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Chapter 7 Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology
Multiple Choice
Ans: D
Ans: D
Ans: C
Ans: C
Ans: E
6. Segments of pure samples of identical, relatively short DNA molecules from plasmids
can be subdivided into smaller pieces by
A. Southern blot analysis.
B. colony hybridization.
C. restriction enzyme digestion.
D. agarose gel electrophoresis.
E. ethidium bromide treatment.
Ans: C
Ans: C
8. All of the following would be required for the expression in E. coli of the cDNA for
proinsulin from humans EXCEPT
A. an E. coli promoter upstream from the cDNA.
B. a selectable marker, such as ampicillin resistance, on the plasmid.
C. a Shine-Dalgarno sequence for ribosome recognition upstream from the cDNA.
D. an E. coli specific replication origin on the plasmid.
E. a polyadenylation signal.
Ans: E
Ans: B
11. Reverse transcriptase and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase are used in gene
cloning to
A. remove single stranded DNA and repair the restriction enzyme site after
transformation respectively.
B. make cDNA and create sticky ends on the cDNA and the staggered ends of the
cleaved restriction site.
C. repair the restriction enzyme site before transformation.
D. repair the restriction enzyme site after transformation.
E. remove the sticky ends prior to the DNA ligase step.
Ans: B
12. M17476PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) products are of discrete length because
A. Taq polymerase can synthesize only 1000 base pairs of DNA at a time.
B. polymerization proceeds to the ends of the DNA.
C. Taq polymerase is denatured after each cycle is complete.
D. the DNA is cut with restriction enzymes prior to PCR.
E. the reaction contains a limiting amount of nucleoside triphosphate precursors.
Ans: B
Ans: E
15. For an expression vector that will be used to produce mRNA in a prokaryotic system,
which of the following is not required?
A. origin of replication.
B. selectable marker.
C. bacterial promoter.
D. polyadenylation signal.
E. Shine_Dalgarno sequence.
Ans: D
Ans: C
17. All of the following are used to construct genomic libraries EXCEPT
A. DNA ligase.
B. bacteriophage lambda.
C. reverse transcriptase.
D. restriction enzymes.
Ans: C
18. All of the following are TRUE regarding restriction endonucleases EXCEPT
A. they recognize specific palindromic sequences.
B. they may produce staggered ends when they cleave DNA into fragments.
C. they may produce flush ends when they cleave DNA into fragments.
D. they are used in gene cloning to cleave the single stranded regions of the cDNA
produced by reverse transcriptase.
E. they are used to cleave plasmid DNA in specific places in gene cloning experiments.
Ans: D
Ans: B
21. According to the Holliday model, the initial steps in recombination are which of the
following?
A. Double strand breakage and rejoining of nonhomologous chromosomes
B. Double_strand breakage and rejoining of homologous chromosomes
C. Single-strand breakage and strand transfer between non-homologous chromosomes
D. Single_strand breakage and strand transfer between homologous chromosomes
Ans: D
Ans: E
23. Applications using transgenic mice include all of the following EXCEPT
A. rescue of mutants.
B. generation of chemically_induced mutant loci.
C. synthetic bioreactors.
D. testing drug or gene therapies.
E. studies of structure_function relationships.
Ans: B
24. Which of the following are not required for expression of a human cDNA cloned in
E. coli?
A. promoter
B. ribosome binding site
C. initiation codon
D. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II
Ans: D
25. To obtain recombinant DNA clones that encode a specific protein, a high affinity
antibody to that protein can be utilized to screen
A. a cDNA library in pBR.
B. a cDNA library in an expression vector.
C. a genomic DNA library cloned into a YAC vector.
D. a cDNA library cloned into a YAC vector.
E. a genomic DNA library cloned into a phage vector.
Ans: B
26. Which one of the following statements about Southern blot analysis is true?
A. It will identify which RNA in a population is complementary to a specific DNA
probe.
B. It is used to purify a gene by electrophoretic separation from a population of genes.
C. It is useful for repetitive DNA but not unique sequence DNA.
D. It is used to amplify a specific DNA sequence in vitro.
E. It identifies a specific fragment of DNA based on complementarity to a radioactive
DNA probe.
Ans: E
27. Which of the following enzymes can be used for the construction of a recombinant
DNA molecule in vitro?
A. DNA polymerase + DNA ligase
B. DNA polymerase + RNA polymerase
C. Restriction enzyme + DNA ligase
D. Phosphorylase + DNA ligase
E. Acetylase + single stranded DNA specific deoxyribonuclease
Ans: C
Ans: D
29. Segments of pure samples of identical, relatively short DNA molecules from plasmids
can be subdivided into smaller pieces by
A. Southern blot analysis.
B. Colony hybridization
C. Restriction enzyme digestion.
D. Agarose gel electrophoresis.
E. Ethidium bromide treatment
Ans: C
30. Human genomic libraries would be expected to contain all of the following EXCEPT
A. introns.
B. exons.
C. promoters.
D. spliced sequences.
E. Alu sequences.
Ans: D
31. Recombinant DNA techniques currently can be used for all of the following except
A. preparation of large amounts of DNA for structural analysis.
B. preparation of proteins such as alpha globin, insulin, and interferon.
C. creation of phage collections which, in total, represent the entire genome of an
organism.
D. prenatal identification of some genetic diseases.
E. repair of genetic damage caused by radiation.
Ans: E
32. The advantage of cloning into a Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC) vector is
A. when recombinant DNA molecules function as chromosomes in the host organism,
there are more copies per cell than with plasmids.
B. transformation into yeast is more efficient than into E. coli.
C. it is always better to use the most current technology.
D. the ability to clone large (approximately 200Kb) inserts and therefore enable the rapid
manipulation of DNA from organisms bearing large genomes.
E. working in yeast leads to more efficient translation of eukaryotic genes.
Ans: D
Ans: C
35. Which of the following techniques can be used to screen the general population for a
single base-pair mutation in disease-causing gene?
A. RFLP linkage analysis
B. Allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) analysis
C. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
D. Multiplex PCR
Ans: B
36. Reverse transcriptase, like DNA polymerase, can build a complete complementary
nucleic acid strand
A. if there are substrate ribonucleotide triphosphates present.
B. if there is a template and a primer present.
C. if S1 nuclease is present
D. if there is present a strand of DNA.
E. A and D.
Ans: B
37. DNA sequencing by the Sanger technique makes use of ____________for chain
termination.
A. dNTPs
B. dideoxynucleotides
C. AZT
D. DNA polymerase
Ans: B
Ans: E
39. In the preparation of labeled probes, which steps do nick-translation and random
oligonucleotide priming have in common?
A. Labeling reactions are initiated by synthetic oligonucleotides.
B. The incorporation of labeled precursor involves an in vitro DNA replication reaction.
C. Nuclease activity can degrade newly synthesized, labeled DNA.
D. They both incorporate -labeled ribonucleotides.
Ans: B
40. Accessibility of DNA to trans-acting molecules is, in general, reduced by its being
packaged into a nucleosome core, both in vitro and in vivo. A prominent exception to
this is the behavior of:
A. The TATA box-binding protein, TBP, which binds within the minor groove.
B. Retrovirus proviral DNA, which integrates within the major groove.
C. Topoisomerase II, which binds to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
D. SV40 large T-antigen, which binds to the major groove.
E. None of the above.
Ans: B
41. In constructing a genomic DNA library, limited digestion with a restriction enzyme
that recognizes and cuts a 4 base pair sequence
A. ensures that the DNA fragments being cloned are very small.
B. ensures that introns are separated from exons.
C. generates overlapping fragments of the genome.
D. separates repetitive sequences from unique sequences.
Ans: C
42. Two general types of viral vectors utilized frequently for gene therapy include.
A. bacteriophage and HIV
B. DNA viruses and RNA viruses
C. adenoviruses and foamy viruses
D. influenza viruses and liposomes
Ans: B
43. Topoisomerase I
A. unwinds double stranded DNA by breaking base pairs
B. will decrease the writhing number of negatively supercoiled DNA
C. will decrease the linking number of negatively supercoiled DNA
D. nicks one strand of double stranded DNA
E. cuts both strands of double stranded DNA
Ans: D
Ans: A
45. The best technique for determining on which chromosome a specific human gene is
located would probably involve
A. digestion of total human DNA with restriction endonucleases, separation of fragments
by gel electrophoresis and hybridization with a labeled gene probe.
B. somatic cell hybridization.
C. isolation of fetal messenger RNA and in vitro translation.
D. None of the above techniques could yield such information.
Ans: B
Ans: E
47. RFLP analysis can be used for all of the following except
A. classical genetic mapping.
B. DNA fingerprinting.
C. locating a disease gene.
D. prenatal screening for a possible genetic defect.
E. creating a cDNA library.
Ans: E
48. All of the following statements concerning DNA cloning are true EXCEPT which
one?
A. Vectors such as plasmids or bacterial viruses can be used for cloning foreign DNA in
bacterial cells.
B. Recombinant molecules between plasmid DNA and foreign DNA can be generated by
using restriction endonucleases.
C. cDNA synthesized from the messenger RNA of a desired gene can be cloned.
D. If foreign DNA is inserted into a bacterial plasmid, the recombinant plasmid cannot
be used for transforming eukaryotic cells.
E. Some eukaryotic genes can be expressed when transformed into bacteria.
Ans: D
Ans: D
50. Two small plasmids undergoing recombination will look like a figure 8. If they are
each cut once at a unique restriction site, they will form a Chi structure. Which of the
following will be true
A. each of the arms of the Chi structure will be a different length
B. each of the arms will be the same length
C. two of the arms will be the same length and the other two arms will be the same
length
D. three of the arms will be the same length and the fourth arm will be a different length
E. none of the above are true
Ans: C
51. Which of the following would be required for the efficient expression of human low
density lipoprotein (LDL) in a bacterial host?
A. a cDNA construct encoding LDL, under the control of a bacterial promoter
B. the human gene encoding LDL, under the control of a bacterial promoter
C. a cDNA construct encoding LDL, under the control of the LDL promoter
D. the human gene encoding LDL, under the control of the LDL promoter
Ans: A
52. Enzymes necessary for the construction of a recombinant molecule of DNA are
A. restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase.
B. restriction endonucleases and Pol I.
C. Pol I and DNA ligase.
D. recombinase and DNA gyrase.
Ans: A
53. DNA libraries contain
A. copies of genes.
B. mRNAs.
C. fragments of genomic DNA.
D. DNA copies of mRNA.
E. intron DNA sequences.
Ans: D
54. For an expression vector that will be used to produce mRNA in a prokaryotic system,
which of the following is not required?
A. origin of replication
B. selectable marker
C. bacterial promoter
D. polyadenylation signal
E. Shine-Dalgarno sequence
Ans: D
55. cDNA usually is made initially from an RNA of choice, using which of the following
enzymes?
A. E. coli RNA polymerase
B. reverse transcriptase
C. E. coli DNA polymerase I
D. bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I
E. the sarc gene protein kinase
Ans: B
56. Vector development, design of the corrective gene construct, proliferation and
maintenance of target cells, efficient transfection and transport of nucleic acid to the
nucleus for integration into the genome, and expansion of engineered cells and
implantation into the patient are all examples of
A. challenges to successful gene therapy.
B. techniques used to study developmental regulation.
C. protocols used in the production of transgenic and chimeric mice.
D. problems encountered in the development of pharmaceuticals.
Ans: A
Ans: E
58. Techniques utilized to produce mouse models of human disease include all of the
following EXCEPT
A. knock-in mutation.
B. transgenesis.
C. nuclear transfer.
D. transposition.
E. knockout mutation.
Ans: D
Ans: C
Ans: A
Ans: A
62. A cloned cDNA copy of beta-globin mRNA could direct the biosynthesis of a
complete and correct peptide in E. coli while the corresponding cloned chromosomal
gene could not because
A. bacterial polymerases can not transcribe intervening sequences.
B. intervening sequences contain codons that are not recognized by cellular tRNA.
C. bacteria do not have the enzymatic machinery necessary for splicing eukaryotic
mRNA precursors.
D. intervening sequences contain hairpin loops which block the progress of ribosomes
during translation.
E. bacterial protein processing machinery is not capable of processing the protein
precursor to its correct size.
Ans: C
Ans: D
Ans: A
65. Restriction enzymes have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT that they cut
A. DNA sequence specifically.
B. each DNA strand separately.
C. palindromic sequences.
D. DNA using an exonuclease activity.
Ans: D
66. Which one of the following properties would make a plasmid an ineffective vehicle?
A. very small size
B. multiple copies are incorporated per cell
C. codes for the protein required for tetracycline resistance
D. contains three sites for the restriction endonuclease to be used
Ans: D
67. Eukaryotic genes coding for proteins usually have introns. The production of
recombinant eukaryotic proteins (insulin, for example) in bacteria does not necessarily
pose a problem because
A. bacteria possess the necessary enzymes to correctly process the primary transcript
containing intron sequences.
B. a cDNA copy of the mRNA can be cloned and expressed.
C. the protein synthetic machinery of the bacteria will only translate the exon portions of
the resulting RNA.
D. the translation of intron regions will not alter the activity of the protein if they are
removed by proteolytic processing.
Ans: B
68. Southern blots are used to analyze DNA that has been fractionated based on
difference in
A. length.
B. sequence.
C. GC content.
D. AT content.
E. density.
Ans: A
69. Which ONE of the following single stranded DNA molecules would be understood to
contain a palindrome in the double stranded state as this term has been defined for DNA
sequence arrangements?
A. ApTpGpCpCpGpTpAp
B. GpCpTpApTpGpApCp
C. ApTpGpCpTpApCpGp
D. GpTpCpApTpGpApCp
Ans: D
70. Transgenic mouse lines are useful for studies of human disease for all the following
reasons EXCEPT
A. Mice are physiologically similar to humans.
B. New diseases can be induced in mice for which there is no human counterpart yet.
C. They allow the study of polygenic disease.
D. Technology advances have increased the ability to create mouse models of human
disease.
E. A large reservoir of potential models exists in spontaneous or induced mutant loci.
Ans: B
71. Bacteria were infected with phages labeled with 35S and then whirled in a food
blender. Cells were then separated from the fluid medium supernatant. Which of the
following would be true?
A. No radioactivity would be detected in either cells or supernatant.
B. The radioactivity would be found in the progeny phage particles if infection of the
cells was allowed to continue.
C. The supernatant fluid would contain most of the radioactivity
D. The radioactivity would be found in the phage DNA within the infected cells
Ans: C
72. In constructing a genomic DNA library, limited digestion with a restriction enzyme
that recognizes and cuts a 4 base pair sequence
A. ensures that the DNA fragments being cloned are very small.
B. ensures that introns are separated from exons.
C. generates overlapping fragments of the genome.
D. separates repetitive sequences from unique sequences.
Ans: C
73. Construction of a plasmid containing a human beta globin cDNA may involve all of
the following EXCEPT
A. isolation of human beta globin mRNA.
B. use of poly dT as a primer for reverse transcriptase.
C. transcription with E. coli RNA polymerase.
D. homopolymer tailing of the cDNA and ligation of the tailed cDNA to the vector.
Ans: C
74. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results in discrete length products because
A. Taq polymerase can only synthesize DNA of discrete size from any DNA template.
B. the reaction is terminated by denaturation at the same time following each round of
polymerization.
C. the primers are of discrete size.
D. of the exponential production of run-off products.
E. the template for amplification is always a specific cloned DNA fragment.
Ans: D
Ans: B
Ans: C
Ans: E
78. Which of the following would most likely be found in a recombinant plasmid
containing a copy of DNA from a human gene?
A. The entire protein coding sequence of the gene.
B. A sequence complementary to the 3' poly-A tail of the mRNA encoded by the gene.
C. The chromosome containing the gene.
D. A segment of intron DNA.
Ans: D
79. Reverse transcriptase has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT that it
A. is a viral DNA polymerase.
B. requires a primer.
C. uses either DNA or RNA as a template.
D. synthesizes both DNA and RNA.
Ans: D
Ans: D
Ans: D
Ans: B
Ans: E
84. In general, PCR primers need to have which of the following characteristics?
A. Each primer needs to base-pair with a site on one of the two DNA strands.
B. The primers need to base-pair with each other.
C. Each primer needs to base-pair with two sites on each of the two DNA strands.
D. The two primers need to base-pair with sites that are repetitive in the genome.
Ans: A
85. Reverse transcriptase carries out all of the following activities except?
A. RNA directed DNA synthesis.
B. DNA directed DNA synthesis.
C. DNA directed RNA synthesis.
D. Hydrolysis of RNA.
Ans: C
Ans: B
87. Which of the following sequences would NOT be represented in a cDNA library?
A. promoter sequences
B. translation termination codons
C. polyadenylation signals
D. translation initiation codons
Ans: A
88. In the Sanger dideoxy method of DNA sequencing, the dideoxy analog
A. allows specific chemical cleavage of the DNA strand.
B. is a component of the primer.
C. causes termination of DNA synthesis.
D. cannot be utilized for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase I.
E. lacks a 5' phosphate group.
Ans: C
89. M1749Which of the following is not always required for DNA blotting (Southern
hybridization)?
A. digestion of DNA with restriction endonucleases
B. separation of digested DNA by electrophoresis
C. amplification of DNA fragment by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
D. hybridization with some kind of probe which contains regions of complementarity
Ans: C
90. One enzyme necessary for the genetic information of some RNA virus to be
incorporated into the chromosome of a host eukaryotic cells
A. viral polynucleotide RNA polymerase.
B. DNA-dependent-RNA polymerase.
C. DNA-dependent RNA ligase.
D. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
E. host cell RNA-DNA polymerase.
Ans: D
91. The severity of an inherited disease can depend on all of the following EXCEPT
A. the presence of a closely linked RFLP marker.
B. the genetic background of the individual.
C. environmental influences.
D. the nature of the mutation.
Ans: A
Ans: A
Ans: B
94. Human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, nuclear transfer and nuclear
transplantation are all variations of the same technique in which
A. in utero gene transfer is performed.
B. transgenes are microinjected into embryonic stem cells.
C. the nucleus of a somatic cell is introduced into the cytoplasm of an enucleated cell.
D. homologous recombination is used to achieve new traits.
Ans: C
95. All of the following statements about genetic engineering are correct EXCEPT
A. recipient strains of bacteria to be utilized for cloning of foreign DNA should have
mutated restriction enzyme systems.
B. recombinant plasmids are introduced into bacterial cells by transformation.
C. recombinant DNA clones containing eukaryotic DNA inserts can be made to
synthesize eukaryotic proteins in bacterial cells.
D. bacterial plasmid vectors replicate and lyse bacterial cells forming plaques.
E. DNA ligase is utilized to covalently join DNA molecules in the construction of
recombinant molecules.
Ans: D
96. Selection of a Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC) vector for the cloning of human
genomic DNA would greatly expedite
A. chromosomal walking.
B. efficient translation of human proteins.
C. expression screening.
D. differential screening.
Ans: A
97. The degree of homology between DNA from two organisms can most accurately be
determined by
A. base composition.
B. comparing melting curves.
C. density measurements.
D. hybridization.
Ans: D
Ans: B
Ans: C
100. Each of the following statements concerning reverse transcriptase is true EXCEPT?
A. It has been found as a component of RNA tumor viruses.
B. It can use an RNA template for the synthesis of DNA.
C. It can be used for the construction of cDNA clones from mRNA.
D. It carries out the transcription of viral_specific mRNAs.
E. It can utilize phosphorylated AZT for nucleic acid synthesis.
Ans: D
101. Which stage in the process of gene cloning are the restriction endonucleases
utilized?
A. isolation of mRNA
B. synthesis of double-stranded cDNA
C. insertion of the cDNA into the vehicle
D. transformation
E. expression of the cDNA in the bacterial cell
Ans: C
102. Most human genes which are cloned in E. coli would not be expressed because
A. prokaryotes cannot translate mRNAs for eukaryotic proteins.
B. E. coli lacks the ability to splice mRNA precursors.
C. the genetic code is completely different in bacteria and humans.
D. bacteria lack the appropriate suppressor tRNAs for translation of a eukaryotic mRNA.
E. eukaryotic ribosomes cannot function in bacteria.
Ans: B
103. RFLP screening during a chromosomal walk would permit the identification of a
A. DNA interval deleted in unrelated individuals who suffer from the same genetic
disease.
B. point mutation in a gene that does not alter a restriction enzyme recognition sequence.
C. cDNA clone for the disease of interest.
D. clone expressing the mutant protein.
Ans: A
Ans: A
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FOOTNOTES
[1] In the memorial of Antonio Velazquez, successor of the adelantado, Diego
Velazquez, Memorial del negocio de D. Antonio Velazquez de Bazan, in Mendoza,
Col. Doc. Inéd., x. 80-6, taken from the archives of the Indies, the credit of this
expedition is claimed wholly for the governor. Indeed, Velazquez himself
repeatedly asserts, as well as others, that the expedition was made at his cost.
But knowing the man as we do, and considering the claims of others, it is safe
enough to say that the governor did not invest much money in it. The burden
doubtless fell on Córdoba, who was aided, as some think, by his associates,
Cristóbal Morante and Lope Ochoa de Caicedo, in making up what the men of
Darien lacked, Torquemada, i. 349, notwithstanding the claims for his fraternity of
Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., i. Ogilby, Hist. Am., 76, says the three associates were
all Cuban planters; that they equipped three ships, Velazquez adding one. This
Hernandez de Córdoba was not he who served as lieutenant under Pedrarias,
though of the same name.
[2] Opinion has been divided as to the original purpose of the expedition. As it
turned out, it was thought best on all sides to say nothing of the inhuman and
unlawful intention of capturing Indians for slaves. Hence, in the public documents,
particularly in the petitions for recompense which invariably followed discoveries,
pains is taken to state that it was a voyage of discovery, and prompted by the
governor of Cuba. As in the Décadas Abreviadas de los Descubrimientos,
Mendoza, Col. Doc. Inéd., viii. 5-54, we find that ‘El adelantado Diego Velazquez
de Cuéllar es autor del descubrimiento de la Nueva España,’ so, in effect, it is
recorded everywhere. Indeed, Bernal Diaz solemnly asserts that Velazquez at first
stipulated that he should have three cargoes of slaves from the Guanaja Islands,
and that the virtuous one hundred indignantly refused so to disobey God and the
king as to turn free people into slaves. ‘Y desque vimos los soldados, que aquello
que pedia el Diego Velazquez no era justo, le respondimos, que lo que dezia, no
lo mandaua Dios, ni el Rey; que hiziessemos á los libres esclavos.’ Hist. Verdad.,
i. On the strength of which fiction, Zamacois, Hist. Méj., ii. 224, launches into
laudation of the Spanish character. The honest soldier, however, finds difficulty in
making the world believe his statement. Las Casas, Hist. Ind., iv. 348, does not
hesitate to say very plainly that the expedition was sent out to capture Indians, ‘ir é
enviar á saltear indios para traer á ella,’ for which purpose there were always men
with money ready; and that on this occasion Córdoba, Morante, and Caicedo
subscribed 1,500 or 2,000 castellanos each, to go and catch Indians, either at the
Lucayas Islands or elsewhere. Torquemada, i. 349, writes more mildly, yet plainly
enough; ‘para ir à buscar Indios, à las Islas Convecinas, y hacer Rescates, como
hasta entonces lo acostumbraban.’ Cogolludo, Hist. Yucathan, 1-6, follows Bernal
Diaz almost literally. Gomara, Hist. Ind., 60, is non-committal, stating first ‘para
descubrir y rescatar,’ and afterward, ‘Otros dizen que para traer esclauos de las
yslas Guanaxos a sus minas y granjerias.’ Oviedo and Herrera pass by the
question. Landa, Rel. de Yucatan, 16, ‘a rescatar esclavos para las minas, que ya
en Cuba se yva la gente apocando y que otros dizen que salio a descubrir tierra.’
Says the unknown author of De Rebus Gestis Ferdinandi Cortesii, in Icazbalceta,
Col. Doc., i. 338, ‘In has igitur insulas ad grassandum et prædandum, ut ita dicam,
ire hi de quibus suprà dictum est, constituerant; non in Iucatanam.’ It is clear to my
mind that slaves were the first object, and that discovery was secondary, and an
after-thought.
[3] Bernal Diaz holds persistently to 110. It was 110 who came from Tierra Firme,
and after divers recruits and additions the number was still 110.
[4] Authorities vary, from four days given by Las Casas, and six by Oviedo, to 21
by Bernal Diaz and Herrera. The date of departure is also disputed, but the
differences are unimportant. Compare Peter Martyr, dec. iv. cap. vi.; Dufey,
Résumé Hist. Am., i. 93; Clavigero, Storia Mess., iii. 3; Las Casas, Hist. Ind., iv.
348-63; Cogolludo, Hist. Yucathan, 3-8; Gomara, Hist. Ind., 60-1; Bernal Diaz,
Hist. Verdad., 1-2; Herrera, dec. ii. lib. ii. cap. xvii.; Solis, Hist. Mex., i. 22-4; Vida
de Cortés, or De Rebus Gestis Ferdinandi Cortesii, in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i.
331-41; March y Labores, Marina Española, i. 463-8; Robertson’s Hist. Am., i.
237-40; Fancourt’s Hist. Yuc., 5-8.
[5] Though remarkably fair and judicious in the main, Mr Prescott’s partiality for a
certain class of his material is evident. To the copies from the Spanish archives,
most of which have been since published with hundreds of others equally or more
valuable, he seemed to attach an importance proportionate to their cost. Thus,
throughout his entire work, these papers are paraded to the exclusion of the more
reliable, but more accessible, standard authorities. In the attempt, at this point, to
follow at once his document and the plainly current facts, he falls into an error of
which he appears unconscious. He states, Conq. Mex., i. 222, that Córdoba
‘sailed with three vessels on an expedition to one of the neighboring Bahama
Islands, in quest of Indian slaves. He encountered a succession of heavy gales
which drove him far out of his course.’ The Bahama Islands are eastward from
Habana, while Cape San Antonio is toward the west. All the authorities agree that
the expedition sailed directly westward, and that the storm did not occur until after
Cape San Antonio had been passed, which leaves Mr Prescott among other errors
in that of driving a fleet to the westward, in a storm, when it has already sailed
thither by the will of its commander, in fair weather.
[6] Following Gomara and Torquemada, Galvano mentions the name of no other
place in this voyage than that of Punta de las Dueñas, which he places in latitude
20°. He further remarks, Descobrimentos, 131, ‘He gẽte milhor atauiada que ha
em neuhũa outra terra, & cruzes em q’ os Indios adorauam, & os punham sobre
seus defuntos quando faleciam, donde parecia que em algum tẽpo se sentio aly a
fe de Christo.’ The anonymous author of De Rebus Gestis and all the best
authorities recognize this as the first discovery. ‘Sicque non ad Guanaxos, quos
petebant, appulerunt, sed ad Mulierum promontorium.’ Fernando Colon places on
his map, 1527, y: de mujeres; Diego de Ribero, 1529, d’ mugeres, the next name
north being amazonas. Vaz Dourado, 1571, lays down three islands which he calls
p:. de magreles; Hood, 1592, Y. de mueres; Laet, 1633, Yas de mucheres; Ogilby,
1671, yas desconocidas; Dampier, 1699, I. mugeras; Jefferys, 1776, Ia de
Mujeres, or Woman’s I. It was this name that led certain of the chroniclers to
speak of islands off the coast of Yucatan inhabited by Amazons. ‘Sirvió de asilo en
nuestros dias al célebre pirata Lafitte.’ Boletin de la Sociedad Mex. de Geog., iii.
224.
[7] For a description of these people see Bancroft’s Native Races, i. 645-747.
[8] See Landa, Rel. de Yuc., 6. ‘Domum Cotoche sonat: indicabant enim domus et
oppidum haud longè abesse.’ De Rebus Gestis Ferdinandi Cortesii, in Icazbalceta,
Col. Doc., i. 339. ‘Conez cotoche, q̄ quiere dezir, Andad aca a mis casas.’ Herrera,
dec. ii. lib. ii. cap. xvii. ‘Cotohe, cotohe,’ that is to say, ‘a house.’ Fancourt’s Hist.
Yuc., 6. ‘Cotoche, q̄ quiere dezir casa.’ Gomara, Hist. Ind., 61. ‘Con escotoch, con
escotoch, y quiere dezir, andad acá á mis casas.’ Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 2.
This, the north-eastern point of Yucatan, is on Fernando Colon’s map, 1527,
gotoche; on the map of Diego de Ribero, 1529, p: d’cotoche; Vaz Dourado, 1571,
C:. de quoteche; Pilestrina, c:. de sampalq. Hood places a little west of the cape a
bay, B. de conil; the next name west is Atalaia. Goldschmidt’s Cartog. Pac. Coast,
MS., i. 358. Kohl, Beiden ältesten Karten, 103, brings the expedition here the 1st
of March. Las Casas, Hist. Ind., iv. 350, confounds Córdoba’s and Grijalva’s
voyages in this respect, that brings the former at once to Cozumel, when, as a
matter of fact, Córdoba never saw that island.
[9] So called by the natives, but by the Spaniards named San Lázaro, because ‘it
was a Domingo de Lazaro’ when they landed. Yet Ribero writes chãpa, while Vaz
Dourado employs llazaro, and Hood, Campechy; Laet gives the name correctly;
Ogilby and Jefferys call the place S. Frco de Campeche. ‘Los Indios le deziã
Quimpech.’ Herrera, dec. ii. lib. ii. cap. xvii.
[10] Now Champoton, applied to river and town. Ribero writes camrõ; Hood,
Champoto; Mercator, Chapãton, and town next north, Maranga. Potonchan, in the
aboriginal tongue, signifies, ‘Stinking Place.’ Mercator has also the town of
Potõchan, west of Tabasco River. West-Indische Spieghel, Patõcham. Laet,
Ogilby, and Jefferys follow with Champoton in the usual variations. ‘Y llegaron á
otra provincia,’ says Oviedo, i. 498, ‘que los indios llaman Aguanil, y el principal
pueblo della se dice Moscoba, y el rey ó caçique de aquel señorio se llama
Chiapoton;’ and thus the author of De Rebus Gestis Ferdinandi Cortesii, ‘Nec diu
navigaverant, cùm Mochocobocum perveniunt.’ Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., 340.
[11] Pinzon and Solis must have found alligators in their northward cruise,
otherwise Peter Martyr could not honestly lay down on his map of India beyond
the Ganges, in 1510, the baya d’ lagartos north of guanase. Mariners must have
given the coast a bad name, for directly north of the R. de la of Colon, the R:. de
laḡ r̄ tos of Ribero, the R:. de lagarts of Vaz Dourado, and the R. de Lagartos of
Hood, are placed some reefs by all these chart-makers, and to which they give the
name Alacranes, Scorpions. The next name west of Lagartos on Map No. x.,
Munich Atlas, is costanisa, and on No. xiii. Ostanca. Again next west, on both, is
Medanos. On No. x., next to costa nisa, and on No. xiii., west of Punta de las
Arenas, is the name Ancones. Ogilby gives here B. de Conil, and in the interior
south, a town Conil; east of R. de Lagartos is also the town Quyo, and in large
letters the name Chuaca.
[12] ‘Dezian los Españoles q’ estavan hablãdo con el Diego Velazquez, y con los
Indios: Señor estos Indios dizen, que su tierra se llama Yucatã, y assi se, quedò
cõ este nõbre, que en propria lengua no se dize assi.’ Hist. Verdad., 5. Gomara,
Hist. Ind., 60, states that after naming Catoche, a little farther on the Spaniards
met some natives, of whom they asked the name of the town near by. Tecteta, was
the reply, which means, ‘I do not understand.’ The Spaniards, accepting this as the
answer to their question, called the country Yectetan, and soon Yucatan. Waldeck,
Voy. Pittoresque, 25, derives the name from the native word ouyouckutan, ‘listen
to what they say.’ The native name was Maya. See Bancroft’s Native Races, v.
614-34. There are various other theories and renderings, among them the
following: In answer to Córdoba’s inquiry as to the name of their country, the
natives exclaimed, ‘uy u tan, esto es: oyes como habla?’ Zamacois, Hist. Mej., ii.
228. ‘Que preguntando a estos Indios, si auia en su tierra aquellas rayzes que se
llama Yuca.... Respondian Ilatli, por la tierra en que se plantan, y que de Yuca
juntado con Ilatli, se dixo Yucatta, y de alli Yucatan.’ Herrera, dec. ii. lib. ii. cap.
xviii. Whencesoever the origin, it was clearly a mistake, as there never was an
aboriginal designation for the whole country, nor, like the Japanese, have they
names for their straits or bays. For some time Yucatan was supposed to be an
island. Grijalva called the country Isla de Santa María de Remedios, though that
term was employed by few. In early documents the two names are united;
instance the instructions of Velazquez to Cortés, where the country is called la
Ysla de Yucatan Sta María de Remedios. On Cortés’ chart of the Gulf of Mexico,
1520, it is called Yucatan, and represented as an island. Colon, 1527, and Ribero,
1529, who write Ivcatan; Ptolemy, in Munster, 1530, Iucatana; Orontius, on his
globe, 1531, Iucatans; Munich Atlas, no. iv., 1532-40, cucatan; Baptista Agnese,
1540-50, Iucatan; Mercator, 1569, Ivcatan; Michael Lok, 1582, Incoton; Hondius,
1595, Laet, Ogilby, etc., Yucatan, which now assumes peninsular proportions.
[13]
Arms of the Republic of Mexico.