Reproduction in Flowering Plants

By

Hem Raj Aryal

Faculty of Botany,
Structure of Anther
Single layered, protective covering.

It has fibrous thickening of cellulose,

suberin and lignin.
It is hygroscopic(due to fibrous nature)
It helps in dehiscence of anther.

It is 2-3 layered and degenerates at

maturity( short lived, ephemeral)

● In gymnosperm and Archeuthobium there

is fibrous thickening in epidermis called
exothesium.
● Stomium is the site of dehiscence of
anther.
 ❖ It is innermost layer and nutritive in function
Tapetum (provides nutrition to developing pollen grains)

❖ Multinucleated and polyploid due to endomitosis.

❖ It produces biological substances such as CUPS.

C= callase enzyme(dissolves callose) and IAA(a

growth hormone)

U = Ubisch bodies(increases the thickness of

exine.

P = pollen kit(sticky coating of pollen garin made

up of lipid and carotenoids, acts as insect
attractant and protects from UV rays)

S = Sporopollenin (Hardest biological

subastance)
 Types of Anther

Monothecous Eg :
bisporengiate
Anther Malvaceae

Dithecous tetrasporengiate Most common

Anther

Athecous Eg :
monosporengiate
Anther Archeuthobium
 Development of anther and microsporogenesis
Single hypodermal cell Periclinal division

Archesporeal
Undifferentiated cell
anther
Primary parietal Primary
cell sporogenous cell
In Cuscuta Forms anther
formation of more wall Differentiates into
than 4 microspores
takes place due to
repeated mitosis.
This is called Microspore
polyspory. mother cell
Callase meiosis
Four
microspores
Microspore tetrad
 Development of Microsporengium

Leptosporengiate Eusporengiate

Sporangium develops from single Sporangium develops from group of

cell. cells.

Examples :
Examples : Gymnosperm and
Pteridophytes Angiosperms
pollen grain
➔Pollen grain represents first stage of male
gametophytes.
➔Pollen grain is best defined as partially
developed male gametophyte.
➔Pollen grain with pollen tube is called fully
developed male gametophyte.
➔Study of pollen grain is called palynology.
 Pollen grain has two layered wall.
1. Exine : outer, thick , ornamented, made
up of sporopollenin.
2. Intine : inner, thin , smooth , made up of
pectocellulose.
➔ Germ pore represents a area where
exine is absent or very thin .
➔ Germ pore is site of emergence of

pollen tube.
➔Pollen grain of Chenopodium and Amaranthus
causes allergy.
➔Pollen gain of Serjanaia is poisonous.
➔Largest pollen grain- Mirabilis
➔Smallest pollen grain- Myosotis
➔Longest pollen grain- Zostera
Sporopollenin is hardest biological
substance. Pollen grain can be
fossilized due to presence of
sporopollenin.
 Microgametogenesis

Unequal mitosis Generative Cell

Vegetative cell
Pollen cell

Nucleus of generative cell is genetically active but nucleus

of vegetative cell is physiologically active.

Generative cell forms two male gamete and vegetative cell

forms pollen tube.
 Stage at which pollen grain is shed

1 vegetative cell
Angiosperm 2 - celled stage +
1 generative cell

1 vegetative cell
+
Cycas 3 - celled stage 1 generative cell
+
Prothalial cell

1 vegetative cell
+
4 - celled stage 1 generative cell
pinus +
2Prothalial cell
Converts into seed
after fertilization.

Converts into fruit

wall after fertilization.
 Structure of Ovule Most active part of ovule, base of
ovule , point of junction of
Converts integument with nucellus
into tegmen
after
fertilization

Female gametophyte

Connects body of ovule with funicle

Converts into
testa after
Stalk of ovule
fertilization

Opening of ovule, site Connects ovary with ovule

of entry of pollen tube
 Do you know?
Edible part of Litchi is
fleshy aril. It develops
from funicle.
Fleshy aril
 Perisperm
Remnant of
nucellus is called perisperm
perisperm.
Examples:
Zinjiberaceae
 Caruncle
Caruncle is structure near micropyle
of Castor (Ricinus) seed. It develops
from outer integument.
@ Rici Caca
Rici = Ricinus
Ca = Castor
Ca = cruncle
Types of Ovule
 Orthotropous ovule
Erect or upright ovule.
micropyle, funicle and
chalaza lie on straight
line.
most primitive and
simplest type of ovule.
Examples: PPC
P = piperaceae
P = polygonaceae
C = cycas
 Anatropous ovule

Inverted ovule.
Most common type.
Funicle and micropyle
are parallel.
Examples : PAAN
P = pinus
A = angiosperm
AN = anatropous
 Hemitropous ovule
Half inverted ovule.
Body of ovule is
perpendicular to
funicle.
.Examples :
HEMRAJ
HEM = hemitropous
RA = ranunculus
 Amphitropous ovule
•Both body of ovule and
embryo sacs are curved.
•Examples : ALISHKO PAPA
ALISH = alismaceae
PAPA = papavaraceae
 Campylotropous ovule

•Only the body of ovule is

curved.
•Examples : CRUEL CACA
CRUE = Cruciferae
L = leguminosae
CA = Capsella
CA = Capparis
Circinotropous ovule

•Body of ovule is
encircled by funicle

•Examples : Opuntia
 Types of Ovule On the Basis Of integument

Bitegmic : ovule containing two Unitegmic : ovule containing

integument. single integument.
 Development of Megasporengium and Megasporogeneiss

Single hypodermal cell Periclinal division

Archesporeal
Undifferentiated cell
Megasporengium
Primary parietal Primary
cell sporogenous cell
Forms
magasporengium wall Differentiates into

Functional
megaspore
Megaspore
mother cell
3 degenerate Callase meiosis

Four megaspore Linear megaspore tetrad

Megagametogenesis
 Embryo sac

For the formation of mature embryo sac 3 fold

mitosis is required.

Typical angiospermic embryo sac is 7 celled and 8

nucleated. It is polygonum type of embryo sac.

Largest cell of embryo sac is polar cell.

Embryo sac is considered as female gametophyte.

Egg cell is constant feature of embryo sac.

Filliform apparatus are the finger like structures

present in synergids. They guide the entry of pollen
tube inside synergids and help in release of male
gamete.

Growth of pollen tube towards embryo sac is

 Entry of pollen tube

Porogamy Basigamy Mesogamy

Entry of pollen tube from micropyle. Entry of pollen tube from chalaza. Entry of pollen tube from integument.
Most common Eg : Casuarina Eg : Cucurbita
 Double Fertilization and Triple Fusion

● After discharging
from pollen tube one
of the male gametes
fuses with egg to
form zygote. This is
called syngamy.
● Second male gamete
with the polar
cell(diploid) to form
polar nucleus to
form triploid
endosperm which is
called triple fusion..

Double fertilization = syngamy + Triple fusion

 Before Fertilization After Fertilization

Ovary Fruit

Ovule Seed

Outer integument Testa

Inner integument Tegmen

Micropyle of ovule Micropyle of seed

Polar cell + 1st male gamete Endosperm

Antipodal cells and synergids Degenerates

 Three families in which endosperm is not formed

Orchidaceae Trapaceae Podostemaceae

Pollination
 POLLINATION
Autogamy Allogamy

Geitonogamy Xenogamy

Geitonogamy is genetically self pollination and ecologically cross

Xenogamy is true allogamy
pollination
 Contrivances for Self Pollination

a. Bisexuality (Monocliny) : Self pollination always occurs in bisexual flower.

a. Homogamy : Stamen and carpel mature at same time.

a. Cleistogamy : Flower which never open at maturity is called cleistogamous flower.

Examples: Commelina, Viola , Pisum, Arachis, Oxalis .

@car of vip is always closed.
C = Commelina
Ar = Arachis
Of = Oxalis
Vi = Viola
P = Pisum
 Groundnut
(Arachis hypogea)

In groundnut flowers are produced

above ground. Once fertilized , the
peg carrying seed- filled pods travel
downward into soil for further
development. Therefore groundnut
shows phenomenon of geocarpy.
 In Commelina benghalensis two types of flowers are present in same plant.
Commelina a. Arial flower : Chasmogamous, cross pollination occurs .
benghalensis b. Underground flower : Cleistogamous ,self pollination occurs.
Therefore commelina is called chasmo-cleistogamous plant.

Arial Flower Underground Flower

 Contrivances for Cross Pollination

A. Unisexuality (Dicliny) : Cross pollination occurs in unisexual flower(not always).

A. Dichogamy : Stamen and carpel mature at different time. Dichogamy is of two

types.

1.Protandry : Anther mature earlier than carpel. Eg: Cotton , sunflower, salvia,
Jasminum, Capsella etc.

2.Protogyny : Carpel mature earlier than stamen. Eg Ficus, Aristolochia ,Magnolia

D. Herkogamy:
Inhibition in self pollination due to
morphological barrier is called
herkogamy.

In Calotropis Herkogamy occurs due

to presence of pollinia and
formation of waxy layer around
stigma .

E. self sterility/ self incompatibility : pollen grain of the flower can not germinate on the
stigma of same flower. Eg : Tea, Orchid, Malva etc.
Methods of cross pollination
 A. Anemophily: Pollination by wind.
● Pollen grains are very small, light, dry and smooth.
● Anemophilous plant produce enormous amount of
pollen grain.
● Examples : gymnosperms, grasses etc.
 In pinus clouds
are formed in sky
due to pollen
grains during
pollination.
These clouds are
called sulphur
shower.
 B. Hydrophily : pollination by
water.
● Hydrophily may be epihydrophily
(above surface of water) or
hypohydrophily (below surface of
water)

● Hypohydrophily : Zoostera ,
Naja , Ceratophyllum. @aaja
zoo ko ratophyllum
● Epihydrophily : Vallisneria.
@epic valley
 C. Zoophily: pollination by animals

1. Entomophily: pollination by insect.

 Most common mode of pollination.
 Flowers are large and attractive (colorful).
 Nectar gland is common which secrets
sugary fluid called nectar.

 Pollen grains are sticky, rough and large. Examples: mustard, pea , sunflower,
jasmine , Bougainvillea.
 Lever
mechanism
or Turn
pipe
mechanism
in Salvia
Trap door mechanism in Ficus
Translator mechanism in Calotropis
Pollination in Yucca by symbiotic relationship with
Pronuba moth
 Pollination in orchid
by peseudocopulation
 E. Cheiropterophily : pollination by bat
D. Ornithophily : pollination by bird
Examples : Musa, Kigella ,Adamsia,
Examples : Bombax, Callistemon Anthocephallous

F. Ohiophily : pollination by snake G. Malacophily : pollination by snail

Examples : Rawolffia, Arisaema Examples : Colocasia, Lemna

Rafflesia is pollinated by Carrion fly Gulmohar is pollinated by squirrels.

and elephant.
 Polyembryony

Development of more than one

embryo is called polyembryony.

It is common in gymnosperm.

Polyembryony was discovered by

Leeuwenhoek in citrus.
Albuminous(Endospermic) seed

These seed contain

persistent endosperm. E
Food is stored in n
d
endosperm. o
Most of the monocot s
seeds are p
e
endospermic. r
Castor is endospermic m
dicot seed
Ex-Albuminous(Non-Endospermic) seed

Endosperm is
C
consumed by o
growing cotyledon. t
y
Food is stored in l
Cotyledon. e
Most of the dicot d
o
seeds are Non- n
endospermic.
 Perispermic Seed

The seed that

contains persistent
nucellus(perisperm) is
called Perispermic perisperm

seed.

Examples:
Embryo
Zinger
 Apomixis

Development of embryo
asexually i.e. without gamete
formation and fertilization is
called apomixis.
 Parthenogenesis

Development of embryo from egg

i.e. development of embryo from
unfertilized egg is called
parthenogenesis.
 Parthenocarpy
Development of fruit without
pollination and fertilization is called
Parthenocarpy.
Parthenocarpic fruits are seedless.
Banana and Grapes are
parthenocarpic fruits.