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i
Supply Chain
Logistics
Management
ii
Johnson
Purchasing and Supply Management
Sixteenth Edition
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Brown and Hyer
Managing Projects: A Team-Based Approach
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
Hillier and Hillier
Introduction to Management Science: A Modeling and Case Studies Approach with
Spreadsheets
Sixth Edition
BUSINESS FORECASTING
Keating and Wilson
Forecasting and Predictive Analytics
Seventh Edition
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
Cachon and Terwiesch
Operations Management
Second Edition
Stevenson
Operations Management
Thirteenth Edition
BUSINESS MATH
Slater and Wittry
Practical Business Math Procedures
Thirteenth Edition
Second Edition
BUSINESS STATISTICS
Bowerman, O’Connell, Drougas, Duckworth, and Froelich
Business Statistics in Practice
Ninth Edition
McGuckian
Connect Master: Business Statistics
iii
Supply Chain
Logistics
Management
Fifth Edition
Donald J. Bowersox
David J. Closs
M. Bixby Cooper
John C. Bowersox
Michigan State University
iv
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2020 by
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous
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ISBN 978-0-07-809664-8
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mheducation.com/highered
v
Preface
Over the last eight decades, the discipline of business logistics has advanced
from the warehouse floor and transportation dock to the boardroom of
leading global enterprises. We have had the opportunity to be actively
involved in this evolution through research, education, and advising. Supply
Chain Logistics Management encompasses the development and
fundamentals of the logistics discipline within a supply chain framework. It
also presents our vision of the future for business logistics and supply chain
management and their role in enterprise competitiveness.
Although individually and collectively the four authors have written
extensively on various aspects of logistics and supply chain management,
the decision to initially write and subsequently revise Supply Chain
Logistics Management represents the synthesis of many years of research,
augmenting and, in many ways, supplanting earlier works of the authors
published by McGraw-Hill. The union of ideas presented in this text
provides an integrated supply chain framework for the study of logistics,
serves to expand the treatment of supply chain management by placing it
firmly in the context of integrated business strategy, and highlights the
increasing importance of logistics in the supply chains supporting a global
economy.
Logistics includes all the activities required to move product and
information to, from, and between partners in a supply chain. The supply
chain provides the framework for businesses and their suppliers to jointly
deliver goods, services, and information efficiently, effectively, relevantly,
and in a sustainable manner to consumers. Supply Chain Logistics
Management presents the mission, business processes, and strategies
needed to achieve integrated logistical management. We hope the text
achieves three fundamental objectives: (1) presents a comprehensive
description of existing logistical practices in a global economy, (2)
describes ways and means to apply logistics principles to achieve
competitive advantage, and (3) provides a conceptual approach for
integrating logistics as a core competency within enterprise supply chain
strategy.
This edition has benefited greatly from thoughtful suggestions from
students, colleagues, and reviewers. We note several changes and additions
to this new edition:
Incorporated a section in Chapter 1 that discusses the broad application of
logistics and supply chain management to include other applications beyond
movement of goods.
Incorporated considerations for value chain management in the text.
Reviewed supply chain information technology in Chapter 2 to provide a
broad perspective and then again reviewed the relevant technologies in the
application chapters.
Discussed regarding how consumer and technology disrupters will impact
logistics and supply chain management.
Condensed discussion of procurement and manufacturing into one chapter
focusing on strategy and interfaces with logistics.
Incorporated forecasting and planning into a single chapter focuses on
integrated operations planning.
Included updated materials regarding transportation pricing; negotiation;
regulation; and modern trends, challenges, and opportunities.
Synthesized the discussion of handling and packaging with warehousing.
Expanded the global strategy and operations chapter to include discussion of
compliance.
Expanded the discussion of supply chain network design to include
principles that can be applied in nontraditional settings and the major
drivers in supply chain design.
Discussed the future trends in logistics and supply chain management in the
final chapter.
viii
Over the past 53 years, the business executives who have attended the
annual Michigan State University Logistics Management Executive
Development Seminar have been exposed to the basic concepts presented in
the text and have given freely of their time and experience. We also
acknowledge the long-standing support to Michigan State Department of
Supply Chain Management, through the funding of the endowed chairs,
provided by the late John H. McConnell, founder of Worthington Industries,
and Rob Thull, who is the primary donor for the Bowersox-Thull Chair in
Logistics and Supply Chain Management.
The number of individuals involved in teaching logistics around the
world expands daily. To this group in general, and in particular to our
colleagues at Michigan State University, whose advice and assistance made
it possible to complete and enhance this text, we express our sincere
appreciation.
Teachers receive continuous inspiration from students over the years,
and in many ways the day of judgment in an academic career comes in the
seminar or classroom. We have been fortunate to have the counsel of many
outstanding young scholars who currently are making substantial impact on
the academic and business worlds. In particular, we appreciate the input of
students who have used this text in manuscript form and made suggestions
for improvement. We also acknowledge the contributions of Drs. Judith
Whipple, Stan Griffis, Yem Bolumole, and Thomas Goldsby, who
contributed extensively in case and concept development.
We would like to thank the following instructors for their thoughtful
contributions to the previous edition review: Gurkan Akalin, Joe T. Felan,
EunSu Lee, Penina Orenstein, Thomas Passero, James L. Patterson, Frank
R. Scheer, and George Young.
We wish to acknowledge the contributions of Felicia Kramer and
Pamela Kingsbury, for manuscript preparation on several earlier versions of
this text, and Cheryl Lundeen, who prepared many drafts of the
manuscripts. Without Felicia, Pam, and Cheryl, this long-published text in
its many variations would not be a reality.
With so much able assistance, it is difficult to offer excuses for any
shortcomings that might appear. Any faults are solely our responsibility.
David J. Closs
M. Bixby Cooper
John C. Bowersox
ix
Supplemental Features
Instructor Library
A wealth of information is available online through McGraw-Hill’s
Connect. In the Connect Instructor Library, you will have access to
supplementary materials specifically created for this text, such as:
Instructor Solutions Manual
PowerPoint Presentations
Problem Set Solutions
Case Solutions
Sample Syllabi
Sample Tests
Data Sets for Cases
Assurance of Learning
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of learning, an important element of some accreditation standards. Supply
Chain Logistics Management is designed specifically to support your
assurance of learning initiatives with a simple, yet powerful, solution.
Each test bank and end-of-chapter question for Supply Chain Logistics
Management maps to a specific chapter learning goal listed in the text. You
can use the test bank software to easily query for learning goals that directly
relate to the learning objectives for your course. You then can use the
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xii
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Preface
PART ONE
Supply Chain Logistics Management
1 21st-Century Supply Chains
2 Supply Chain Information Technology
3 Logistics
4 Customer Accommodation
PART TWO
Supply Chain Operations
5 Integrated Operations Planning
6 Procurement and Manufacturing
PART THREE
Supply Chain Logistics Operations
7 Inventory
8 Transportation
9 Warehousing, Materials Handling, and Packaging
PART FOUR
Supply Chain Logistics Design
10 Global Supply Chain
11 Network Design
PART FIVE
Supply Chain Logistics Administration
12 Relationship Management
13 Performance Management
14 Supply Chain Trends
EPILOGUE
PROBLEMS
CASES
NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX
xiii
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
PART ONE
SUPPLY CHAIN LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
Chapter 1
21st-Century Supply Chains
The Supply Chain Revolution
Why Integration Creates Value
Generalized Supply Chain Model and Supply Chain Applications
Generalized Supply Chain Model
Supply Chain Definitions and Activities
Integrative Management and Supply Chain Processes
Enterprise Extension
Integrated Service Providers
Collaboration
Supply Chain Value Proposition
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Relevancy
Sustainability
Value Proposition Conclusion
Responsiveness
Anticipatory Business Model (Push)
Responsive Business Model (Pull)
Barriers to Implementing Responsive Systems
Globalization
Industry Disruptors
Consumer Requirements
Technology Adoption
Conclusion
Summary
Study Questions
Challenge Questions
Chapter 2
Supply Chain Information Technology
Information System Functionality
Supply Chain Information System Modules
Enterprise Integration and Administration
Enterprise Supply Chain Operations
Enterprise Planning and Monitoring
Communication Technology
Consumer Connectivity
Blockchain
Logistics Operations Modules
Summary
Study Questions
Challenge Questions
Chapter 3
Logistics
The Logistics of Business Is Big and Important
The Logistical Value Proposition
Service Benefits
Cost Minimization
Logistics Value Generation
The Work of Logistics
Order Processing
Inventory
Transportation
Warehousing, Materials Handling, and Packaging
Facility Network Design
Logistical Operations
Inventory Flow
Information Flow
Logistical Integration Objectives
Responsiveness
Variance Reduction
Inventory Reduction
Shipment Consolidation
Quality
Life Cycle Support
xiv
Chapter 4
Customer Accommodation
Customer-Focused Marketing
Transactional versus Relationship Marketing
Supply Chain Service Outputs
Omnichannel Marketing
Customer Service
Availability
Operational Performance
Service Reliability
The Perfect Order
Logistics Service Platforms
Customer Satisfaction
Customer Expectations
A Model of Customer Satisfaction
Increasing Customer Expectations
Limitations of Customer Satisfaction
Customer Success
Achieving Customer Success
Value-Added Services
Developing Customer Accommodation Strategy
Framework for Strategic Choice
Customer Relationship Management Technology
Summary
Study Questions
Challenge Questions
PART TWO
SUPPLY CHAIN OPERATIONS
Chapter 5
Integrated Operations Planning
Supply Chain Planning
Supply Chain Visibility
Simultaneous Resource Consideration
Resource Utilization
Supply Chain Planning Applications
Demand Planning
Production Planning
Logistics Planning
Inventory Deployment
Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP)
S&OP Process
Making S&OP Work
APS System Overview
APS System Components
Supply Chain Planning Benefits
Supply Chain Planning Considerations
Integrated Business Planning
Supply Chain Planning Summary
Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment
Forecasting
Forecasting Requirements
Forecasting Components
Forecasting Process
Forecasting Techniques
Forecasting Accuracy
Summary
Study Questions
Challenge Questions
Chapter 6
Procurement and Manufacturing
The Quality Imperative
Dimensions of Product Quality
Total Quality Management
Procurement Importance
Procurement Objectives
Continuous Supply
Minimum Inventory Investment
Quality Improvement
Technology and Innovation
Lowest Total Cost of Ownership
Procurement Strategy
Insourcing versus Outsourcing
Alternative Procurement Strategies
Procurement Strategy Portfolio
Logistical Interfaces with Procurement
Just-in-Time
Procurement of Logistics Services
Performance-Based Logistics
Manufacturing
Manufacturing Processes
Job Shop Process
Batch Process
xv
Alms-giving
(1.) to the poor for the purpose of alleviating
temporary suffering.
Providing
(2.) for the comfort of the aged and sick, widows
and orphans.
Assisting
(3.) the stranger. The Law lays special stress on
this branch of charity, and reminds us that we all have
once been strangers in the land of Egypt. Even in the
various countries of which we have become citizens, our
forefathers, three or four generations back, were
strangers; and, besides, we are told by the Almighty, “Ye
are strangers and sojourners [304]with me:” (Lev. xxv. 23).
This kind of charity is known by the name הכנסת אורחים
Support
(4.) given to the poor towards obtaining a livelihood,
by procuring occupation for them, teaching them a trade
and giving them a start in it.
Providing
(5.) for the religious and secular education of the
children of the poor.
Raising
(6.) their intellectual, social, and moral condition by
personal intercourse with them, and by kind words of
advice, comfort, and encouragement.
Helping
(7.) those who have gone astray and have fallen into
vice or crime to return to the path of virtue, industry, and
righteousness.
The love of parents towards their child should find an echo in the
heart of the latter.
With regard to the child’s duty towards his parents the following
verses from Proverbs may be noticed:—
“The eye that mocketh at his father, and despiseth to obey his mother, the
ravens of the valley shall pick it out, and the young eagles shall eat it”
(xxx. 17). [306]
“Whoso curseth his father or his mother, his lamp shall be put out in
obscure darkness” (xx. 20).
“He that wasteth his father and chaseth away his mother is a son that
causeth shame, and bringeth reproach” (xix. 26).
Friends bound to each other by genuine and sincere love find great
pleasure in the fulfilment of the duties involved in friendship. They do
not hesitate to bring sacrifices for each other’s well-being; they
evince heartfelt sympathy for each other in good and evil fortune.
(2.) Man and wife are united by the holy bond of marriage. They owe
to each other love, faithfulness, confidence, and untiring endeavour
to make each other happy. The neglect of these duties turns a happy
home into an abode of misery and wretchedness. 14 The last of the
prophets, Malachi, rebuking such neglect, says: “The Lord hath been
witness between thee and the wife of thy youth, against whom thou
hast dealt treacherously, yet is she thy companion and the wife of thy
covenant.”
(3.) As citizens of a State we must take our proper share in all work
for the welfare of the State. When the State is in danger we must
evince patriotism, and must not withdraw ourselves from those
duties which, under [311]such circumstances, devolve upon every
citizen. All our means, our physical and intellectual faculties, must be
at the disposal of the country in which we live as citizens. Thus
Jeremiah exhorts his brethren in Babylonia: “Build ye houses and
dwell in them; and plant gardens, and eat the fruit of them; … and
seek the peace of the city whither I have caused you to be carried
away captives, and pray unto the Lord for it: for in the peace thereof
shall you have peace” (Jer. xxix. 5, 7). Similarly we are taught, “Pray
for the welfare of the government” (Aboth iii. 2). 15
(6.) Employers and employed, sellers and buyers, must act towards
each other with the strictest honesty. In cases of dispute a friendly
explanation or discussion is more likely to promote the interest of
both parties than mutual animosity. Each party must bear in mind
that prosperity depends on the co-operation of the other party, and
not on its ruin.
Note.—We meet in the Talmud and works based on the Talmud with dicta which
seem at first sight to exclude Gentiles (עכו״ם, נכריor גוי) from our duty of love
towards our fellow-men. This, however, was never intended. Sayings of this kind
originated in days of warfare between the oppressor and the oppressed, and were
an outburst of feelings of pain and anger, caused by an enemy who was not
restrained from tyranny and cruelty by any sense of justice and humanity. But this
state of affairs has ceased, and such sayings have since entirely lost their force
and meaning, and are practically forgotten. Some of these passages have been
removed from the Talmudical works by hostile censors; but having led, and being
still likely to lead, to errors or misunderstanding, less on the part of Jews than of
non-Jewish readers, they ought to be eliminated in future editions of any of these
works by Jewish censors, especially as the notices on the first page of the books,
that the terms גוי, עכו״םor נכריdo not apply to our non-Jewish neighbours at the
present day, appear to have proved ineffectual against calumny and persecution.
Although we are all equally children of one God, and before the Most
High all our petty differences disappear, His infinite wisdom willed it
that there should be a certain degree of inequality among His
creatures; that some men should be wise, others simple; some
talented, others less skilful; some strong, others weak; some high,
others low; some imperious, others [314]submissive; some rulers,
others subjects; some fit to guide, and others only fit to be guided.
This inequality is the source of certain special duties between man
and man. “Be submissive to your superior, agreeable to your inferior,
and cheerful to every one” (Aboth iii. 12).
(1.) The teacher who patiently strives to benefit his pupils by his
instruction and counsel has a just claim on their respect. It is in the
interest of the pupils themselves to regard their teacher as a friend,
to have confidence in him, and faith in his superiority. It is
themselves they benefit most if they lighten the labours of their
teacher by due attention and obedience, and themselves they injure
most, if by want of proper respect they render his task difficult and
disagreeable.
On the other hand, it is the duty of the teacher to try to win the
respect and the affection of the pupils by conscientiousness in his
work, by patience and forbearance, by kindness and justice, by
genuine interest in the progress and welfare of those entrusted to his
care, and, above all, by a pure, good, and noble life.—The pupils
owe much to their teachers, but the latter also owe something to
their disciples. “Much have I learnt from my teachers, more from my
fellow-students, most from my pupils,” is a well-known Talmudical
saying (Babyl. Talm. Taanith 7a). Of the priest, who in ancient time
used to be the principal teacher, the prophet Malachi says: “The
priest’s lips shall keep knowledge, and they shall seek the law at his
mouth; for he is the messenger of the Lord of hosts” (Mal. ii. 7).
Rabbi Jochanan, in commenting [315]on these words, said, “If the
teacher is like the messenger of the Lord, i.e., leads a pure life in the
service of the Lord, then people shall seek instruction at his mouth; if
not, they cannot be instructed by him in the Law” (Yalkut ad locum).
—“Let the honour of thy disciple be as dear to thee as thy own, and
the honour of thy colleague as dear as the fear of thy teacher, and
the fear of thy teacher as dear as the fear of Heaven” (Aboth iv. 15).
—“He who has been taught something by his neighbour, whether it
be a chapter, a law, a verse, a phrase, or a letter, owes him respect.
Thus David, who only learnt two things from Ahitophel, called him
‘teacher, chief, and friend’ ” (ibid. vi. 3).
Learned Men (תלמידי חכמים), who, even if not directly our teachers, in
many ways benefit us by their learning. “It is a great sin to despise or
to hate the wise: Jerusalem has chiefly been destroyed as a
punishment for the contempt shown for the learned; as it is said (2
Chron. xxxvi. 16), ‘They mocked the messengers of God, and
despised his words, and misused his prophets, until the wrath of the
Lord arose against his people till there was no remedy’ ”
(Maimonides, l. c. vi. 11). “He who despises talmide-chachamim,”
says Rab, “has no remedy for his disease” (Babyl. Talm. Shabbath,
119b), and belongs to those who forfeit their portion in the world to
come (אין להם חלק לעולם הבא, ibid., Sanhedrin 90).
The Aged.—“Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head, and honour
the face of the old man, and fear thy God” (Lev. xix. 32). The Bible
illustrates, in the history of Rehoboam (1 Kings xii.), the evil
consequences of the contempt shown by this king to the words of
the old men.—“With the ancient is wisdom, and in length of days
understanding” (Job xii. 12). “The building of the young is
destruction; the destruction of the old is building” (B. T. Megillah
31b). 16
The great men of our nation, their works and the institutions founded
by them at various periods of our [318]history. “Do not despise thy
mother, though she hath become old” (Prov. xxiii. 22). The feeling of
piety and reverence towards our Sages and Teachers of former
generations, and towards institutions of ancient times that have
come down to us, is an essential element in our inner religion (חובות
הלבבות).
The magistrates, judges, and statesmen, who devote their time, their
talents, and their energy to promoting the well-being of the State.
The Head of the State.—“Fear the Lord, O my son, and the king, and
do not mix with rioters” (Prov. xxiv. 21).
[Contents]
“Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and
have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air,
and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth” (Gen. i. 28
and ix. 2, &c.; comp. Ps. viii. 7, &c.). Thus spake the Creator to the
first man. He gave him a right to make use of the animals for his
benefit; and man makes the animals work for him; they serve him as
food, provide him with clothing and other necessary or useful things.
In return for all these services the animals ought to be treated with
kindness and consideration. It is a necessity to force certain beasts
to work for us, and to kill certain animals for various purposes. But in
doing so we must not cause more pain than is absolutely necessary.
It is a disgraceful act to give pain to animals merely for sport, and to
enjoy their agony. Bullfights and similar spectacles are barbarous,
and tend to corrupt and brutalise [319]the heart of man. The more we
abstain from cruelty to animals, the more noble and loving is our
conduct likely to be to one another. “A righteous man regardeth the
feelings of his beast, but the heart of the wicked is cruel” (Prov. xii.
10).
“Ye shall not kill an animal and its young on one day” (Lev. xxii. 28).
“If a bird’s nest happen to be before thee on the way upon the earth
or upon a tree, with young ones or eggs, thou shalt not take the
mother with the young. Let the mother go away; then thou mayest
take the young ones, in order that it may be well with thee, and thy
days be long” (Deut. xxii. 6, 7).
“Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn” (ibid.
xxv. 4).
C.—Duties to Ourselves.