0 False
There are no real number solutions.
or , 3 2, 2 .
12. t 2 22 t 121 0
3 3
2 2 t 11
2
10. 0
w3 w3
3 2 w 3 3 2 w 6 The quantity t 11 is greater than
2
555
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
14. 3 x 4 x 12 18. 7 3x 1 3
3 x 4 x 12 or 3 x 4 x 12 7 3x 4
3 x 4 x 12 or 3 x 4 x 12
2 x 4 12 or 4 x 4 12
All real numbers ,
2 x 16 or 4 x 8 19. x 15.41 0.01
x 8 or x2 20. 2 x 5 y 10
15. 3 2 x 6 2 3 2 x 4 Graph the related equation
No solution 2 x 5 y 10 by using a solid line.
16. Test point above 0, 0 : Test point below 0, 3 :
3x 8 9
2 0 5 0 10 2 0 5 3 10
3x 8 9 or 3x 8 9
0 10 15 10
3x 1 or 3x 17
1 17 0, 0 is not a solution. 0, 3 is a solution.
x or x Shade the region below the boundary line.
3 3
1 17
, 3 3 ,
17. 0.4 x 0.3 0.2 7
0.4 x 0.3 7.2
7.2 0.4 x 0.3 7.2
7.5 0.4 x 6.9
18.75 x 17.25 18.75,17.25
21. x y 3 and 3 x 2 y 6
Graph the related equation x y 3 by using a dashed line.
Test point above 0, 4 : Test point below 0, 0 :
04 3 003
43 03
0, 3 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
Graph the related equation 3 x 2 y 6 by using a dashed line.
Test point above 0, 4 : Test point below 0, 0 :
3 0 2 4 6 3 0 2 0 6
8 6 0 6
0, 4 is not a solution. 0, 0 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
556
Chapter 9 Test
22. 5 x 5 and x y 0
Graph the related equation 5 x 5 x 1 by using a solid line.
Shade the region to the left of the boundary line.
Graph the related equation x y 0 by using a solid line.
Test point above 0,1 : Test point below 0, 1 :
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
0,1 is not a solution. 0, 1 is a solution.
Shade the region below the boundary line.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
23. x 0, y 0
300 x 400 y 1200
x 0 and y 0 and 300x 400 y 1200
x 0 represents the points to the right of the vertical line
x 0. Shade the region to the right of the boundary line
using a solid line border.
y 0 represents the points above the horizontal line y 0.
Shade the region above the boundary line using a solid
line border.
Graph the related equation 300x 400 y 1200 by using
a solid line.
Test point above 0, 4 : Test point below 0, 0 :
300 0 400 4 1200 300 0 400 0 1200
1600 1200 0 1200
0, 4 is a solution. 0, 0 is not a solution.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
The solution is the intersection of the graphs.
557
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
Chapters 19
1. 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 3 p 3 or 3 p 3
2
p 0 p 6
2 x 2 11x 12 x 2 10 x 25 p0 p6
x x 13
2
558
Chapters 1 – 7 Cumulative Review Exercises
5. Graph the related equation 4x – y = 12. c. Solve the inequality t(n) < 5.
Use a dashed line. Test points above and 3n 15
5
below the line to determine the solution. n 1
3n 15 5 n 1
Test point above 0, 0 :
3n 15 5n 5
4 0 0 12
15 5 5n 3n
0 12
10 2 n
0, 0 is not a solution. 5n
Test point below 4, 0 :
n5
4 4 0 12 The rat is able to finish the maze in
16 12 under 5 min after more than 5 trials.
4, 0 is a solution. 7. a. 2 x 2 x 10 0
Shade the region below the line.
2 x 5 x 2 0
Find the test points.
2 x 5 0 or x 2 0
5
x x2
2
5
Test the intervals , ,
2
5
2 , 2 , and 2, .
3n 15 5
6. a. t n , 2 : Test x = –10.
n 1
3 1 15 18
?
2 10 10 10 0
2
t 1 9
11 2 ?
t 500
3 500 15
505
3.02
2, : Test x = 10.
500 1 167 ?
2 10 10 10 0
2
559
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
3 0 0 2 0 2 24 x 5
0, 0 is not a solution. b. Check:
Test point below 0, 3 : x 2
2 x 1 2 x 2 5 x 12 24 x 5
3 0 3 2
2 x x 29 x 12 24 x 5
4 3
3 2 2 x x 5x 7
4 3
560
Chapters 1 – 7 Cumulative Review Exercises
561
Chapter 9 More Equations and Inequalities
y y1 m x x1
20. Let p = the speed of the plane in still air
Let w = the speed of the wind
y 7 x 4
2
3 p + w = speed of the plane with the
2 8 wind
y7 x
3 3 p – w = speed of plane against the wind
2 8 21
y x Distance Rate Time_
3 3 3
2 13 With the wind 6240 p+w 12_
y x
3 3 Against the wind 6240 p–w 13_
18. 3 x y z 2 (rate)(time) = (distance)
y 1 2 x 3 z 2 y p w 12 6240
Use the second equation to replace y in p w 13 6240
the first and third equations to obtain a Divide the first equation by 12, the
system of two equations in x and z: second equation by 13, add the results,
3x 1 2 x z 2 x z 1 and solve:
3z 2 1 2 x 4 x 3z 2
p w 12 6240 p w 520
div 12
562
Chapters 1 – 7 Cumulative Review Exercises
xy y x
1 2
x 134 x 2600
5
P is a quadratic function. x y x y
b. P 0
xy
xy
0 20 0 650
1
5 a 3 64 a 3 4 a 2 16 a
24. 2
2600 16 a 2 a 3a 4
The company will lose $2600 if no a 64 a 2 3a 4
3
desks are produced. 16 a 2 a 3 4 a 2 16 a
c. P x
a 4 a 2 4 a 16 a 4 a 1
x 20 x 650
1
4 a 4 a a a 2 4 a 16
5 1
0 a 4 a 1
a 4 a 2 4 a 16
x 20 or x 650
4 a 4 a a a 4 a 16
2
The company will break even
a 1
($0 profit) when 20 desks or 650
a
desks are produced.
1 1
22. 3x 3 6 x 2 12 x 24 25. 2 2
x 7 x 10 x 8 x 20
3 x3 2x2 4 x 8
1
1
3 x 2 x 2 4 x 2 x 5 x 2 x 10 x 2
3 x 2 x2 4
1
x 10
3 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 x 2 x 10
1 x 5
3 x 2 x 2
2
x 10 x 2 x 5
x 10 x 5
1 1
1 1
x y x y
23. 2
y x 2
1 1 x 5 x 2 x 10
2
2 2x 5
y x
Multiply the numerator and x 5 x 2 x 10
denominator by the LCD, x2y2.
563
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“Whenever Thérèse loves,—and I think I can trust her to commit
no folly with that sound heart of hers,—she shall marry; and she
shall enter upon her new state as I entered upon mine, with the view
of being all and doing all for society of which that state admits. This
may best be done by being wholly her husband’s, and a fixture in his
home. I shall surrender my part in her on her marriage day.”
“By which, I suppose, you hope to retain at least half her heart, if
none of her services. But, my dear, what a prospect for you!”
“A goodly prospect indeed, either way. Either a friend at hand, and
a fit guardian of my children in my absence; or a successful
experiment in happiness-making, ever before my eyes. I hope ever
to rejoice in Thérèse.”
Lady Frances sighed, and began to ponder whether, even if she
could learn to live without Philips, she could make to herself a maid
in whom she might rejoice.
Not only from her husband did Letitia learn how welcome she was
back to Weston. The days of her absence had passed like other
days, when people who prefer the town, and whose lives are formed
for that destination, are thrown together in the country. There were
means of enjoyment in abundance; but not of a kind to be
permanently relished by those before whom they lay. Letitia’s music
was wanted in the evenings; Letitia’s conversation, artless and
sprightly as a girl’s, rich as a matured woman’s, and entertaining
enough to suit everybody, was sighed for at table, and when it
rained, and especially when the ladies were called upon to amuse
each other in the absence of the gentlemen. It was only on rare
occasions, however, that she relinquished her privilege of reserving
several hours of the morning for herself and her husband. On one
desperately rainy day, she was found ready for chess or music
before dinner; and at another time, when all the gentlemen were
absent for the whole day at a political meeting in the neighbouring
city, she did not leave her guests at all. But these occasions were
rare. On the last-mentioned one, she had some view to her own
interest as well as that of her guests. Lord F—— meant to speak at
the meeting; his speech must, from his office, be one of the most
important of the day; and he was doubtful both how he should acquit
himself, and how that which he had to say would be received. Letitia
was, of course, far from being at ease, and was glad to conceal, and
to carry off some of her anxiety at the same time by being “on
hospitable thoughts intent.” It was the last day of the last of her
visiters; the gentlemen having waited only for this meeting. Their
carriages were ordered for the next morning, and they did not return
till late at night.
They were nearly as eloquent in describing the effect of lord F
——’s speech, as, by their account, had been the speech itself.—
One swore by his soul that it was the most good-natured sort of thing
he had ever heard in his life: another, that the government and the
government candidate ought to feel themselves much obliged to him;
another, that lord F——’s constituents would be more proud of him
than ever; another, an M.P., a representative of the commercial
interest, that lord F—— had enlightened the people not a little on the
question when low profits were harmless, and when bad things, and
why; and all, with the earl among them, that this day might prove the
beginning of a new era in lord F——’s public life. He would now have
as potent a voice out of the house as his friends had ever hoped he
would in time have in it.
“How happens all this, Henry?” asked Letitia, aside, with a glowing
smile. “You gave me no expectation of anything like this.”
“Because I had none myself. The charm lay in the burden which I
adopted from our neighbours down in the village;—‘for each and for
all.’”
“I see; I understand. Now leave the rest till you can give it me all in
order.”
It was accordingly given, all in order, when the last carriage had
driven off, the next morning, and Henry and Letitia shut themselves
into the library, to enjoy the uninterruptedness of the first fall of snow.
This was no day for the approach of deputations, for the visits of
clergyman, lawyer, lady callers, gentleman loungers, or even
petitioners from the village. The guests had been urged to stay for
finer weather; but, as peremptory in their plans as people of real
business, provided change of place is the object, they could on no
account delay an hour; and, to be sure, the snow signified little to
any but the postilions and the horses.
“Well, now, the speech, the speech!” cried Letitia.
“I told the people that nobody doubts that changes are wanted, in
order to remedy the evils so large a portion of society is justly
complaining of; and that the thing needed is a wider agreement as to
what those changes must be, and therefore a sounder and more
general knowledge of the causes of existing evils. I led them, as an
instance, into the consideration of the common complaint of low
profits and low wages, and showed them, I hope, that proportional
wages are much higher at present than some complainers suppose;
the fact being lost sight of from the enormous increase of those
among whom the wages-fund is divided. However little each labourer
may, from this cause, obtain for his own share, the division of
produce between capitalist and labourer,—that is, the proportion of
profits and wages, is more equable than is supposed by capitalists
who complain of their low profits, and labourers of their low wages.
Neither of them will gain by demanding a larger share of the other,
which neither can afford. They must look elsewhere for a remedy;
and I directed them where to look by giving them the example of
Holland and its commercial vicissitudes.”
“Rich to overflowing in the fifteenth century; since, well nigh
ruined. How was this? From too much capital leaving the country?”
“From the causes which led to such transfer of capital. While
Holland was accumulating its wealth, profits were first high, and then
gradually lowered in proportion to wages, though still increasing in
total amount. It was not till heavy taxation reduced the rate of profits
below that of other countries....”
“But does not taxation affect wages too?”
“Assuredly; but the labourer uses fewer commodities than the
capitalist, and therefore there is a limit to the labourer’s taxation,
beyond which taxes must fall on profits, and reduce them as
effectually as a deterioration of the land could do. Well; this being the
case in Holland, more than in the neighbouring countries, Dutch
capital flowed into those countries; and the Dutch have engaged
largely in the carrying trade, in foreign funds, and in loans to the
merchants of other countries, because all this capital could be less
advantageously employed at home. No country need or ought to
come to such a pass as this; for, where there is an economical
government, taxation may be a trifle compared with what it was in
Holland after the wars of the Republic; and where there is a liberal
commercial system,—that is, no unnecessary check upon the supply
of food, accumulation may proceed to an undefinable extent without
an injurious fall of wages and profits. Thus may the cultivation of
poor soils be rendered needless, the consequent rise of rent be
checked, and the fall of profits and wages obviated.”
“What we want then is, a regulation of the supply of the labour-
market, a lightening of taxation, and a liberal commercial system.
But, Henry, where is the eloquence of all this?—that which is
commonly called eloquence? It seems to me more like a lecture than
a speech.”
“And so it was; but these are days when, to the people, naked
truth is the best eloquence. They are sufferers; they look for a way
out of their sufferings; and the plainest way is to them the fairest.
However, I said to them much that there is no need to say to you,—
because you know it already,—of my views of what the spirit of
society ought to be, in contrast with what it is. I enlarged,—whether
eloquently I know not,—but I am sure fervently,—as fervently as ever
any advocate of co-operation spoke,—on the rule ‘for each and for
all;’ showing that there is actual co-operation wherever individual
interests are righteously pursued, since the general interest is made
up of individual interests. I showed that justice requires the individual
appropriation of the fruits of individual effort; that is, the maintenance
of the institution of property; and that producers do as much for all,
as well as for each, by carrying their produce to market themselves,
as by casting it into a common stock.”
“For instance, that A. does as great a public service by bringing a
hundred hats to exchange for tables and stockings, and whatever
else he may happen to want, as B. by letting the exchange be
conducted as an affair of partnership.”
“Yes. Let people have partnerships as large as they like, and make
savings thereby, if they find they can. But let them beware of the
notion that any competition but the struggle for food is the cause of
hardship; and that struggle must take place under both systems,
unless the same means are used by both to prevent it. As for the
question of time, the struggle will take place soonest under that
system which affords the least stimulus to productive industry. “And,
now, love, you have the pith of my speech, except of those best
parts which you have many a time rehearsed to me, and I to you. Of
the ‘hear, hears,’ and clappings, you learned enough last night.”
“I wish I could have been there,” sighed the wife.
“So do I. Well as you know the aspect of an attentive crowd, you
can have little idea of the stimulating excitement of political meetings
just now.”
“I can imagine it. The true romance of human life lies among the
poorer classes; the most rapid vicissitudes, the strongest passions,
the most undiluted emotions, the most eloquent deportment, the
truest experience are there. These things are marked on their
countenances, and displayed by their gestures; and yet these things
are almost untouched by our artists; be they dramatists, painters, or
novelists. The richest know best what is meant by the monotony of
existence, however little this may appear to their poor neighbours
who see them driving about as if life depended on their speed, and
traversing kingdoms and continents. Yet from the upper and middling
classes are the fine arts mainly furnished with their subjects. This is
wrong; for life in its reality cannot become known by hearsay; and by
hearsay only is there any notion of it among those who feel
themselves set above its struggles and its toils: that is, by the greater
part of the aristocracy.”
“Thank heaven! not by you or me,” replied her husband. “An
uninformed observer might think that there is monotony before us at
present, sitting as we are, watching the snow-flakes fall with the few
leaves which had lingered aloft till now,—with weeks of retirement in
prospect, and nothing apparent to wish or work for. Yet you have had
enough, love, of struggle and toil to know what real life is; and I
have, of late, begun to learn the same lesson. No fear of monotony
for us!”
“No fear; since there are all to live for as well as each, and each
other. But, Henry, how is it that there is so little made known where it
most wants to be known, of what real life is when trained by that best
of educations, vicissitude?”
“Because our painters of life do not take into the account,—in fact
know little of,—some of the most important circumstances which
constitute life, in the best sense of the word. They lay hold of the
great circumstances which happen to all, the landmarks of universal
human existence, and overlook those which are not less interesting,
though not universal. They take Love; and think it more becoming to
describe a Letitia going to the altar with a lord F——, than a weaver
and his thoughtful bride taking possession of their two rooms, after
long waiting and anxiety. They take Bereavement; and think it the
same thing whether they describe the manly grief of an Ormond for
his gallant Ossory, or the silent woe of a poverty-stricken widow for
her laborious and dutiful son. They take Birth; and would rather have
a lady F—— bending over the infant heir of a lordly house, with a
Thérèse in waiting ... (My dear, why not describe that which shall be
as well as that which has been?)—a lady F—— and her infant, I say,
than some rustic Mary holding up her boy to smile in father’s face
when he comes home from the plough. There is no harm in all this,
provided the mighty remainder is not overlooked, which is at the
bottom of the most portentous heavings of society,—which explains
all that is to many unaccountable in the doings of the world they live
in. If the aristocracy cannot, by their own experience, get to know all
that life is,—though they are born, love, marry, suffer, enjoy, and die,
let some idea be given them of it by true images held up in the mirror
of their studies.”
“Yes; let humble life be shown to them in all its strong and strange
varieties; not only in faithful butlers and housekeepers,—in pretty
dairy-maids and gossiping barbers. Let us have in books, in pictures,
and on the stage, working men and women, in the various periods of
their struggles through life. In the meanwhile, these people should in
fairness know that the aristocracy are less aware than is supposed,
—less than they will be,—of what is being done and suffered on
each side of their smooth and dull path.”
“Let the artists be compassionately considered too, I pray,” said
lord F——, smiling. “Granting all that can be urged about their
limiting their choice of objects, let us be considerate till they have
placed themselves at large. What, for instance, could a weaver of
fiction make of our present life?”
“Nothing of a story; only a picture; there being, as you said just
now, apparent monotony without, and deep stirrings within. Such a
writer, if wishing to make a narrative, must take either my former life,
—its perplexities, its poverty, its struggles under its first publicity, its
labours, its love, and migration into a new state;—or your future one,
—the statesman’s honourable toils, joined with the patriot’s conflicts
and consolations.”
“But if there was good reason for taking up precisely the interval,—
from our marriage till this hour;—what then?”
“Then writer and readers must be contented with little narrative;
contented to know what passes within us, since so little happens to
us. Would there be nothing to instruct and gratify in pictures of our
position, in revelations of our hearts, and records of our
conversations?”
“Let us comfort ourselves, Letitia, with deciding that it must be the
fault of the recorder if there were not.”
Summary of Principles illustrated in this volume.
The produce of labour and capital, after rent has been paid, is
divided between the labourer and the capitalist, under the names of
Wages and Profits.
Where there are two shares, each determines the other, provided
they press equally upon one another.
The increase of the supply of labour, claiming reward, makes the
pressure in the present case unequal, and renders wages the
regulator of profits.
The restriction of the supply of food causes the fall of both profits
and wages.
The increased expense of raising food enhances its price: labour,
both agricultural and manufacturing, becomes dearer, (without
advantage to the labourer:) this rise of wages causes profits to fall;
and this fall brings after it a reduction of the labourer’s share, or a fall
of wages.
The fall of profits and wages is thus referrible to the same cause
which raises rent;—to an inequality in the fertility of soils.
A Tale.
BY
HARRIET MARTINEAU.
LONDON:
CHARLES FOX, 67, PATERNOSTER-ROW.
1833.
CONTENTS.
Chapter I.
VINE-GROWING.