AKCODING.

COM

Python programming interview questions

and answers pdf
100 questions of Python programming interview questions and answers pdf, is a
significant task, but I can certainly provide a substantial list to cover various aspects of
Python programming. Here’s a mix of questions ranging from basic to advanced levels
along with their answers.

Basics
● What is Python and why is it so popular?
● Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity
and readability. It’s popular for web development, data analysis, artificial
intelligence, and automation.
● How do you comment on a single line and multiple lines in Python?
● Single-line comment: # This is a comment
● Multiple-line comment: ''' This is a multi-line comment ''' or """
This is a multi-line comment """
● What is PEP 8?
● PEP 8 is a style guide for Python code, providing guidelines on how to format
Python code for better readability and consistency.
● Explain the difference between Python 2 and Python 3.
● Python 3 is the latest version of Python, with improvements and new features
compared to Python 2. Python 3 is not backward compatible with Python 2.
● How do you check the version of Python installed on your system?
● Open a terminal or command prompt and type python --version or python
-V.

Data Types and Operators

● What are the primitive data types in Python?
● Integers, floats, complex numbers, strings, and booleans.
● Explain the difference between == and is in Python.
 AKCODING.COM

● == checks for equality of values, while is checks for identity (whether two
variables refer to the same object in memory).
● How do you concatenate two strings in Python?
● Strings can be concatenated using the + operator: str1 + str2.
● What is the difference between and and & in Python?
● and is a logical operator used for boolean expressions, while & is a bitwise
operator used for performing bitwise AND operation.
● How do you convert a string to an integer in Python?
● Use the int() function: int("123").

Control Flow
● Explain the if, elif, and else statements in Python.
● if is used for conditional execution, elif is short for “else if,” and else
is used for the final option if none of the previous conditions are true.
● What is a for loop and how does it work in Python?
● A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (such as a list, tuple, or
string) and executing a block of code for each element in the sequence.
● How do you break out of a loop in Python?
● You can use the break statement to exit a loop prematurely.
● What is the purpose of the range() function in Python?
● The range() function generates a sequence of numbers, commonly used
for looping a specific number of times in for loops.
● How do you iterate over a dictionary in Python?
● You can use a for loop to iterate over the keys or values of a dictionary
using the keys() or values() methods.

Functions
● What is a function in Python?
● A function is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task. It
takes inputs, called parameters, and returns an output.
● How do you define a function in Python?
● Use the def keyword followed by the function name and parameters, then
a colon, and the function body.
 AKCODING.COM

● What is a default argument in Python?

● A default argument is an argument that assumes a default value if a value
is not provided in the function call.
● Explain the difference between return and print in Python.
● return is used to exit a function and return a value to the caller, while
print is used to display output to the console.
● How do you call a function recursively in Python?
● A function can call itself recursively by using its own name inside its body.

Data Structures
● What is a list in Python?
● A list is a collection of elements that is ordered and mutable. Lists are
defined by square brackets [ ].
● How do you access elements of a list in Python?
● Elements of a list can be accessed by index using square brackets:
my_list[index].
● Explain the difference between append() and extend() methods in Python.
● The append() method adds an element to the end of a list, while the
extend() method adds elements from an iterable to the end of a list.
● What is a tuple in Python?
● A tuple is a collection of elements that is ordered and immutable. Tuples
are defined by parentheses ( ).
● How do you unpack a tuple in Python?
● You can unpack a tuple by assigning its elements to individual variables:
a, b, c = my_tuple.
● What is a dictionary in Python?
● A dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs that is unordered and
mutable. Dictionaries are defined by curly braces { }.
● How do you access values in a dictionary in Python?
● Values in a dictionary can be accessed by key using square brackets:
my_dict[key].
● Explain the difference between keys() and values() methods in Python
dictionaries.
 AKCODING.COM

● The keys() method returns a view object containing the keys of the
dictionary, while the values() method returns a view object containing
the values of the dictionary.
● What is a set in Python?
● A set is an unordered collection of unique elements. Sets are defined by
curly braces { }.
● How do you add elements to a set in Python?
● You can add elements to a set using the add() method or by using the
update() method to add elements from another set or iterable.

Object-Oriented Programming
● What is a class in Python?
● A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines properties (attributes)
and behaviors (methods) that all objects of the class will have.
● How do you create an object of a class in Python?
● You create an object of a class by calling the class name followed by
parentheses: my_object = MyClass().
● What is inheritance in Python?
● Inheritance is the process by which a class can inherit attributes and
methods from another class. It promotes code reusability and establishes
a hierarchical relationship between classes.
● Explain the difference between an instance variable and a class variable in
Python.
● Instance variables belong to individual objects and are unique for each
instance of a class. Class variables belong to the class itself and are
shared among all instances of the class.
● What is method overriding in Python?
● Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific
implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. The
subclass method overrides the superclass method.
● What is method overloading in Python?
● Python does not support method overloading in the same way as
languages like Java or C++. However, you can achieve similar functionality
by using default arguments
● or variable-length argument lists.
 AKCODING.COM

● What is encapsulation in Python?

● Encapsulation is the bundling of data (attributes) and methods that
operate on the data into a single unit, called a class. It hides the internal
state of the object from the outside world.
● What is a constructor in Python?
● A constructor is a special method in a class that is automatically called
when an object of the class is created. In Python, the constructor method
is named __init__().
● What is a destructor in Python?
● A destructor is a special method in a class that is automatically called
when an object is about to be destroyed. In Python, the destructor method
is named __del__().
● What is a module in Python?
● A module is a file containing Python code. It can define functions, classes,
and variables, and can be imported and used in other Python scripts.

File Handling
● How do you open a file in Python?
● You can open a file using the open() function, specifying the file path and
mode (read, write, append, etc.).
● What is the difference between “r”, “w”, and “a” file modes in Python?
● “r” mode opens a file for reading, “w” mode opens a file for writing (creates
a new file or overwrites an existing file), and “a” mode opens a file for
appending (creates a new file or appends to an existing file).
● How do you close a file in Python?
● You can close a file using the close() method or by using a context
manager (with statement).
● How do you read the contents of a file in Python?
● You can read the contents of a file using methods like read(),
readline(), or readlines().
● How do you write to a file in Python?
● You can write to a file using the write() method or by using the
print() function with the file argument.
 AKCODING.COM

Exception Handling
● What is an exception in Python?
● An exception is an error that occurs during the execution of a program. It
disrupts the normal flow of the program and can be handled using
exception handling mechanisms.
● How do you handle exceptions in Python?
● Exceptions can be handled using try, except, else, and finally
blocks. Code that may raise an exception is placed inside the try block,
and the corresponding exception handling code is placed inside the
except block.
● What is the purpose of the finally block in Python exception handling?
● The finally block is used to execute cleanup code that should be run
regardless of whether an exception occurs or not. It is often used to
release resources like files or network connections.
● What is the difference between except Exception as e and except in
Python?
● except Exception as e catches and assigns the exception object to
the variable e, allowing you to access information about the exception.
except without an exception type catches all exceptions.
● How do you raise an exception manually in Python?
● You can raise an exception manually using the raise statement followed
by the exception type and optional message.

Advanced Topics
● What is a decorator in Python?
● A decorator is a function that takes another function as an argument and
extends its behavior without modifying it explicitly. Decorators are typically
used to add functionality to existing functions.
● How do you define a decorator in Python?
● You define a decorator by creating a function that takes another function
as an argument, decorates it with additional functionality, and returns the
modified function.
● What are lambda functions in Python?
 AKCODING.COM

● Lambda functions, also known as anonymous functions, are small, inline

functions defined using the lambda keyword. They are often used for
short, one-time operations.
● How do you use lambda functions in Python?
● Lambda functions are typically used in situations where a small,
anonymous function is needed, such as when passing a function as an
argument to higher-order functions like map(), filter(), or sorted().
● What is the difference between map() and filter() functions in Python?
● The map() function applies a given function to each item of an iterable
and returns a list of the results. The filter() function applies a given
function to each item of an iterable and returns a list of items for which
the function returns True.
● What is list comprehension in Python?
● List comprehension is a concise way to create lists in Python. It consists
of an expression followed by a for clause, optionally followed by
additional for or if clauses.
● How do you use list comprehension in Python?
● List comprehension syntax: [expression for item in iterable
if condition].
● What is a generator in Python?
● A generator is a special type of iterator that generates values lazily. It
yields one value at a time using the yield keyword, allowing for efficient
memory usage.
● How do you define a generator in Python?
● Generators are defined using generator functions, which are regular
functions that contain one or more yield statements. When called, a
generator function returns a generator object.
● What is the purpose of the yield keyword in Python?
● The yield keyword is used inside generator functions to yield values one
at a time. It suspends the function’s execution and returns a value to the
caller, but retains the function’s state, allowing it to resume where it left
off.

Concurrency and Parallelism

 AKCODING.COM

● What is threading in Python?

● Threading is a technique for concurrently executing multiple tasks within a
single process. Python provides a threading module for creating and
managing threads.
● How do you create a thread in Python?
● You can create a thread by subclassing the threading.Thread class
and implementing the run() method, or by passing a target function to
the Thread constructor.
● What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python?
● The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a mutex that protects access to
Python objects, preventing multiple native threads from executing Python
bytecodes simultaneously. This can limit the performance of
multi-threaded Python programs, especially on multi-core systems.
● How can you overcome the limitations of the GIL in Python?
● You can use multiprocessing instead of threading to bypass the GIL and
take advantage of multiple CPU cores. Alternatively, you can use
asynchronous programming with libraries like asyncio or twisted.
● What is multiprocessing in Python?
● Multiprocessing is a technique for parallel processing in Python, allowing
multiple processes to run concurrently and utilize multiple CPU cores.
Python provides a multiprocessing module for creating and managing
processes.

Regular Expressions
● What are regular expressions in Python?
● Regular expressions are patterns used to match character combinations
in strings. They provide a powerful and flexible way to search, match, and
manipulate text.
● How do you use regular expressions in Python?
● Regular expressions are supported in Python through the re module,
which provides functions for working with regular expressions, such as
`re.search()
,re.match(),re.findall()`, etc.
● What is the purpose of the re.search() function in Python?
 AKCODING.COM

● The re.search() function searches a string for a match with a regular

expression pattern and returns the first match found, or None if no match
is found.
● What is the difference between re.match() and re.search() in Python?
● re.match() searches for a match only at the beginning of the string,
while re.search() searches for a match anywhere in the string.
● How do you use groups in regular expressions in Python?
● Groups in regular expressions are defined by enclosing parts of the
pattern in parentheses. They can be accessed using the group() method
of the match object.

Networking
● What is socket programming in Python?
● Socket programming is a way of connecting two nodes on a network to
communicate with each other. Python provides a socket module for
creating and managing network sockets.
● How do you create a TCP server in Python?
● You can create a TCP server using the socket module by creating a
socket, binding it to a specific address and port, and then listening for
incoming connections.
● How do you create a TCP client in Python?
● You can create a TCP client using the socket module by creating a
socket, connecting it to a remote address and port, and then sending and
receiving data.
● What is the difference between TCP and UDP in Python?
● TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol
that provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data. UDP
(User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that provides faster
but less reliable delivery of data.
● How do you handle timeouts in socket programming in Python?
● You can set a timeout on a socket using the settimeout() method,
which specifies the maximum amount of time the socket will wait for an
operation to complete before raising a timeout exception.
 AKCODING.COM

Web Development
● What is Django?
● Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid
development and clean, pragmatic design. It provides tools and features
for building web applications quickly and efficiently.
● How do you install Django?
● You can install Django using pip, the Python package manager, by running
pip install django in the terminal or command prompt.
● What is Flask?
● Flask is a lightweight Python web framework that provides tools and
features for building web applications. It is known for its simplicity and
flexibility, making it ideal for small to medium-sized projects.
● How do you install Flask?
● You can install Flask using pip, the Python package manager, by running
pip install flask in the terminal or command prompt.
● What is a virtual environment in Python?
● A virtual environment is a self-contained directory that contains a Python
interpreter and all the packages needed for a specific project. It allows you
to isolate project dependencies and avoid conflicts between different
projects.

Data Science and Machine Learning

● What is NumPy?
● NumPy is a Python library for numerical computing that provides support
for multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a collection of
mathematical functions to operate on these arrays.
● How do you install NumPy?
● You can install NumPy using pip, the Python package manager, by running
pip install numpy in the terminal or command prompt.
● What is Pandas?
● Pandas is a Python library for data manipulation and analysis that
provides data structures like DataFrames and Series, along with functions
for reading, writing, and manipulating data.
● How do you install Pandas?
 AKCODING.COM

● You can install Pandas using pip, the Python package manager, by running
pip install pandas in the terminal or command prompt.
● What is Matplotlib?
● Matplotlib is a Python library for creating static, animated, and interactive
visualizations. It provides a MATLAB-like interface for creating plots and
charts.
● How do you install Matplotlib?
● You can install Matplotlib using pip, the Python package manager, by
running pip install matplotlib in the terminal or command
prompt.
● What is Scikit-learn?
● Scikit-learn is a Python library for machine learning that provides tools and
algorithms for tasks such as classification, regression, clustering,
dimensionality reduction, and model selection.
● How do you install Scikit-learn?
● You can install Scikit-learn using pip, the Python package manager, by
running pip install scikit-learn in the terminal or command
prompt.
● What is TensorFlow?
● TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning framework developed by
Google that provides tools and APIs for building and training machine
learning models, including deep neural networks.
● How do you install TensorFlow?
● You can install TensorFlow using pip, the Python package manager, by
running pip install tensorflow in the terminal or command
prompt.

Testing
● What is unit testing?
● Unit testing is a software testing technique where individual units or
components of a software application are tested in isolation to ensure
they work correctly.
● What is the unittest module in Python?
 AKCODING.COM

● The unittest module is a built-in Python module that provides a

framework for writing and running unit tests. It allows you to define test
cases, test suites, and test fixtures.
● How do you write a unit test in Python?
● You write a unit test in Python by creating a subclass of
unittest.TestCase and defining test methods that begin with the word
test.
● What is test-driven development (TDD)?
● Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development process where
tests are written before the code. The developer writes a failing test case,
writes the minimum amount of code to pass the test, and then refactors
the code as needed.
● What is mocking in unit testing?
● Mocking is a technique used in unit testing to replace parts of the code
under test with mock objects. Mock objects simulate the behavior of real
objects and allow you to control the inputs and outputs of the code being
tested.

Deployment
● What is Docker?
● Docker is a platform for developing, shipping, and running applications in
containers. Containers are lightweight, portable, and self-contained
environments that contain everything needed to run an application,
including code, runtime, system tools, and libraries.
● How do you create a Docker container for a Python application?
● You create a Docker container for a Python application by writing a
Dockerfile, which contains instructions for building the container, and then
running the docker build command to build the container image.
● What is Kubernetes?
● Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform for
automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized
applications. It provides tools and APIs for managing clusters of
containers across multiple hosts.
● How do you deploy a Python application to Kubernetes?
 AKCODING.COM

● You deploy a Python application to Kubernetes by creating Kubernetes

manifests (YAML files) that describe the desired state of the application,
such as deployments, services, and ingresses, and then applying these
manifests using the kubectl apply command.
● What is a serverless architecture?
● Serverless architecture is a cloud computing model where the cloud
provider manages the infrastructure and automatically scales resources
up or down based on demand. Developers write
● and deploy code as functions, which are executed in response to events triggered
by external triggers or requests.
These questions cover a wide range of topics and should give you a good foundation for
preparing for Python programming interviews.