Transpower - GL-EA-010 Generator Testing Requirements
Transpower - GL-EA-010 Generator Testing Requirements
Transpower - GL-EA-010 Generator Testing Requirements
Requirements
The contents of this document may not be Transpower's final or complete view on any particular subject, and all
provisions of it are subject to change. Transpower as the system operator excludes all representations and
warranties relating to the contents of this document, including in relation to any inaccuracies or omissions. The
Transpower excludes all liability for loss or damage arising from any person's reliance on the contents of this
document.
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2.2 22/06/2022 Inverter testing and general update, draft for Asset Owner forum
3.1 30/5/2023 Updated 4.1, 8.4 and Appendix E.5 : Instantaneous Reserves (generation reserves)
for Code changes May 2022, for new category of reserve providers
4.0 18/8/2023 Updated to add testing and procurement basis for Instantaneous Reserve (FIR and
SIR) from Inverter based resources, add Appendix E.6, E.7
Position
IMPORTANT
Disclaimer
This document is developed within the current regulatory framework and is accurate as at the published date. Subsequent changes
to the Code or other regulations and policies may result in inaccuracies. Please contact Transpower to discuss current requirements.
This document does not relieve asset owners from identifying and meeting their obligations set out in the Code. Where there is
conflict between this document and the Code, the Code takes precedence. Asset owners are strongly advised to seek expert advice
to understand their full obligations under the Code.
Copyright
The concepts and information contained in this document are the property of Transpower New Zealand Limited. Reproduction of
this document in whole or in part without the written permission of Transpower New Zealand is prohibited.
Contact Details
Email:
[email protected]
[email protected]
Website:
www.transpower.co.nz
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................... 5
1 Definitions ................................................................................................ 6
2 Introduction .............................................................................................. 7
2.1 Purpose .................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Content .................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Intended use of test results ........................................................................ 7
2.4 Representative testing ............................................................................... 7
3 General Requirements for Testing ................................................................ 8
3.1 Pre-Test ................................................................................................... 8
3.2 During Testing .......................................................................................... 9
3.3 Post-Testing .............................................................................................. 9
4 Standard Test Signals .............................................................................. 11
5 Signal Measurement Locations .................................................................. 19
6 Generator Tests ....................................................................................... 22
6.1 Generating Unit Parameters ...................................................................... 22
6.2 Governor Control System ......................................................................... 23
6.3 Generating Unit Transformer Voltage Control .............................................. 24
6.4 AVR and Excitation System ....................................................................... 25
7 Inverter Generation Tests ......................................................................... 26
7.1 Voltage Response .................................................................................... 26
7.2 Active Power and Frequency Control .......................................................... 27
8 Ancillary Service Tests.............................................................................. 28
8.1 Single Frequency Keeping ......................................................................... 28
8.2 Multiple Provider Frequency Keeping .......................................................... 28
8.3 Over Frequency Arming ............................................................................ 29
8.4 Instantaneous Reserve ............................................................................. 29
8.5 Black Start Services ................................................................................. 30
Appendix A. Generating Unit Parameter Tests ...................................................... 31
Load Rejection ........................................................................................ 31
Generator Reactive Power Capability .......................................................... 32
Open-Circuit Saturation Curve ................................................................... 33
Appendix B. Governor Control System Tests ........................................................ 35
Valve/Gate Step Response ........................................................................ 35
Frequency Deadband ............................................................................... 36
Governor Droop ....................................................................................... 37
Frequency Step Response ......................................................................... 38
Power Step Response ............................................................................... 39
Governor Frequency Response .................................................................. 40
Under-Frequency Performance .................................................................. 41
Over-Frequency Performance .................................................................... 42
Appendix C. AVR and Excitation System Tests ..................................................... 43
Voltage Step Response and PSS ................................................................ 43
Over-Excitation Limiter ............................................................................. 44
Under-Excitation Limiter ........................................................................... 45
Volt/Hertz Limiter .................................................................................... 46
Appendix D. Inverter Generation Tests ............................................................... 48
Voltage Step Response ............................................................................. 48
Reactive Power Step Response .................................................................. 50
Reactive Power Coordination ..................................................................... 51
Reactive Power Capability ......................................................................... 52
Active Power Step Response ..................................................................... 53
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document sits within a suite of documents detailing asset testing and modelling requirements as shown
in Figure 1 below. The documents should be read in conjunction with each other.
Existing and
refurbished assets
GL-EA-010 Generator
Testing requirements
Part 8 of the Code
This document
Procurement Plan
Ancillary Service
requirements
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1 DEFINITIONS
ACS Asset Capability Statement
ASPP Ancillary Service Procurement Plan
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
BESS Battery Energy Storage System
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2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 PURPOSE
To advise Asset Owners:
▪ Of the requirements to demonstrate performance and limitations in the operation of assets by
testing to assist the system operator plan for the safe and efficient operation of the grid; and,
▪ test results which if recorded should assist with model development and validation.
2.2 CONTENT
This document describes the methodology and standards for:
▪ the routine testing of assets as set out in the Electricity Industry Performance Code (the Code); and,
▪ testing of assets during commissioning and after modification such as component upgrades.
This document sets general requirements that apply to all testing that is carried out, the Appendices detail
requirements for specific tests and provide guidance on what test results are required and how they should
be communicated to the system operator.
It should be read in conjunction with:
▪ GL-EA-716 Power Plant Dynamic Model Validation and Submission Prerequisites for guidance
on model requirements and validation;
▪ Part 8 of the Code for the most up-to-date performance requirements; and,
▪ The Procurement Plan for contractual requirements around Ancillary Services offered.
This document does not seek to alter any obligations on Asset Owners or the system operator in any way
from those detailed in the Code or its amendments. In any perceived conflict between it and the Code, the
Code should take precedence.
This document does not relieve Asset Owners of the need to read, understand and comply with Asset Owner
obligations set out in the Code.
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3.1 PRE-TEST
3.1.1 Commissioning Plan
At least 12 weeks prior to the commissioning date a final Commissioning Plan shall be shared with
[email protected] (unless advised otherwise) and agreed by the system operator. A
commissioning plan is required:
▪ where changes are made to assets that alter any of the following at the grid interface:
▪ a single-line diagram
▪ a protection system, other than a change to a protection system setting,
▪ a control system, including a change to a control system setting,
▪ any rating of assets,
▪ when assets are to be connected to, or are to form part of the grid; and,
▪ when a secondary risk is required to be set up in the market system until equipment is fully tested.
3.1.2 Engineering Methodology
At least 8 weeks prior to testing the Engineering Methodology including a full description of the proposed
tests containing information listed below shall be made available for review by the system operator at
[email protected] (unless advised otherwise):
▪ the proposed test methodology and expected results;
▪ the signals to be monitored;
▪ confirmation that data format will be ASCII, CSV or COMTRADE files;
▪ the Asset Owner must ensure that the data sampling rate is sufficient to demonstrate the fastest
equipment characteristics of interest. Fast acting control systems require 20 milliseconds or better
sampling rates whereas slower ones shall utilise sample rates of 1 – 4 seconds. Any deviation from
requirements in this document shall be noted;
▪ details of any potential impacts to equipment capability or compliance with the Code expected
during testing; and,
▪ confirmation that sufficient information to prove equipment capability and allow model validation,
if applicable, will be contained in the Test Report.
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3.3 POST-TESTING
3.3.1 Results
Shall be submitted to the system operator daily clearly identifying the equipment and test they refer to.
3.3.2 Report
Shall be submitted to the system operator within a month of the tests being carried out. It shall contain:
▪ the relevant test template(s) from the appendices of this document;
▪ all recorded test results;
▪ a clear statement on whether testing met all the test objectives; and,
▪ any other supporting information that is reasonably required to assess the test results such as:
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▪ asset capability information that is not in the Asset Capability Statement visible to the system
operator at the time of testing;
▪ an explanation where any assumptions have been made (and why they have been made)
particularly when manufacturer’s data is not available; and
▪ an explanation of any deviations observed since the previous tests were carried out referencing
factory acceptance tests, type tests and previous test results as required.
▪ an explanation of any discrepancies observed in plant performance or responses observed during
online and offline testing should be included in the final test report and model validation report.
To assist Asset Owners a checklist of documentation to be included when submitting final test results to the
system operator has been included in Appendix F Documentation.
3.3.3 Filenames
These help the Asset Owner and the system operator to correctly associate test result files to specific tests.
They shall follow the format below:
AssetName_EquipmentID_TestID_TestNumber_DateTime
▪ AssetName – The asset name under test, for example a station name.
▪ EquipmentID – The ID of the equipment under test, for example G1 to represent Generating unit
ID.
▪ TestID – The Test ID is the ID assigned to each test, for example GEN_FSP refers to Frequency Step
Response test in Appendix B.4.
▪ Test Number – The number to identify the test from another test of the same type, for example 01
represents the first test of that type.
▪ DateTime – DDMMYYYYhhmmss.
3.3.4 Time stamping
All data shall be GPS time stamped to ensure accurate alignment of data obtained from different sources. If
a GPS time stamp is not available all test data shall be submitted in an excel worksheet or datafile aligned to
a common time stamp.
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4.1.1 Frequency step A step response is used to validate both the stability of a control system and
its modelling parameters.
Offline testing can help determine parameter values when the characteristics
of offline modes are the same as those used once the unit is synchronised to
the power system.
Figure 2 illustrates a suitable signal with frequency steps of ±1%, other step
values may need to be used to determine particular parameters. This test can
be used for both off- and on-line tests.
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4.1.2 Governor Figure 3 shows curves used to demonstrate governor response to over- and
characterising under- frequencies.
curve
For units offering partially loaded frequency reserves the frequency drop curve
can be replaced with the standard under-frequency curve discussed in section
4.1.3 to reduce the number of tests. If these curves don’t fully demonstrate
completely the control logic of a governor, additional tests shall be conducted
using a modified curve.
The frequency drop curve is defined by:
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞(𝑡) = 49.7 + (0.3 − 0.8𝑡)𝑒 −0.95𝑡 – Equation 1 (blue curve)
The frequency rise curve is defined by:
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞(𝑡) = 50.3 − (0.3 − 0.8𝑡)𝑒 −0.95𝑡 – Equation 2 (red curve)
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4.1.3 Standard FIR Figure 4 shows the curve used to demonstrate the quantity of Fast
under- Instantaneous Reserve (FIR) that the generating unit can offer. It is defined by
frequency curve Equation 3 below:
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞(𝑡) = 49.25 + (0.75 − 0.8055𝑡)𝑒 −0.1973𝑡 – Equation 3
If the curve doesn’t fully demonstrate completely the control logic of a
governor, additional tests shall be conducted using a modified curve as
required. For reserve capability purposes, Equation 3 will still be used.
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4.1.4 Standard SIR SIR is procured equal to the magnitude of the largest risk being covered. This
under- is to ensure frequency recovery to within the normal operating band as soon
frequency curve as reasonably practicable which is a Principal Performance Obligation of the
System Operator. Sustained output is required from SIR providers even when
the frequency has recovered as this service is replacing lost generation.
The power system can tolerate a limited amount of SIR response that is not
frequency-proportional (e.g. provides the same response in MW regardless of
the system frequency, such as interruptible load). However there is a limit to
the acceptable non-proportional response to avoid over-frequency issues for
loss events smaller than the largest risk.
A test injection for SIR response needs to demonstrate that the response can
be delivered when the frequency recovers. For frequency-proportional control
systems, control action is also required to limit the SIR response if the
frequency has already recovered – e.g. due to other providers. This presents a
challenge for testing with an artificial frequency value. The primary test should
assume that the SIR response of the unit under test is required for the
frequency recovery.
For synchronous generation with conventional governor based control
systems, the under-frequency curve used for FIR (section 4.1.3) can be
extended in time to demonstrate SIR delivery of the control system.
For inverter interfaced generation the under-frequency curve used for FIR
(section 4.1.3) can not be extended in time to demonstrate SIR delivery if the
control system action would substantially reduce the delivered power before
frequency recovered to the normal band. In the boundary case, if all
instantaneous reserve response was provided solely by a 1.5% droop control,
frequency recovery to the normal band would not occur.
Figure 5 shows the initial four minutes of a suitable curve to demonstrate the
quantity of Sustained Instantaneous Reserve (SIR) that a generating unit can
offer for highly frequency responsive control systems. For such control systems
the FIR injection curve should be extended with a frequency recovery
component.
This is defined by Equation 4 below :
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞(𝑡) = 49.25 + (0.75 − 0.8055𝑡)𝑒 −0.1973𝑡 + 0.75⁄(1 + 𝑒 −𝑔(𝑡−𝑡1) )𝑛
- Equation 4
The example curve below has g=0.07, t1=100 and n=1, which provides a
suitable result with minimal computation. Alternative parameters are also
acceptable in the recovery curve component.
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Sustaining the SIR output for a control action which is initially determined by a
frequency responsive (droop based) control is expected to require a ‘latching’
of the control systems response until the frequency has recovered.
It is recommended that such control maintains the SIR response (which would
be related to the minimum frequency observed) until frequency recovery to
50Hz has occurred. Other release points could be selected but may impact on
the volume of SIR that is sustained for the test injection. The use of 50 Hz as
the recovery target should minimise any need for further control action prior
to re-dispatch.
Generator unit output on release of the sustained SIR response must be
controlled, and would be expected to change slowly – for example with ramp
rates similar to dispatch ramp rates.
The control action of limiting the SIR response to prevent over-frequency, when
frequency recovery has occurred, can be demonstrated by modifying the
frequency recovery component parameters of the additional injection signal
component, for instance by applying 1.0 in place of 0.75 as the numerator, the
frequency injection curve of Figure 5 would increase to 50.25 Hz.
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4.1.5 Single Figure 6 shows a small frequency step signal that can be used to test the
frequency performance of single frequency keeping control systems
keeping
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4.1.6 Multiple Figure 7 shows an injected signal (blue) and the response expected (red) to
Frequency demonstrate Multiple Frequency Keeping (MFK).
Keeping
4.1.7 Frequency Frequency sweep test data is used to derive Nyquist and Bode stability plots
Response (from which the gain and phase margin can be determined) and to validate
control system parameters. It requires a low frequency signal generator to
inject control signals modulated with frequencies from 0.01-10 Hz.
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4.1.8 Voltage step Figure 9 shows a voltage step that should provide test data to validate AVR
parameters, droop, line drop compensation, PSS or AVR dynamics.
The step size used is usually small, typically around ±2% for online test. A
bigger step size of ±5% can be used in an offline test to validate the ceiling
parameters.
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Table 1 Synchronous generation signal ID, signal name and signal description (see
Figure 10)
3 Vt, It, Pt, Qt, ft, SPt Generator terminal parameters required if PCC is
on LV only
If SPt cannot be obtained or is too noisy this
should be documented, and a clean frequency
signal used
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Table 2 Inverter generation signal ID, signal name and signal description
(see Figure 11)
9a, 9b Pcom, Qcom, Vcom Plant controller request command to inverter string
10a, 10b INVcom Inverter command, signal type to be discussed with the
system operator
12a,12b PINV, QINV, VINV Inverter string parameters to be recorded for a few
indicative inverters at each end of a string for each
type of device installed as agreed between the Asset
Owner and system operator
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Figure 11 Typical Wind farm or Solar farm Inverter configuration and measurement
points
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6 GENERATOR TESTS
6.1.1 Application To determine parameters when manufacturer data is either missing or is no longer
representative of the actual generating unit performance or at any other time where
generator characteristics have changed.
6.1.5 References ▪ IEC 60034-4: Rotating Electrical Machines - Methods for Determining
Synchronous Machine Quantities from Tests
▪ IEEE Std 115-2009 - IEEE Guide for Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines
▪ IEEE Std 492-1999: IEEE Guide for Operation and Maintenance of Hydro-
Generators.
▪ ANSI C50.12-1982 (Reaff 1989): Requirements for Salient Pole Synchronous
Generators and Generator/Motors for Hydraulic Turbine Applications
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6.2.1 Application Governors that have just been commissioned, had modifications carried out on their
governor systems or are due for routine testing.
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6.3.1 Application Transformers with on-load tap-changers that operate in an automatic or manual
mode.
6.3.4 Tests that Individual Asset Owner’s standard equipment test procedures
will achieve
required
outcome
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6.4.1 Application Excitation systems that have just been commissioned, had modifications carried out
on their voltage response control systems that may change the response of the unit,
or are due for routine testing
6.4.2 Test ▪ To determine the operation characteristics and stability of the automatic voltage
Objectives regulator and the excitation system
▪ To determine the voltage performance, limiters and PSS actions and trip settings
▪ To validate the AVR and excitation system mathematics models
6.4.5 References IEEE Std 421.2-1990: Identification Testing and Evaluation of the Dynamic
Performance of Excitation Systems
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7.1.1 Application Plant that has just been commissioned, had modifications carried out on their
voltage response control systems that may change the response of the plant, or
are due for routine testing
7.1.2 Test ▪ To determine the operation characteristics and stability of the PCC’s voltage
Objectives controller
▪ To determine the reactive power capability over the full active power range
▪ To determine the voltage performance, limiters actions and any trip settings
▪ To validate the reactive power/voltage controller model
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7.2.1 Application Plant that has just been commissioned, had modifications carried out on their
active power response control systems that may change the response of the plant,
or are due for routine testing
7.2.2 Test ▪ To determine the operation characteristics and stability of the power/
Objectives frequency controller
▪ To validate active power/frequency control models
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8.1.1 Application Generating units offering to provide Single Frequency Keeper services.
8.1.2 Test ▪ To demonstrate the stability of the control changes when entering frequency
Objectives keeping mode
▪ To verify that the generator can meet the response requirements defined in
the Ancillary Service Procurement Plan
8.2.1 Application Generating units offering Multiple Frequency Keeper (MFK) services.
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8.4.1 Application Participants offering generation reserve may be (without limitation) part-loaded
spinning reserve (PLSR), tail water depressed (TWD) reserve, and/or Energy
Storage reserve.
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LOAD REJECTION
Test ID GEN_REJ
Purpose ▪ To determine the combined inertia (H) of the generator and the prime-
mover
▪ To determine synchronous generator parameters
▪ To determine excitation system model parameters
▪ To determine governor and turbine model parameters
▪ To determine q axis parameters
Data Requirements In addition to Section 3 for General Requirements include any additional test
details relevant to system operator assessment
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Pre-testing ▪ Generating unit is synchronised to the grid. Note the active and reactive
auxiliary power requirements while connected to the power system
▪ All testing is completed
▪ All limiters are enabled
▪ AVR in reactive power control mode
▪ Agree with the system operator the operating points for testing
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effects. For example, at each P (MW) level start first at the lowest possible
reactive power level (i.e. absorbing as much reactive power from the grid as
practical under the given system conditions).
3. Maintain the voltage as close to the initial voltage level using other
generation at the same site if available.
4. Stabilise generator under test then hold output for at least 5 minutes
5. Record all signals before moving to the next point.
6. Gradually increase reactive power in steps in one direction until the highest
reactive power level is achieved.
7. When the highest reactive power point is achieved stabilise the generator
then hold the output for at least 5 minutes.
8. Repeat steps 2-5 at 0 (or minimum active power output), 25, 50, 75 and 100%
(or maximum allowable active power output).
Note:
▪ The capability recorded should be inclusive of all restrictions on the real
and/or reactive power range such as under and over excitation limits,
stability limits etc.
▪ Generator terminal voltage should be maintained within +/- 0.5% from the
initial voltage level during the test.
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▪ AVR mode
Data Requirements In addition to Section 3 General Requirements submit test results on template in
Appendix G.5
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Purpose ▪ To verify the relationship between the control command and valve/gate
position.
▪ To validate governor control and model parameter settings.
Pre-testing Generating unit is off-line at full speed no load with valve/gate positioning
enabled
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FREQUENCY DEADBAND
Test ID GEN_DBD
Methodology Repeat tests below for each governor mode which provides frequency regulation
whilst connected to the power system.
Method 1 – ramp test
1. Set the generating unit to frequency control mode to be used when
synchronised to the power system.
2. Inject a frequency input into the governor to ramp the frequency from one
side of the deadband through 50 Hz and to the other sides. For example,
starting from 49.75 to 50.25 Hz.
Method 2 – step response test
1. Inject frequency step input starting with a value 0.02Hz below the deadband
upper limit.
2. Maintain this signal for a period of 60 seconds.
3. Repeat step 1 by an increment of 0.01 Hz until the edge of the deadband is
determined.
4. Restore frequency to 50 Hz.
5. Repeat step 1-4 to determine the deadband lower limit
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GOVERNOR DROOP
Test ID GEN_DRO
Methodology Repeat tests below for each governor mode which provides frequency regulation
whilst connected to the power system
Method 1 – Steady state test
1. Set the generating unit to frequency control mode to be used when
synchronised to the power system.
2. Measure steady state speed, frequency reference and active power over a
wide range operating range
3. Plot speed reference – speed (%) Vs power (MW)
Method 2 – step response test
Perform this test a minimum of 5 operating points by varying the active power
output.
1. Set the generating unit to the frequency control mode
2. Inject up to 0.5% frequency step input starting for hydro
3. Maintain this signal for 60 seconds
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4. Restore to 50 Hz
5. Repeat step 1-4 to demonstrate the droop at each active power operating
point.
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Methodology 1. Run the generating unit online at minimum allowable active power output
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4. Maintain that power reference for 5 minutes before setting a new set-point.
5. Perform 3 tests at active power level at minimum allowable, 50 and 75% active
power output
Acceptance Criteria Active power output quickly and stably reaches the new power reference
Methodology Repeat tests below for each governor mode which provides frequency regulation
whilst connected to the power system
1. Load unit to 80% of rated active power
2. Replace the governor speed feedback signal with a simulated signal
3. Inject a sinusoidal frequency from 0.01 Hz to 10 Hz with an amplitude of 0.1-
0.2 Hz modulated to the speed signal.
4. Record the response for at least five cycles
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Acceptance Criteria Demonstration of gain margin greater than 3dB and phase margin greater than
25 degrees
UNDER-FREQUENCY PERFORMANCE
Test ID GEN_UFP
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OVER-FREQUENCY PERFORMANCE
Test ID GEN_OFP
Methodology Repeat tests below for each governor mode which provides frequency regulation
whilst connected to the power system
1. Run the generator at 80-90% of rated active power output
2. Inject the over-frequency curve (Figure 3) for 60 seconds
3. Record the generating unit response for the duration of the injected frequency
curve
Acceptance Criteria Test results should demonstrate predictable and stable governor response
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Methodology Offline
1. Run the generator offline at 1 p.u. voltage
2. Ensure PSS is off
3. Inject a positive voltage step of 5% (refers to 4.1.7) to the voltage reference
4. Allow the generating unit to reach steady-state
5. Remove voltage step and return to pre-test voltage level
6. Inject a negative voltage step of 5% (refers to 4.1.7) to the voltage reference
7. Record the Monitoring Signals as indicated above
Online at minimum active power
1. Ensure PSS is off
2. Run the generator online at the pre-agreed operating points
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OVER-EXCITATION LIMITER
Test ID GEN_OEL
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Methodology 1. Run the generating unit online to the first agreed operating point
2. Check system conditions, use neighbouring generators or tap position on
the generator transformer to manage voltage
3. Start recording the Monitoring Signals above
4. Inject a +2% (or bigger) voltage step into the voltage reference to move the
operating point marginally beyond the OEL limit
5. Only remove the test signal after steady-state condition is reached
6. Repeat the test at minimum 3 operating points
UNDER-EXCITATION LIMITER
Test ID GEN_UEL
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Methodology 1. Run the generating unit online to the first agreed operating point
2. Check system conditions, use neighboring generators or tap position on the
generator transformer to manage voltage
3. Start the recording system
4. Inject a -2% (or bigger) voltage step into the voltage reference to move the
operating point marginally beyond the UEL limit
5. Repeat the test at minimum 3 operating points
VOLT/HERTZ LIMITER
Test ID GEN_VHT
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▪ AVR Mode
▪ Status of PSS; UEL; OEL
▪ V/Hz limiter status
Methodology 1. Run the generating unit offline at FSNL and 1 p.u. terminal voltage
2. Either
a. Gradually increase the terminal voltage and/or reduce the generating
unit speed until the V/Hz limiter is triggered, or
b. Inject a step change can also be injected to demonstrate the
performance of the V/Hz limiter
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Methodology • Ensure that the plant is running with at least 80 to 90% of the individual
inverter-based units on-line and able to provide reactive response.
• Check measurement system is ready
• Issue a -5 Mvar (or agreed) step command to Q reference
• Wait for 30 seconds or until the response stabilised
• Issue a +5 Mvar (or agreed) step command to Q reference
• Wait for 30 seconds or until the response stabilised
• Issue another +5 Mvar (or agreed) step command to Q reference
• Wait for 30 seconds or until the response stabilised
• Issue a –5 Mvar (or agreed) step command to Q reference to bring the
voltage reference to pre-test value
• Wait for 30 seconds or until the response stabilised
• Retrieve the signals
• Repeat the test with plant active power level at 50 and 80% rated capacity.
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Notes:
• This test must be repeated for every plant dynamic reactive power support
controller.
• If there are mechanically switched shunt capacitors and/or reactors which
are controlled by a relatively slow controller operating in the order of tens
of seconds to minutes time frame, these should be disabled during the
tests to avoid interacting with the voltage reference step tests.
• Upstream on-load tap-changers (OLTC) may operate to change taps
during voltage reference step tests. These should be monitored or if
possible the OLTC temporarily disabled during testing.
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Methodology Note: this test is not necessary if the plant does not have any mechancially-
switched shunt reactive support devices.
1. Ensure that the plant is running with at least 80 to 90% of the individual
inverter-based units on-line and able to provide reactive response.
Moreover, the plant is above 50% total nameplate MW output to ensure
that swtiching of a shunt device will not lead to excessive voltages on the
collector system medium and low voltage circuits.
2. Check measurement system is ready
3. Switch in a static reactive power device such as a capacitor bank.
4. Record for 60 seconds or until the response stablised
5. Switch-out the static reactive power device
6. Record for 60 seconds or until the response stablised
7. Under light load conditions, it may not be advisable to switch in a shunt
capacitor due to potential high voltages on the plants collector system
medium and low voltage circuits. If the Asset Owner and system operator
are able to agree upon a light load conditions when it is safe to switch in
and out a shunt capaciotr or reactor, if available, the test should be
repeated when the plant is at or near 10% of the nameplate rating.
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Data requirements In addition to Section 3 for General Requirements data should be submitted
on the template in Appendix G.9
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Methodology 1. Check plant active power output does not vary more than 5% in the 5
minutes before testing
2. Start recording
3. Inject an active power signal of -20% of rated capacity.
4. Record monitored signals for 120 seconds or until the active power
stabilises
5. Inject an active power signal of +20% of rated capacity.
6. Record for 120 seconds or until the active power stabilises
Note:
Check the primary energy supply is adequate to reach the target active power
reference. If necessary adjust the step size between 10 to 20% to avoid shutting
down large numbers of individual wind turbines or PV-inverters within the
collector system. Record the actual step size used.
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OVER-FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Test ID ING_OFR
Methodology In the case of renewable generation technologies where the energy source is
highly variable this test should be carried out at an operating point where there
is enough generation to demonstrate the expected response. Care should be
taken to avoid shutdown of a significant number of individual inverters.
This test will also confirm the deadband settings.
1. Run at the highest available output
2. Check measurement system is ready
3. Inject the standard over-frequency curve
4. Record for 120 seconds or until output is stable
5. Repeat the test at 30% and 70% rated capacity
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Purpose ▪ To demonstrate:
▪ the ramp-rate
▪ the ability to ramp to- and from- the frequency keeping bandwidth limits
▪ the ramp response outside the frequency keeping bandwidth limits
Pre-testing Ensure that the monitoring equipment is available and complies with the
requirements stated in the Ancillary Service Procurement Plan
Methodology 1. Run the generating unit online at the first agreed active power output
2. Inject the test frequency steps in section 4.1.4
3. Record the Monitoring Signals until the generating unit has reached
steady state conditions.
4. Repeat the test at other agreed active power outputs.
Acceptance Criteria Test results should demonstrate the response rate requirements as stipulated
in the Ancillary Service Procurement Plan
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Pre-testing ▪ Agree with the system operator the ramp rate and MFK band values
that will define the test signal to be used
▪ Ensure that the monitoring equipment is available and complies with
the requirement stated in the Ancillary Service Procurement Plan
Data Requirements In addition to Section 3 for General Requirements include any calculations
or charts to demonstrate the requirements of the Ancillary Service
Procurement Plan
Methodology Note: Test signals must be arranged with Transpower IST in advance as they
cannot be generated by System Coordinators
ICCP end-to-end tests
1. Run the generating unit online with MFK mode enabled
2. Record the Monitoring Signals
3. Confirm that the signal being sent by the system operator can be
received on-site
4. Receive a positive MFK test signal from the system operator
5. Wait for at least 60 seconds
6. Receive a negative MFK test signal from the system operator
7. Wait for at least 60 seconds
Ramp Rate, response time, turn-around time and MFK band test
1. Run the generating unit online with MFK mode enabled
2. Record the monitored signals
3. Send the agreed test signal to the generator to ramp up or down on
the proposed MFK band (refer to Figure 7).
4. Repeat the tests with different test signal to achieve the test objectives.
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OVER-FREQUENCY RESERVE
Test ID GEN_OFT
Purpose To demonstrate:
▪ over-frequency tripping capability and relay settings
▪ that the over-frequency arming indications is visible to Transpower
SCADA
Pre-testing ▪ Ensure that the monitoring equipment is available and complies with the
requirement stated in the Ancillary Service Procurement Plan
▪ Agree with the system operator the over-frequency trip setting and time
delay
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Methodology Repeat tests below for each governor mode which provides reserve whilst
connected to the power system
PLSR FIR testing
1. Generating unit online at 20% of rated capacity
2. Ensure that grid frequency is within 50 ± 0.1Hz
3. Inject the under-frequency curve in Figure 4 for 60 seconds
4. Record the Monitoring Signals
5. Repeat test with active power output at 40, 60, and 80% of rated active
power
TWD FIR testing
1. Run the generating unit online
2. Ensure that the generating unit is in TWD mode
3. Ensure that grid frequency is within 50 ± 0.1Hz
4. Inject the under-frequency curve in Figure 4 for 60 seconds
5. Record the Monitoring Signals
Notes:
1. If grid frequency goes outside 50 ± 0.1 Hz during testing then the test
should be repeated
2. FIR is assessed as the additional MW output measured at 6 seconds
after the start of the event when the injected frequency reaches 48 Hz
and that is sustained to at least 60 seconds.
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Methodology Repeat tests below for each governor mode used when connected to the
power system
Note that for Synchronous Generation the SIR testing is expected to be
carried out with an injection signal which is the standard FIR injection curve
(4.1.3) extended for a longer period of time, and it is not required to use the
defined standard SIR injection curve (4.1.4).
This retains the historical basis for the procurement of SIR from synchronous
generation and recognises that governor control systems on synchronous
machines do not have the controllability of Inverter control systems
PLSR SIR testing
1. Generating unit online at 20% of rated capacity
2. Ensure that grid frequency is within 50 ± 0.1Hz
3. Inject the under-frequency curve in section 4.1.3 and maintain it for
15 minutes
4. Record the Monitoring Signals
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5. Repeat test with active power output at 40, 60, and 80% of rated active
power
TWD SIR testing
1. Run the generating unit online
2. Ensure that the generating unit is in TWD mode
3. Inject the under-frequency curve in section 4.1.3 and maintain it for 15
minutes
4. Ensure that grid frequency is within 50 ± 0.1Hz
5. Record the Monitoring Signals
Notes:
1. Tests must be carried out with grid frequency at 50 ± 0.1 Hz. If grid
frequency goes outside these limits the test should be repeated
2. SIR is assessed as the average additional MW output measured over the
first 60 seconds after the start of the event that is sustained for at least
15 minutes.
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Methodology Repeat tests below for each operating mode which provides reserve whilst
connected to the power system
1. Device online
2. Ensure that grid frequency is within 50 ± 0.1Hz
3. Inject the under-frequency curve in section 4.1.3 for 60 seconds
4. Record the Monitoring Signals
5. Repeat test with active power output at intervals across the active
power range, this may include zero and load conditions for Storage
Systems as agreed with the System Operator.
Notes:
1. If grid frequency goes outside 50 ± 0.1 Hz during testing then the test
should be repeated
2. FIR is assessed as the additional MW output measured at 6 seconds
after the start of the event when the injected frequency reaches 48 Hz
and is sustained to at least 60 seconds.
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Methodology Repeat tests below for each operating mode used when connected to the
power system
1. Device online
2. Ensure that grid frequency is within 50 ± 0.1Hz
3. Inject the under-frequency curve in section 4.1.4 and maintain it for 15
minutes
4. Record the Monitoring Signals
5. Repeat test with active power output at intervals across the active
power range, this may include zero and load conditions for Storage
Systems as agreed with the System Operator.
Notes:
1. Tests must be carried out with grid frequency at 50 ± 0.1 Hz. If grid
frequency goes outside these limits the test should be repeated
2. SIR is assessed as the average additional MW output measured over the
first 60 seconds after the start of the event that is sustained for at least
15 minutes.
BLACK START
Test ID GEN_BST
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Methodology Specific Black Start tests should be submitted by the Asset Owner for
agreement by the System Operator on a case-by-case basis. Elements of the
testing of specific interest to the system operator are that any requirements in
the Ancillary Service Procurement Plan are met and the stability of voltage and
frequency in any equipment energised as part of the test.
Acceptance Criteria To meet all requirements in the Ancillary Service Procurement Plan
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Documentation
CHECKLIST
ID Description Check
1 Pre-testing
1D Has the location to send information to the system operator been agreed?
2 Post-testing
2A Did the test meet all the requirements stated in section 3.4?
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Documentation
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GENERATOR DATA
Generator Data
Station: Unit:
Nameplate data:
Manufacture:
Stator Reactance Ra
Leakage reactance Xl
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Nameplate data:
Manufacture:
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Governor
Manufacture:
Droop settings:
Frequency deadband:
Turbine
Manufacture:
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Pref Qref Pt (MW) Qt Vt (kV) It (A) Vfd (V) Ifd (A) Ppcc Qpcc
(Mvar) (MW) (Mvar)
0 or min Max
Min
25% Max
Min
50% Max
Min
75% Max
Min
100% or Max
Max
0
Min
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Pre-test Post-test
Test ID Data file name
Pt Qt(Mvar) Vt (kV) Pt Qt(Mvar) Vt (kV)
(MW) (MW)
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Test
Date:
Name:
String 1 String 2
Pref Qref Pinv (MW) Qinv (Mvar) Pinv (MW) Qinv (Mvar) Ppcc (MW) Qpcc (Mvar)
0 or min Max
Min
25% Max
Min
50% Max
Min
75% Max
Min
90% or Max
Max
0
Min
Doc File Name: GL-EA-010 Generator Testing Requirements.docx Printed on: 23/11/23
Location/version code: GL-EA-0010/V4 Page 75 of 75
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