By:

Shefali Nikyta Garima Aashish Rahul Nikhil Tanmay

Definitions.
Ecology- It is the study of our earth, it's relationships with organisms and their environment, and how those relationships affect the planet. There is a lot we can do as a species to help our environment sustain itself.

The issues
Overpopulation Pollution Thinning ozone layer Global warming Land degradation Renewable energy Loss of biodiversity Climate change

Is overpopulation, the root cause for all environmental issues?

Interplay between population growth and resource depletion. Overpopulation- a cause for concern in developing countries. World population estimated to cross a whooping 11 billion mark by 2050.. Application of concept of Sustainable development.

J-curve

Pollution
Types of Pollution Air-motor vehicles, factories. Water-biological, chemical, radioactive Land-garbage, hazardous Major Sources Industrialization Urbanization

Air Pollution
Caused by high SO2 emissions from coal combustion. A growing volume of traffic results in growing NOx emissions Industrialization , increased power generation greatly adding to pollution levels. China is responsible for 36% of worldwide pollutant emissions

Carbon emissions
Carbon emissions - a serious threat for people and environment. For, regulation of increased emissions, countries have now signed Kyoto Protocol Agreement.

Water Pollution
SOURCES: INDUSTRY Direct disposal of waste Emission of toxic fumes into the air causes acid rain which contaminates local waterways. Oil spills AGRICULTURE

Fertilizers (nitrogen)and other chemicals soak into the underground water supplies.
DOMESTIC

Sewage: Human waste disposed of sewers into Rivers

Effects
Spread of diseases (cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea) by microbial pollutants from sewage. Harms the Aquatic Life Causes algae in water which depletes oxygen from the water Harms animals
Pollution in Yamuna

Coral reefs in danger

On coral reefs, eutrophication causes seaweed to grow and smother the corals. Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen Careless development along coastlines and in river basins leads to soil erosion and the transport of heavy loads of silt and clay, which settle on the corals and smother them.

Land pollution
Land Pollution:
Waste generation Intensive use of chemical fertilizers Intensive land exploitation (deforestation & urban development)

Wastes from Agriculture: Waste matter produced by crop, animal manure, and farm residues. Wastes from Mining: Piles of coal refuse and heaps of slag. Wastes from Industries: Include paints, chemicals, and so on. Garbage: Decomposable and not decomposable such as glass, metal, cloth, plastic, wood, paper, and so on.

Effects
Land pollution can affect wildlife, plants, and humans in a number of ways, such as:
Cause problems in the respiratory system Cause problems on the skin Lead to birth defects Cause various kinds of cancers

The toxic materials that pollute the soil can get into the human body directly by
coming into contact with the skin Being washed into water sources like reservoirs and rivers Eating fruits and vegetables that have been grown in polluted soil Breathing in polluted dust or particles

Depletion of Ozone Layer

Ozone is a bluish gas that is formed by three atoms of oxygen. Ozone is present in the stratosphere. The ozone layer is located between 10 and 50 km above the Earth's surface. How are we depleting it?
Releasing CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons. CFCs were used in refrigerators, plastic foam, and throwaway food containers. In the stratosphere, the chlorine atom is removed from the CFC and attracts one of the three oxygen atoms in the ozone molecule. The process continues, and a single chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 molecules of ozone. Every time 1% of the ozone layer is depleted, 2% more UV-B is able to reach the surface of the planet UV-B radiation causes skin cancer May result in increased global warming. The life cycles of plants will change, disrupting the food chain Climate change

Long term consequences

The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was discovered in the mid1980s.In 1984, the ozone layer hole was discovered over Antarctica.

The Greenhouse Effect

The carbon emissions in the atmosphere are responsible for the increase of temperature. Actually, these gases cause the greenhouse effect or global warming.

Global Warming
Too many greenhouse gases (CO2, ozone, CFC, water) warm Earths temperature Consequences: global climate change (ocean temperature), severe weather conditions, melting polar ice caps

The energy problem

Fossil fuels-85%
From dead stuff Non-renewable pollution

Alternatives
Solar Geothermal Nuclear Wind hydroelectric Vehicles

The fossil fuels

One of the causes of carbon emissions are the fossil fuels: petroleum and his derivatives, coal and methane.

Nuclear Energy
EFFECTS
Release of radioactive particles Rise in water temperature Nuclear waste (plutonium waste) Greenhouse gas emissions

RISKS
Threat of Nuclear Terrorism
Weapons of Mass Destruction Accidents (Fukushima, Chernobyl, Three Mile Island) Risk of cancer

Ecological Imbalance
Not only humans would be losing mostly due to their own disregard for the surroundings so much of the awe-inspiring diversity of nature, mass extinctions like this would cause a serious imbalance in the worlds food chain .When a predator disappears, the prey will multiply. When prey dies out, the predator will see its ranks decrease as well. This, explains the phenomena of Ecological Imbalance.

Loss of Biodiversity
Global biological diversity is decreasing, due to direct and indirect human activity: hunting, loss of natural habitat (deforestation, desertification), etc.

The continuous decrease in animal and plant populations results in a loss of genetic diversity

Animals and Birds under Threat

Panda Koala Indian tigers African and Asiatic elephant Orangutan American Alligator Pygmy Hippopotamus Black Rhinoceros

Sustaining the Planet

Takes actions

Continued..
Various activities relating to wildlife conservation :
Enforcement of Wildlife Protection Act,1972 and Export-Import policy Indian Board For Wildlife (IBWL) National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) Development of National Parks and Sanctuaries Wildlife Institute of India (WII) Central Zoo Authority

Renewable energies
We have to use renewable energies because they are inexhaustible, they dont pollute and they will be available for the future generations.

 Wind

energy: The energy that uses the power of the wind.

Solar energy: The energy that uses the heat of the sun.

 Hydroelectric energy: The energy which produces electricity using the power of water.

Marine energy: The energy that uses the power of the sea water

Increased awareness
VALDEZ

1948: Declaration of human rights 1961: WWF, amnesty international 1970s: Environmental movements 1980s: 1984: Bhopal; 1986: Chernobyl; 1989: Exxon Valdez 2002: Enron, WorldCom

Different initiatives which were taken at International level to promote awareness about environment issues areUnited Nations Conference on Human Environment,1972 General Assembly's Resolution ,1972 Earth Summit,1992 Johannesburg Summit,2002

Global frameworks and initiatives

SarbOx

The search for solutions is happening on a global scale and is being led by both public institutions and as part of private initiatives. Solutions include new legislation, stakeholder partnerships, voluntary agreements, codes of conduct, multilateral agreements, interdependent actions, etc.

What do the three R's mean?

Reuse stands for using something again.

Recycle means if some thing was recycled and somebody made it into something else. Reduce means when you put a thing in the right place.

Recycling
Collecting raw materials is something we can do to help our planet, because we can reduce litter, waste and pollution.

Waste

Waste Management
Collection source separation storage transportation transfer processing treatment disposal of waste

An unusable / unwanted substance or material.

Rejected as worthless.
Example -Rubbish, trash, garbage or junk

Methods of Waste Management

Disposal Methods : Recycling Methods : 1. Biological reprocessing 2. Energy recovery Pyrolysis Gasification

Land fills Incineration

Ways to save our planet

AT YOUR HOME
Set your refrigerator temperature at 36 to 38 and your freezer for cooling from 0 to 5. Use compact fluorescent light bulbs to save money and energy. Learn about alternatives to household cleaning items that do not use hazardous chemicals.

AT YOUR OFFICE
Use recycled paper. Use a ceramic coffee mug instead of a disposable cup. Copy and print on both sides of paper. Reuse items like envelopes, folders and paper clips.

IN YOUR YARD
Leave grass clippings on the yard- they decompose and return nutrients to the soil. Use only the required amount of fertilizer. Put leaves in a compost heap instead of burning them or throwing them away. Water grass early in the morning.

Why is it important for our planet and ourselves that we save energy?
It is important because if you dont have energy you will die. If you dont save energy the world will be cold.

THANK YOU