Lecture on Emerging Trends

Globalization
The term globalization comes from English, as base of the word ”globalization”
which refers to the emerging of an international network, belonging to an
economical and social system. One of the earliest uses of the term "globalization",
as known, was in 1930 - in a publication entitled Towards New Education - to
designate an overview of the human experience in education.

A near-term "giant corporations" (Giant: massive, huge, Corporations: business,

firm) was used in 1897 by Charles Russell Tazel to describe the big national trusts
and other large enterprises of the time. Since 1960 both terms began to be used
interchangeably by economists and researchers in social sciences and were used
until about mid 1980.

Since the invention of the concept, globalization has inspired numerous

interpretations definitions and has had a history going back in time to the great
commercial and imperialist movements throughout Asia and the Indian
Ocean since the fifteenth century.

The Rise & Origin of Globalization

Globalization has a long history; it appeared when the European big economic
powers occupied Asia, Africa, and America. Globalization accelerated in the
nineteenth century during the industrial revolution. As the factories became
established, more companies used lands for their production and investment,
replacing and selling goods with each other (Kobrin, 2009). When Great Britain
colonized India, Great Britain used India for its policy and purpose, for instance,
most cotton for British traders was made in the city of Madras, the big and
important port in India. In time, the madras cloth was no longer exclusively
produced in Madras, instead, all the Indian labor force supplied cotton (national-
geographic, 2011).

After the Cold War the term began to be used to describe the world becoming more
interdependent in its economical and informational dimension.
Definitions:
Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King, sociologists, define globalization as "all those
processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world
society.

According to Anthony Giddens "the globalization can be defined as the

intensification of social relations throughout the world, linking distant localities in
such a way that local happenings are formed as a result of events that occur many
miles away and vice versa.

The Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson, in his book ”The Race to the Top: The
Real Story of Globalization”, says that globalization "is the process of the
shrinking of the world, the shortening of distances, and the closeness of things. It
allows the increased interaction of any person on one part of the world to someone
found on the other side of the world, in order to benefit.

The term globalization refers to the integration of local and international

economies into a globally unified political economic and cultural order, and is
not a singular phenomenon. It is about the free movement of trade, investment,
labor and capital. The process of globalization spurred greater economic growth
globally.

In 2000 the International Monetary Fund has identified four basic aspects of
globalization: trade and transactions, capital movements and investment,
migration and movement of people and the spreading of knowledge.

Elements & Drivers of Globalization

Elements: fundamentals, basics, essentials

The elements of globalization include capital, labor, management, news, images,

all transporter information. The main drivers of globalization are multinational
corporations, transnational media organizations, intergovernmental organizations,
non-governmental organizations and alternative governmental organization.

Features of Globalization:

1. Globalization is an unavoidable process that incorporates practically every

field in today’s life. This process, mainly driven by rapid and largely
 unrestricted flows of information, goods, ideas, cultural values, capital,
services and people shifts to the more than ever integrated world economy.
Globalization is recognized as one of the most significant powers that affect
the world economy.
2. Globalization has hegemony on state’s economy, foreign policy and also
community. Countries (especially undeveloped countries) cannot resist
against Globalization, because all world are dealing with this phenomenon
and as a country prevent its entrance it will be out of the modern world
community especially in the economic aspect.
3. Globalization is trying to wipe the national borders, economies, and
societies among countries and territories, and it destroys hampers among
markets, linking countries' geographic boundaries, separating national and
world trade, and strengthening the integration of markets for properties,
wealth and good service (Mostert, 2003).
4. Moreover, another important consequence of globalization is financial
liberalization, which declares a financial system for government economic
development in the case of improving economic opportunities, reducing
capital costs; Governments allow globalization by reducing and liberalizing
restrictions on the domestic market and financial (Odel, 2016).

Both liberalization and globalization have a financial impact on sovereignty.

Internal liberalization limits the national economy and took the event and
accountable the market power. External liberalization reduces control over
foreign trade and finance used abroad and is a known alternative to globalization
policies. The role of the state will be decreased because of the limited power on
its economy.

5. Globalization can be linked to the local, the national and the regional. On the
one hand, a connection is made between social and economic relationships
and networks, organized on a local and / or national, on the other hand, it
connects social and economic relationships and networks crystallized on
wider scale the regional and global interactions.

Types of Globalisation

Political globalization
Political globalisation refers to the amount of political co-operation that exists
between different countries.

This ties in with the belief that “umbrella” global organisations are better placed
than individual states to prevent conflict. The League of Nations established after
WW1 was certainly one of the pioneers in this. Since then, global organisations
such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO), United Nations (UN), and more
regional organisations such as the EU have helped to increase the degree of
political globalisation.

Social globalisation

Social globalisation refers to the sharing of ideas and information between and
through different countries.

In today’s world, the Internet and social media is at the heart of this. Good
examples of social globalisation could include internationally popular films, books
and TV series. The Harry Potter/ Twilight films and books have been successful all
over the world, making the characters featured globally recognisable. However,
this cultural flow tends to flow from the centre (i.e. from developed countries such
as the USA to less developed countries). Social globalisation is often criticised for
eroding cultural differences.

Economic globalisation

Economic globalisation refers to the interconnectedness of economies through

trade and the exchange of resources.

Effectively, therefore, no national economy really operates in isolation, which

means national economies influence each other. This is clearly evidenced by global
recession from 2007 onwards. Economic globalisation also means that there is a
two-way structure for technologies and resources. For example countries like the
USA will sell their technologies to countries, which lack these, and natural
resources from developing countries are sold to the developed countries that need
them.

CONCLUSION
Globalization has made the world as a small village, and it tends to go further, like
wiping all borders among countries and also remove all economic restrictions and
hampers, this will hurt small countries and will be in the interest of big powers.

Globalization affects the sovereignty of states. States have reduced the capacity to
control their societies both actively and reactively. Because poor and small
countries have nothing to export, they are just importing from developed countries,
this will lead to developed countries to be more wealthy and make poor countries
poorer, which will create a big gap and problems for the future of our world.

Nationalism

It refers to loyalty and devotion

It is a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and
placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to
those of other nations or supranational groups

Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance

(commitment) to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh
(to be more important than) other individual or group interests.

In Simple words

Nationalism is an ideology by people who believe their nation is superior to all

others. This sense of superiority often has its roots in a shared ethnicity.

In other situations, nationalism is built around a shared language, religion, culture,

or set of social values. The nation emphasizes shared symbols, folklore, and
mythology. Shared music, literature, and sports may further strengthen
nationalism.

Conceptualising Nationalism

Nationalism is, of course, not a force of its own, it is man-made. Nationalism does
not exist by itself, but has to be promoted and its members have to be convinced to
belong to this group. This requires media, political, social and cultural elites.
(Platform)
The History of Nationalism

Nationalism is a modern movement. Throughout history people have been attached

to their native soil, to the traditions of their parents, and to established territorial
authorities, but at the end of the 18th century that nationalism began to be a
generally recognized sentiment. It molded public and private life.

Actually, the American and French revolutions may be regarded as its first
powerful manifestations. After penetrating the new countries of Latin America, it
spread in the early 19th century to central Europe and from there, toward the
middle of the century, to eastern and southeastern Europe. At the beginning of the
20th century, nationalism flowered in Asia and Africa. Thus, the 19th century has
been called the age of nationalism in Europe, while the 20th century witnessed the
rise and struggle of powerful national movements throughout Asia and
Africa. (Free of Monarchy)

Nationalist Movements

Although the 17th-century Puritan Revolution in England was animated by

nationalist sentiment, significant nationalist movements generally did not arise
until the late 18th century. The American and French revolutions (1775–83 and
1787–99, respectively) were both expressions of political nationalism. Later,
nationalist movements inspired the Revolutions of 1848 on the European continent,
the establishment of a unified Italian state in 1861, and the formation of new
nation-states in central and eastern Europe after World War I.

Fascist leaders like Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy used
nationalism to override individual self-interest, subjugating the welfare of the
general population to achieve social goals.

Nationalism under fascism works within existing social structures, rather than
destroying them. It focuses on "internal cleansing and external expansion,"
according to Professor Robert Paxton in "The Anatomy of Fascism." This thinking
justifies violence as a way to rid society of minorities and opponents.

World War II convinced the Allied nations to endorse global cooperation.

The World Bank, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization were just
three of many global groups.

In the 1990s, Europe's nations formed the European Union

Nationalism Since the Great Recession

In the 21st century, nationalism returned after the Great Recession.

In 2014, India elected Hindu nationalist Narendra Modi. In 2015, Vladimir Putin
rallied Russians to invade Ukraine to "save" ethnic Russians. In 2016, the United
Kingdom voted in favor of Brexit, the British exit from the EU.

In 2016, the United States elected populist Donald Trump to the presidency. In
2018, President Trump declared at a Texas rally that he was a nationalist, though
many felt that was already evident from his protectionist policies. He and his
former adviser Steve Bannon had often advocated for economic nationalism.

Nationalism vs. Patriotism

Nationalists believe their shared interests supersede all other individual or group
interests. They oppose globalism and empires. They also rally against any
philosophy, such as religion, that supersedes national loyalties. They are not
necessarily militaristic, but they may quickly become so if threatened.

Nationalists' feeling of superiority differentiates their nationalism from patriotism.

Patriotism equates to pride in one's country and a willingness to defend it.

Nationalism, on the other hand, extends that to arrogance and potential military
aggression. Nationalists believe they have a right to dominate another nation
because of their superiority. This encourages militarism.