Lecture 2

Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education
Syiah Kuala University

Faculty of Engineering
Jl. Tgk. Syech Abdul Rauf No. 7, Darussalam – Banda Aceh
Solid Waste Management
Dr. Edi Munawar

Chemical Engineering Department
Syiah Kuala University
Contact: [email protected]
What is a solid waste
 Any material that we discard, that is not liquid or
gas, is solid waste
 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):
• Solid waste from home or office.
 Industrial Solid Waste:
• Solid waste produced from Mines,
Agriculture or Industry.
What is a Hazardous Waste?
 Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that
make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human
health or the environment
 Ignitability - Ignitable wastes create fires under
certain conditions or are spontaneously
combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 °C
(140 °F).
 Corrosivity - Corrosive wastes are acids or bases
(pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal
to 12.5) that are capable of corroding metal
containers, such as storage tanks, drums, and
barrels.
What is a Hazardous Waste?
 Reactivity - Reactive wastes are unstable under
"normal" conditions. They can cause explosions,
toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when mixed with
water.
 Toxicity - Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when
ingested or absorbed (e.g., containing mercury,
lead, etc.). When toxic wastes are disposed of on
land, contaminated liquid may drain (leach) from
the waste and pollute ground water. Toxicity is
defined through a laboratory procedure called the
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP).
 Major types: Organics and Heavy Metals,
Radioactive wastes
U.S. Scenario
 4.6% of world population
 50% of toxic wastes
 1/3rd of solid wastes
 Mining (76%), agricultural (13%), industrial (9.5%)
= 98.5%
 Municipal solid waste – 1.5%
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Solid waste management hierarchy
Waste Prevention
Reuse
Preference level
Recycling
Energy Recovery
Landfilling
MSW Management Options
MSW Management in USA
Recycling in USA
Recycling in USA
Standard Symbol Recycling in USA
USA Recycling Facts and Figures
 In 1999, recycling and composting activities prevented
about 64 million tons of material from ending up in
landfills and incinerators. Today, this country recycles
32% of its waste, a rate that has almost doubled during
the past 15 years.
 50% of all paper, 34% of all plastic soft drink bottles,
45% of all aluminum beer and soft drink cans, 63% of
all steel packaging, and 67% of all major appliances are
now recycled.
 20 years ago, only one curbside recycling program
existed in the United States, which collected several
materials at the curb. By 2005, almost 9,000 curbside
programs had sprouted up across the nation. As of
2005, about 500 materials recovery facilities had been
established to process the collected materials.
Benefits of Recycling
 USA recycled 83 million tons of MSW.
 This provides an annual benefit of 182 million
metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions
reduced,
 comparable to removing the emissions from 33
million passenger cars.
 But the ultimate benefits from recycling are
cleaner land, air, and water, overall better health,
and a more sustainable economy.
Incineration
 Solves space problem but:
 produces toxic gases like Cl, HCl, HCN, SO2
 High temp furnaces break down hazardous
compounds but are expensive ($75 - $2K/ton)
 Heat generated can be recovered: % of waste
burnt
 Japan 67%, Switzerland 80%, USA 6%
 North Little Rock, AK saving $50K in heating
cost and reducing landfill requirement by 95%
 How many MSW combustors exist in the United
States? In 1996, 110 combustors with energy
recovery existed with the capacity to burn up to
100,000 tons of MSW per day.
Development of Waste Incineration
in the Last Century
1905 1970 1990

MSW Incinerator with Heat
Recovery
Open Dump
 Unsanitary, draws pests and vermin, harmful
runoff and leachates, toxic gases
 Still accounts for half of solid waste
 Several thousand open dumps in the USA
Sanitary Landfill
 Sanitary Landfill
 Layer of compacted trash covered with a layer
of earth once a day and a thicker layer when
the site is full
 Require impermeable barriers to stop escape
of leachates: can cause problem by overflow
 Gases produced by decomposing garbage
needs venting
 1 acre/10,000 people: acute space problem:
wastes piling up over 150 million tons/year;
 # of landfills down from 8000(1988) to
3091(1996)
 NIMBY, NIMFYE, NIMEY, NOPE
 NJ ships >5 million tons of waste every year
Criteria Sanitary Landfill
 Avoid:
 Swampy area/ Flood plains /coastal areas
 Fractures or porous rocks
 High water table
 Prefer:
 Clay layers
 Heads of gullies
Design of Sanitary Landfill
Monitoring of Sanitary Landfills
 Gases: Methane, Ammonia, Hydrogen sulfides
 Heavy Metals: Lead, Chromium in soil
 Soluble substances: chloride, nitrate, sulfate
 Surface Run-offs
 Vegetation: may pick up toxic substances
 Plant residue in soil
 Paper/plastics etc – blown by the wind
The Bathtub Effect of Sanitary
Landfills
Design of Secure Landfill
Design of Secure Landfill
Ocean Dumping
 Out of sight, free of emission control norms
 Contributes to ocean pollution
 Can wash back on beaches, and can cause death
of marine mammals
 Preferred method: incineration in open sea
 Ocean Dumping Ban Act, 1988: bans dumping of
sewage sludge and industrial waste
 Dredge spoils still dumped in oceans, can cause
habitat destruction and export of fluvial pollutants
Radioactive Waste Disposal
 Isotopes with short half-lives are gone quickly,
those with long half-lives will decay too little
 Low level wastes: 90% of all radioactive wastes
 20 temporary and 6 commercial disposal sites
 States to take care of their low level waste
 High level wastes e.g., spent nuclear fuel rods
 Should be so disposed as to cause less than
1000 death in 10,000 years
Requirements for a radio-active
waste disposal system
 Design and Fabricate a System that will
 Last thousands of years longer than recorded
human history
 Be robust enough to isolate highly radioactive
material so that it will not threaten human health
and environment for more than ten thousand
years.
Design a Radio-active Waste
Disposal
Disposal
Disposal
Disposal
Story of Love Canal
 A ditch 20 m wide, 3m deep and 1km long
 1890: Built near Niagara falls for hydro-power
 1905: Hooker Electrochemical established
 1942: Hooker buys the site for waste disposal, 20,000 tons of
toxic chemical dumped in 10 yr
 1953: site bought by Niagara School board for $1, Hooker
absolved of any future damage
 1977: study shows toxic effects in adjoining homes,>40 toxic
chemicals identified
 1978: Health advisory, 100 families to be shifted
 1980: remedial measures taken, EPA study shows
chromosome defects in residents, President Carter declares
emergency, provides federal aid
 1981: Over 500 families moved out, hundreds waiting for aid
 EPA estimate: 30,000 hazardous waste sites in US, only 10%
of hazardous wastes properly disposed, 300 million tons
generated each year.
Solid Waste Management in
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Bantar Gebang Landfills in Bekasi
 Coverage : Jakarta city

 Area : 110 ha
Opening : 1989
 Closing plan : 2009 but extended for 15 years more
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Sumur Batu Landfills in Bekasi
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Suwung Landfills in Denpasar
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia

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Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education

Syiah Kuala University

Solid Waste Management

Dr. Edi Munawar

1905 1970 1990

 Coverage : Jakarta city

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