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Computing Essentials 2013 Tim and Linda O’Leary
Chapter 7
Input and Output
Lecture Guide
• Competencies
o Define input.
o Describe keyboard entry including the different types of keyboards and keyboard
features.
o Discuss pointing devices including mice, touch screens, joysticks, and styluses.
o Describe scanning devices including optical scanners and card readers.
o Discuss image capturing devices including digital cameras, digital video cameras
and WebCams.
o Define output.
o Discuss monitor features, flat-panel, CRT, e-book readers, digital and interactive
whiteboards, and HDTVs.
o Define printing features as well as ink-jet, laser, cloud printers, dot-matrix,
thermal, plotter, photo, and portable printers.
o Discuss audio and video devices including portable media devices, and Mobile
DTV.
o Define combination input and output devices including fax machines,
multifunctional devices, and Internet telephones.
Chapter Outline
• What is Input?
o Any data or instructions that are used by a computer.
o Can come directly from you or from other sources.
o Input devices are hardware used to translate words, sounds, images, and actions
that people understand into a form that the system unit can process.
• Keyboard Entry
▪ One of the most common ways to input data is by keyboard.
▪ Keyboards convert numbers, letters, and special characters that humans
understand into electrical signals.
▪ Electrical signals from the keyboard are sent to, and processed by, the
system unit.
▪ Most keyboards use an arrangement of keys given the name QWERTY.
▪ Variety of keyboard designs:
• Traditional keyboards—full-sized, rigid, rectangular keyboards
that include function, navigational, and numeric keys.
• Ergonomic keyboards—similar to traditional keyboards. The
keyboard arrangement, however, is not rectangular and a palm rest
is provided. They are designed specifically to alleviate wrist strain
associated with the repetitive movements of typing.
• Wireless keyboards—transmit input to the system unit through
the air. They provide greater flexibility and convenience
• PDA keyboards—miniature keyboards for PDAs used to send e-
mail, create documents, etc.
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▪ Review concepts
• What is Output?
o Output is processed data or information, and typically takes the form of text,
graphics, photos, audio, and/or video.
o Output devices are any hardware used to provide or to create output.
o They translate information that has been processed by the system unit into a form
that humans can understand.
o Most widely used output devices are monitors, printers, and audio-output devices.
• Monitors
▪ Most frequently used output device. Also known as display screen
▪ Present visual images of text and graphics.
▪ Output is often referred to as soft copy.
▪ Monitors vary in size, shape, and cost.
▪ Basic distinguishing features include:
• Clarity refers to the quality and sharpness of the displayed images,
and is composed of five elements:
o Resolution - Images are formed on a monitor by a series of
dots or pixels. Resolution is expressed as a matrix of these
dots or pixels. The higher a monitor’s resolution, the
clearer the image produced.
o Dot (pixel) pitch is the distance between each pixel. The
lower the dot pitch, the clearer the images produced.
o Refresh rate indicates how often a displayed image is
updated or redrawn on the monitor. The faster the refresh
rate, the better the quality of images displayed.
o Size or active display area is measured by the diagonal
length of a monitor’s viewing area.
o Aspect ratio is determined by the width of a monitor
divided by it height.
▪ Flat-panel monitors are much thinner and require less power to operate
than CRTs. As a result, flat-panel monitors are rapidly replacing CRTs.
• Almost all of today’s flat-panel monitors are LCD (liquid crystal
display).
• There are two basic types:
o Passive-matrix, or dual-scan monitors, create images by
scanning the entire screen. Requires very little power, but
the clarity of the images is not as sharp.
o Active-matrix or thin film transistor (TFT) monitors do not
scan down the screen; instead, each pixel is independently
activated. They can display more colors with better clarity.
Active-matrix monitors are more expensive and require
more power.
• OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a newer technology
o Lower power consumption
o Longer battery life
o Thinner displays
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Teaching Tips
• What is Input?
Input devices are hardware used to translate words, sounds, images, and actions that
people understand into a form that the system unit can process.
o You can emphasize that it is how users put data into the system.
o Keyboard Entry – Students are familiar with most types of keyboards. If they
aren’t then you can use the textbook to view the illustrations.
▪ One of the most common ways to input data is by keyboard
▪ Variety of keyboard designs
• Traditional keyboards—full-sized, rigid, rectangular keyboards
that include function, navigational, and numeric keys. See Figure
7-3.
• Ergonomic keyboards—similar to traditional keyboards. They are
designed specifically to alleviate wrist strain associated with the
repetitive movements of typing. See Figure 7-1. Why are these
keyboards popular?
• Wireless keyboards—transmit input to the system unit through
the air. They provide greater flexibility and convenience
• PDA keyboards—miniature keyboards for PDAs used to send e-
mail, create documents, etc. See Figure 7-2.
• Virtual keyboards – displays an image of a keyboard on a touch
screen
▪ Features
• Typewriter keyboard combined with a numeric keypad
• Toggle keys turn features on or off – Name the toggle keys (Caps
Lock, Number Lock, Scroll lock, etc.)
• Combination keys perform an action when held down with another
key. Discuss ways the CTRL and the Shift key are used.
o Pointing Devices – Most students are familiar with the various pointing devices,
so you can have them list the different types of devices they know and discuss
their uses.
▪ Mice
• Optical
• Mechanical
• Cordless or wireless
▪ Three devices similar to a mouse
• Trackball – also called a rollerball
• Touch pads
• Pointing stick
▪ Touch Screen
• Multi-touch screen – commonly used on mobile devices
▪ Joysticks – input device for games; See Figure 7-10.
▪ Stylus – penlike device commonly used with tablet PCs
• Stylus often used with handwriting recognition software
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o Scanning Devices Most students are familiar with the various scanning devices,
so you can have them list the different types of devices they know and discuss
their uses.
▪ Optical scanner
• Flatbed
• Document
• Portable
▪ Card Reader
• Magnetic card reader
• Radio frequency card readers
▪ Bar code reader
▪ Character and mark recognition devices
• Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)
• Optical-character recognition (OCR)
• Optical-mark recognition (OMR)
o Image Capturing Devices
▪ Digital cameras – The Explorations exercise #1 has the students research
how digital cameras work. This can be used as a lab to accompany the
lecture.
▪ Digital video cameras
• WebCams (Web cameras) – specialized cameras that capture
images and send them to a computer for broadcast
• First, Making It Work For You exercise #1 Webcams and Instant
Messaging. You can use it as a lab by having them configure and
use the software.
• Second, Ethics exercise #1 Webcams can be used as a homework
project to expand on the lab/lecture and delve deeper into ethical
issues.
o Audio-Input devices
▪ Voice Recognition Systems
▪ Voice Recognition can be used as a lab to further the students’ knowledge
on the subject. Ask students to conduct research on the Internet to find
applications where voice recognition systems are being widely used.
• What is Output?
o Most students are familiar with the various output devices, so you can have them
list the different types of devices they know and discuss their uses.
o Monitors
▪ Flat-panel monitors
• Passive-matrix, or dual-scan monitors,
• Active-matrix or thin film transistor (TFT)
• OLED(organic light-emitting diode) is a newer technology
o Lower power consumption
o Longer battery life
o Thinner displays
▪ Cathode-Ray Tubes
• See Figure 7-22
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▪ Have the students discuss if they currently use any of the providers
discussed in the text (Ooma, Vonage, MagicJack, and Skype).
•
• Careers in IT
o Technical writers prepare instruction manuals, technical reports, and other
scientific or technical documents.
o Work for computer software firms, government agencies, or research institutions.
o They translate technical information into easily understandable instructions or
summaries.
o Requires a college degree in communications, journalism, or English and a
specialization in, or familiarity with, a technical field.
o Annual salary in the range of $46,500-$76,500.
• A Look to the Future
o Electronic interpretation
▪ This is a good technology to discuss in the classroom. Assign the students
to research the topic and present the pros and cons of the issue.
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Key Terms
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thin film transistor (TFT) A type of flat-panel monitor where each pixel is
monitor independently activated. (See also active-matrix monitor)
toggle key A key that turns a feature on or off.
Controls the pointer by moving and tapping a finger on the
touch pad
surface of a pad.
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Input devices are hardware used to translate words, sounds, images, and actions that people
understand into a form that the system unit can process.
2. Describe the different types of keyboard, pointing, scanning, image capturing, and
audio-input devices.
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Computing Essentials 2013 Tim and Linda O’Leary
• Mouse – a mouse controls a pointer that is displayed on the monitor (optical mouse,
mechanical mouse, and cordless or wireless mouse). Similar to a mouse are
trackballs, touch pads, and pointing sticks.
• Joysticks a popular device for computer games. Action is controlled by varying the
pressure, speed, and direction of the joystick.
• Touch screen allows users to select actions or commands by touching the screen with
a finger or penlike device. Multitouch screens can be touched with more than one
finger, which allows for interactions such as rotating graphical objects on the screen
with your hand or zooming in and out by pinching and stretching your fingers.
• Stylus - penlike device commonly used with tablet PCs and PDAs. Uses pressure to
draw images on a screen.
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4. Describe the features and different types of monitors and printers. Monitors are also
known as display screens. They present visual images of text and graphics. The output is
often referred to as soft copy. Monitors vary in size, shape, and cost. Some basic
distinguishing features include:
• Resolution – one of the most important features of a monitor. Images for formed
on a monitor by a series of dots or pixels. Resolution is expressed as a matrix of
those dots or pixels.
• Dot (pixel) pitch – is the distance between each pixel. Most new monitors have a
dot pitch of .31 mm or less. The lower the dot pitch (the shorter the distance
between pixels), the clearer the images produced.
• Refresh rate – indicates how often a displayed image is updated or refreshed.
The faster the refresh rate (the more frequently images are redrawn), the better the
quality of images displayed.
• Active display area (size) – is measured by the diagonal length of a monitor’s
viewing area. Common sizes are 15, 17, 19, 21, and 24 inches. Aspect ratio – is
determined by the width of a monitor divided by its height. Common aspect
ratios for monitors are 4:3 (standard, similar to traditional television pictures) and
16:10 (wide screen)
•
• Different types of monitors include:
• Flat-panel monitors – are the most widely used type of monitor today. They are
thin, more portable, and require less power to operate. Today’s flat-panel
monitors are liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Two basic types are:
o Passive-matrix (or dual-scan monitors) – create images by scanning the
entire screen. Require very little power, but the clarity of the images is not
as sharp.
o Active-matrix (thin film transistor (TFT monitors) – do not scan down
the screen; instead, each pixel is independently activated. Display more
colors with better clarity. More expensive and require more power.
o Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) – newer technology. Unlike
LCD, OLED technology has the benefits of lower power consumption and
longer battery life,
• Cathode-Ray Tubes (CRTs) – traditionally the most common type of monitor
for the office and home. Typically placed directly on the system unit or on the
desktop. CRT’s are similar in size and technology to older televisions. Their
primary advantages are low cost and excellent resolution. Disadvantages are their
bulky size, less energy efficient, and occupy a considerable amount of space on
the desktop.
• Specialized monitors – these monitors are used for more specialized applications,
such as reading books, making presentations, and watching television. Three of
these specialized devices are book readers, digital whiteboards, and high-
definition television.
• Printers: translate information that has been processed by the system unit and
present the information on paper. Printer output is often called hard copy.
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Computing Essentials 2013 Tim and Linda O’Leary
▪
▪ Resolution - the clarity of images produced and measured in dpi (dots per
inch). The higher the dpi, the better the quality of images produced.
o Color capability – provided by most printers today. Users typically have
the option to print either with just black ink or with color.
o Speed - measured in the number of pages printed per minute.
o Memory – printer memory is used to store printing instructions and
documents waiting to be printed. The more memory in a printer, the faster
it will be able to create large documents.
o Duplex printing – Allows automatic printing on both sides of a sheet of
paper.
o Ink-jet printers
▪ Spray ink at high speed onto the surface of paper.
▪ The most widely used printers.
▪ Available in Black only or Color.
▪ Reliable, quiet, and relatively inexpensive.
▪ Most costly aspect is replacing ink cartridges.
o Laser printers
▪ Use a laser light beam to produce images with excellent letter and
graphics quality.
▪ Available in Black only or Color.
▪ Reliable, quiet, but more expensive than ink-jets.
▪ Faster than ink-jets and are used in applications requiring high-
quality output.
▪ Two categories
• Personal – used by single users
• Shared – used by a group of users, typically support color,
and are more expensive
o Other Printers
▪ Cloud printers are printers connected to the Internet that provide
printing services to others on the Internet.
▪ Dot-matrix printers form characters and images using a series of
small pins on a print head.
▪ Thermal printers use heat elements to produce images on heat-
sensitive paper.
▪ Plotters are special-purpose printers for producing maps, images,
and architectural and engineering drawings.
▪ Photo printers are special-purpose printers designed to print
photo-quality images from digital cameras.
▪ Portable printers are designed to work with a notebook computer,
and may be ink-jet or laser printers, print in black and white or
color, and connect with USB or parallel port connections.
•
5. Describe audio and video devices including portable media devices and Mobile
DTV..
a. Audio-Output Devices - translate audio information from the computer into
sounds that people can understand.
i. The most widely used audio-output devices are speakers and headphones.
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Computing Essentials 2013 Tim and Linda O’Leary
ii. Audio-output devices are used to play music, vocalize translations from
one language to another, and communicate information from the computer
system to users.
iii. Portable media players – also known as digital music players are
electronic devices for storing and playing digital media.
iv. Mobile Digital Television (Mobile DTV) – technology that supports
television broadcasting directly to smartphones, computers, and digital
media players.
6. What are combination input and output devices? Discuss some examples.
Combination input and output devices are hardware that combines input and output
capabilities. Some of these devices are fax machines, multifunctional devices, and
Internet telephones.
▪ Fax Machines - To send a fax (output), these devices scan the
image of a document converting the light and dark areas into a
format that can be sent electronically over standard telephone lines.
To receive a fax (input), these devices reverse the process and print
the document (or display the document on your monitor) using
signals received from the telephone line.
▪ Multifunctional devices (MFD), - typically combine the
capabilities of a scanner, printer, fax, and copy machine into one
unit
▪ Internet telephones are specialized input and output devices for
receiving and sending voice communication.
•
7. What are Internet telephone phones? List and discuss four Internet telephone
service providers.
o Internet telephones are specialized input and output devices for receiving and
sending voice communication. Voice over IP (VOIP) is the transmission of
telephone calls over computer networks. Also known as telephony, Internet
telephony, and IP telephony. Uses the Internet rather than traditional
communication lines to support voice communication. Four Internet telephone
service providers include Ooma and Vonage – offer similar services in which you
directly insert your telephone or cordless telephone base unit directly into their
unit. This unit connects to your modem or network and provides traditional
telephone service. Both Ooma and Vonage provide free or very-low-cost
domestic and international service with high-quality voice and service reliability.
o MagicJack – requires a smaller adapter that connects directly to your computer’s
USB port. You can connect any telephone to the MagicJack adapter and make
very-low-cost calls. Advantages compared to Ooma and Vonage are lower cost
and the ability to make calls anywhere your computer (including your
smartphone) has an Internet connection. Disadvantages are that your computer
has to be on to send or receive calls, voice quality is typically lower, and
reliability is not as good.
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Computing Essentials 2013 Tim and Linda O’Leary
o Skype – provides audio and video service that does not require any dedicated
hardware. Once you subscribe to this free service, you can use your computer’s
existing audio and video devices to connect to any other Skype subscribers.
Advantages compared to the other providers are that Skype is free for domestic
calls (low fees for international calls), supports video as well as audio, and does
not require any special equipment. Disadvantages include that both parties must
have their computers on to make or receive calls; calls can only be made between
Skype subscribers, although for an additional fee, you can place calls to non-
Skype subscribers; and voice quality and reliability are not as good as for Ooma
and Vonage.
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