Internet Sources For Reproductive Biology of Flowering Plants
Internet Sources For Reproductive Biology of Flowering Plants
Internet Sources For Reproductive Biology of Flowering Plants
Carpel
Stamen
5 cm
Star anise
and relatives
Water lilies
Monocots
Amborella
Eudicots
Magnoliids
MAGNOLIIDS
Kindom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliposida
The dicotyledons
Class Liliopsida
The monocotyledons
Characteristics of Angiosperms
• The key adaptations in the evolution of
angiosperms
– Are flowers and fruits
Flowers
• The flower
– Is an angiosperm structure specialized for
sexual reproduction
• A flower is a specialized shoot with modified
leaves
– Sepals, which enclose the flower
– Petals, which are brightly colored and attract
pollinators
– Stamens, which produce pollen
– Carpels, which produce ovules
Carpel
Stigma
Anther Style
Stamen
Ovary
Filament
Petal
Sepal
Receptacle
Ovule
stigma
style
ovule
megasporocyte
micropyle
Creation of the megaspore
megaspore
Egg
nucleus
Egg
cell
meiosis
Megasporocyte Megaspore
(2N) (N)
anther
filament
Pollen sac
microsporocyte
microsporocyte
Creation of microspores
Review:
meiosis
microsporocyte microspore
Creation of microspores
Pollen grain
pollination
Pollen germination
Generative
nucleus
Tube nucleus
sperm
Tube nucleus
Mature sperm
Male gametophyte
Tube nucleus
Review:
meiosis
microsporocyte microspore
(2N) (N)
Egg
cell
sperm
Tube nucleus
antipodals
Polar
nuclei
synergids
Egg
cell
sperm
Tube nucleus
Primary
Polar
endosperm
nuclei
3N nucleus
2N
Zygote
Egg
cell
Double Fertilization
Seed coat
endosperm
embryo
fruit
The Angiosperm Life Cycle
• In the angiosperm life cycle
– Double fertilization occurs when a pollen tube
discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte
within an ovule
– One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other
combines with two nuclei in the center cell of the
female gametophyte and initiates development of
food-storing endosperm
• The endosperm
– Nourishes the developing embryo
• The reduced gametophytes of seed plants are
protected in ovules and pollen grains
• In addition to seeds, the following are common
to all seed plants
– Reduced gametophytes
– Heterospory
– Ovules
– Pollen
• The life cycle of an angiosperm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
1 Anthers contain microsporangia.
Each microsporangium contains micro- 2 Microspores form
sporocytes (microspore mother cells) that pollen grains (containing
Microsporangium male gametophytes). The
Anther divide by meiosis, producing microspores.
Microsporocytes (2n) generative cell will divide
Mature flower on to form two sperm. The
sporophyte plant tube cell will produce the
(2n) pollen tube.
MEIOSIS
(d) Milkweed, a dry fruit that (e) Walnut, a dry fruit that
splits open at maturity remains closed at maturity
KEY TO FRUIT TYPES
• http://www.unm.edu/~jerusha/fruit_types.htm
• Can be carried by wind, water, or animals to
new locations, enhancing seed dispersal
(a) Wings enable maple fruits
to be easily carried by the wind.
(a) A flower pollinated by (b) A flower pollinated by hummingbirds. (c) A flower pollinated by nocturnal animals. Some
honeybees. This honeybee is The long, thin beak and tongue of this angiosperms, such as this cactus, depend mainly on
harvesting pollen and nectar (a rufous hummingbird enable the animal to nocturnal pollinators, including bats. Common
sugary solution secreted by probe flowers that secrete nectar deep adaptations of such plants include large, light-colored,
flower glands) from a Scottish within floral tubes. Before the hummer highly fragrant flowers that nighttime pollinators can
broom flower. The flower has a leaves, anthers will dust its beak and locate.
tripping mechanism that arches head feathers with pollen. Many flowers
the stamens over the bee that are pollinated by birds are red or
and dusts it with pollen, some of pink, colors to which bird eyes are
which will rub off onto the stigma especially sensitive.
of the next flower the bee visits.
• Exploring Angiosperm Diversity
MONOCOTS EUDICOTS
Leaf
venation Pyrenean oak
(Quercus
pyrenaica)
Veins usually Veins usually
parallel netlike
Roots
Flowers
Zucchini
Anther
(Cucurbita
Stigma Floral organs Floral organs usually Pepo), female
usually in in multiples of (left) and
Filament Ovary multiples of three four or five male flowers
Food for Thought