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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1./ Type 1: Điều kiện có thể xảy ra:
If + S + V(Present Simple)...... , * S + V(Future Simple) * To be am/is/are will/shall +V(inf.) * V-s/-es * S + can/may/must/ought to/ should + V(inf.) * don’t/doesn’t + V(inf.) (diễn tả khả năng, lời khuyên, sự bắt buộc,..) * diễn tả mệnh lệnh: V(inf.) EX: If you eat so much, you will be ill. If you want to get good marks, you must study hard. If you go to the post office, mail this letter for me. Please call me if you hear anything from Jane. Nếu dùng để nói với điều kiện này hành động kia thường xuyên xảy ra (có always, usually, often) hoặc xảy ra như 1 sự thật hiển nhiên thì động từ trong mệnh đề chính ta chia ở thì hiện tại đơn. EX: I usually walk to school if I have enough time. If you heat the ice, it melts 2./ Type 2: Điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại: If + S + V(Past Simple) ...... , S + would + V(inf.) * V-ed/2 could didn’t + V(inf.) To be (not) were (weren’t) EX: If I (be) you, I (learn) English very hard. If I were you, I would learn English very hard. The French teacher speaks very quickly. I (can understand) could understand the French teacher if she (speak) spoke more slowly. EX: John is fat because he eats so many chips. (Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first) If John didn’t eat so many ships, he wouldn’t be fat. 3./ Type 3: Điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ: If + S + V(Past Perfect) ...... , S + would + have + V-ed/3 * Had + V-ed/3 could
EX: If I had studied harder for the test, I would have passed it. (He didn’t study harder and he didn’t pass the test) If I hadn’t been in a hurry, I wouldn’t have had an accident. Chú ý: Nếu các sự kiện ở các thời điểm khác nhau có thể được pha trộn trong một câu điều kiện: EX: If he had learned hard in the past, he might pass the exam now. 4. Một số cách nói khác của câu điều kiện: a. Trong cách dùng trang trọng hoặc trong văn chương ta có thể đảo “should”, “Were” và “Had” lên trước chủ ngữ mà không cần dùng “If” * Điều kiện loại 1: - Nếu có “should” ở mệnh đề if, thì đảo “should” lên đầu câu EX: If her condition should improve, we will inform you immediately. Should her condition improve, we will inform you immediately. - Nếu không có “should” ở mệnh đề if, chúng ta phải thêm “should” EX: If he has free time, he’ll play tennis. Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis. * Điều kiện loại 2: - Nếu có “were” ở mệnh đề if, thì đảo “were” lên đầu. EX: If you were able to go abroad for the summer, where would you go? Were you able to go abroad for the summer, where would you go? - Nếu không có “were” ở mệnh đề if, thì thêm “were’ và động từ chuyển thành “ to V” EX: If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book. * Điều kiện loại 3: EX: If I had known the news, I would have come to visit him. Had I known the news, I would have come to visit him. b. Dùng “Unless” thay thế cho “If ...... not” EX: You can’t travel abroad if you haven’t got a passport. You can’t travel abroad unless you have got a passport. c. Thay “If” bằng “Provided that/ Providing that/ So long as/ As long as” EX: a/ You can camp here if you leave no mess. You can camp here provided that you leave no mess. b/ She can meet him if she arrives before eleven. So long as she arrives before eleven, she can meet him. d. Thay “If” bằng “Suppose......?” EX: Suppose the train is late? What will happen if the train is late? Suppose no one had been there? What would have happened if no one had been there? e. Thay “If” bằng “Or/ Or else/ Otherwise” EX: I always have breakfast. If I don’t have breakfast, I will get hungry during class. I always have breakfast, or else I will get hungry during class. You might fall if you are not careful. Be careful or you might fall. f. Thay “If” bằng “But for + N” bằng “If it hadn’t been for + N/ If it wasn’t/ weren’t for + N” EX: If you hadn’t helped me, I would have finished my work. But for your help, I would have finished my work. If it hadn’t been for your help, I would have finished my work. If it wasn’t for my dog, I would be quite lonely. But for my dog, I would be quite lonely.
