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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
True / False
1. Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Evolution: What Does It Mean?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.3 - In 1859, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace published their views on
evolution and proposed natural selection as the mechanism to bring about change.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
2. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck developed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.2 - In 1809, Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed his theory of inheritance of
acquired characteristics, which was the first widely accepted theory to account for evolution.
3. The phrase “survival of the fittest” has often been used to describe the theory of natural selection.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
4. Only mutations present in sex cells are inheritable.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.5 - In the modern view of evolution, variation is accounted for mostly by
sexual reproduction and mutations in sex cells. Furthermore, populations rather than
individuals evolve.
5. The view that species change little during most of their existence and then evolve rapidly into new species is called
punctuated equilibrium.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.6 - The fossil record provides many examples of macroevolution-that is,
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
changes resulting in the origin of new species, genera, and so on-but these changes are
simply the cumulative effect of microevolution, which involves change within a species.
6. Darwin’s studies of animals in the Galapagos Islands were important in the development of the theory of evolution.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Introduction
7. Most of the organisms that have ever existed are now extinct.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Fossils: What Do We Learn From Them?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
8. Punctuated equilibrium is the gradual accumulation of minor changes eventually resulting in the origin of a new
species.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
9. Microevolution results from the cumulative effects of macroevolution.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
10. Growth and development by mitosis results in progeny that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
a. True

b. False
ANSWER: True
individuals evolve.
11. Evolutionary change always occurs slowly, over long periods of time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
OTHER: Bloom's: Understand
12. Evolutionary trends can be reversed.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
13. Allopatric speciation occurs when organisms inherit two different alleles.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
individuals evolve.
14. Whether a mutation is harmful or beneficial can only be judged in respect to the environment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.1 - The central point of the theory of evolution is that today's organisms
descended, with modification, from ancestor's that lived during the past.
15. Populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring are called species.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
individuals evolve.
16. The fossil record shows no significant change in terms of the diversity of organisms through time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
17. A bat’s wing and a bird’s wing are examples of analogous structures.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
18. Members of a clade can have different derived and primitive characteristics.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
19. The fossil record contains a sequence from simple to more complex organisms through time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
20. Sharks and dolphins show convergent evolution since they have similar features, yet are only distantly related.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
21. Mutations in sex cells can be induced by ultraviolet radiation or extreme temperature changes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
individuals evolve.
22. The science of genetics was developed based on experimental studies using fruit flies.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.4 - Gregor Mendel carried out experiments during the 1860s and
demonstrated that variations in populations are maintained during inheritance, rather than
blended, as previously thought, and that organisms receive one-half of their inheritance from
each parent.
23. Divergent evolution results in descendants with characteristics that are very similar to their ancestors’ characteristics.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
24. When animal breeders select desirable traits and breed animals with these traits, they are practicing artificial selection.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
25. The fossil record reveals that present-day organisms are better adapted to their environments than ancient organisms
were adapted to their environments.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
Multiple Choice
26. What is the development of similar characteristics in distantly related organisms called?
a. analogous evolution
b. divergent evolution
c. homologous evolution
d. convergent evolution
e. parallel evolution
ANSWER: d
27. Cell division resulting in two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell is ____.
a. mitosis
b. meiosis
c. natural selection
d. divergent evolution
e. mutation
ANSWER: a
individuals evolve.

28. Cell division yielding sex cells, sperm and eggs in animals, and pollen and ovules in plants, in which the number of
chromosomes is reduced by half is ____.
a. mutation
b. mitosis
c. meiosis
d. natural selection
e. evolution
ANSWER: c
individuals evolve.
29. According to Mendel’s work on inheritance, a flower with “Aa” alleles, where “A” is dominant over “a” and “A” is
red and “a” is white, will be ____.
a. red
b. white
c. pink
d. half red and half white
e. more red than white
ANSWER: a
each parent.
OTHER: Bloom's: Apply
30. The theory of genetics was initially developed by studying ____.

a. giraffes
b. peas
c. humans
d. mice
e. cyanobacteria
ANSWER: b
each parent.
31. What has occurred when organisms of one species develop a resistance to pesticides?
a. microevolution
b. macroevolution
d. allopatric mutations
e. analogous evolution
ANSWER: a
32. The origin of amphibians from fish is an example of ____.

a. microevolution
b. macroevolution
d. parallel evolution
e. analogous evolution
ANSWER: b
33. Parallel evolution occurs when

a. unrelated species have evolved structures with similar functions
b. closely related animals have developed similar characteristics that have evolved independently
c. unrelated species develop similar characteristics that are dependent on one another
d. related species have identical vestigial organs
e. unrelated organisms develop different adaptations to similar environments
ANSWER: b
34. What is a mass extinction?

a. The continuous extinction of various species
b. The result of excessive allopatric speciation
c. The result of accumulated harmful mutations
d. An occurrence when an entire phylum of cohorts dies off
e. A rapid increase in the rate of extinctions that reduces Earth’s biotic diversity
ANSWER: e

35. Variation is always present in populations because ____.

a. alleles control multiple genes
b. genes blend during inheritance
c. alleles blend during inheritance
d. genes are reshuffled by reproduction and altered by mutations
e. new traits develop when traits that are not expressed are lost
ANSWER: d
each parent.
36. A population of similar individuals that in nature interbreed and produce fertile offspring:
a. genus
b. species
c. kingdom
d. class
e. order
ANSWER: b
37. Charles Darwin did not use evidence from ____ to support the theory of evolution.
a. classification
b. geographic distribution
c. embryology
d. inheritance mechanisms
e. comparative anatomy
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.9 - Fossils are important as evidence for evolution, but additional
evidence comes from classification, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and
biogeography.
38. Structures like bat and fly wings have similar functions, but they evolved in different ways. What would these types of
structures be called?
a. homologous structures
b. analogous structures
c. vestigial structures
d. equivalent structures
e. comparative structures
ANSWER: b
39. Human wisdom teeth are examples of ____ since their functionality has changed over time.
a. homologous structures
b. analogous structures
c. vestigial structures
d. extra appendage
e. superfluous organs
ANSWER: c
40. Which of the following is not a component of the Darwin-Wallace theory of natural selection?
a. All populations contain heritable variations.
b. Some variations are more favorable than others.
c. Not all young survive to maturity.
d. All organisms can knowingly select their genetic direction.
e. The parts of organisms are fully evolved and functional at any one time.
ANSWER: d
41. You have the most characteristics in common with members of your own ____.
a. kingdom
b. phylum
c. class
d. genus
e. species
ANSWER: e
42. One important conclusion of Mendel's genetic studies with pea plants is ____.
a. mutation is the only important factor in change
b. genes controlling traits do not blend during inheritance, but are transmitted as discrete entities
c. the traits that an organism inherits are the average of the two alleles
d. if particular traits do not appear in each generation, they are lost from the species
e. once a trait becomes recessive, it is lost to the population forever
ANSWER: b
each parent.
43. What is punctuated equilibrium?

a. another word for phyletic gradualism
b. the idea that species remain stable for long periods, then evolve rapidly
c. the idea that new species originate from small changes
d. a phenomenon that occurs in divergent, but not convergent, evolution
e. an idea that would garner more support if missing fossil links could be found
ANSWER: b
44. In evolution, the organisms that win are ____.

a. big, mean, or smart (preferably all three)
b. able to keep the environment adapted to them
c. able to adapt to their environment
d. those that are not subjected to harsh environments
e. more complex
ANSWER: c
each parent.
45. _____ structures probably indicate descent from a common ancestor with modifications for different functions.
a. Homologous
b. Analogous
c. Vestigial
d. Derived
e. Primitive
ANSWER: a
46. The basic unit of heredity, ____, is found in segments of ____.

a. DNA; genes
b. chromosomes; genes
c. genes; DNA
d. DNA; chromosomes
e. genes; chromosomes
ANSWER: e
each parent.
47. The theory of evolution____.

a. explains how life originated.
b. says evolutionary change takes place by chance.
c. states humans are direct descendants of monkeys.
d. states the same principles of change apply to organic and inorganic systems.
e. states organisms have changed since life originated.
ANSWER: e
48. Allopatric speciation is most likely to occur after a(n) ____.

a. earthquake
b. mountain building
c. volcanic eruption
d. pet is lost
e. pond is dredged
ANSWER: b

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.8 - The theory of evolution is truly scientific, because we can think of
experiments and observations that would support it or render it incorrect.
49. The binomial species name is composed of the ____ name first, followed by the ____ name.
a. genus; species
b. family; species
c. species; order
d. phyla; order
e. species; class
ANSWER: a
50. The development of similar characteristics in distantly related organisms is called ____.
a. divergent evolution
b. allopatric speciation
c. convergent evolution
d. parallel speciation
e. parallel evolution
ANSWER: c
Completion
51. The type of cell division in which resulting cells contain one chromosome from each pair of the parent cell is called
____________________.
ANSWER: meiosis
individuals evolve.
52. Strong evidence for evolution comes from the field of ____________________, which studies the geographic
distribution of ancient and present-day organisms.
ANSWER: biogeography
biogeography.
53. Traits like eye color are controlled by ____________________, the basic unit of inheritance.
ANSWER: genes
each parent.
54. Changes that occur in genes and are then passed from one generation to another are called ____________________.
ANSWER: mutations
each parent.
55. The gradual accumulation of minor changes that bring about a transition from one species to another is a process
called ____________________.
ANSWER: phyletic gradualism
56. The concept of ____________________ proposes that species change little or gradually over long periods of time and
then evolve quickly to give rise to new species.
ANSWER: punctuated equilibrium
57. The study of life history as revealed by fossils is____________________.

ANSWER: paleontology
biogeography.
58. The development of similar characteristics in separate but closely related organisms is called
____________________.
ANSWER: parallel evolution
59. ____________________ allow genes to have multiple expressions.

ANSWER: Alleles
each parent.
60. ____________________ illustrate the relationships among members in a group of organisms, including the group’s
most recent common ancestor.
ANSWER: cladograms
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.8 - The theory of evolution is truly scientific, because we can think of
experiments and observations that would support it or render it incorrect.
Essay
61. Explain how Darwin’s observations during his 5-year voyage on the Beagle led him to change his mind about the
fixity of species.
ANSWER: Fossils of mammals Darwin collected in South America were similar to modern llamas,
sloths, and armadillos, but also differed from them. Darwin also observed 13 species of
finches living on the Galapagos Islands, and he postulated that they evolved from a single
species now living on South America’s Pacific Coast. Darwin suggested that these organisms
adapted to changing environmental conditions in much the same way that humans for
millennia had introduced desirable characteristics into breeds of domesticated plants and
animals by artificial selection.
OTHER: Bloom's: Analyze
62. Discuss the difficulties of applying the concept of species to a fossil organism.
ANSWER: A species is a population of similar individuals that in nature interbreed and produce fertile
offspring. However, it is often unclear whether all members of a similar group of fossils were
able to interbreed. Hence, for fossil organisms, morphology has often been used to define
species.

63. Using the Darwin-Wallace mechanism of natural selection, describe how the long necks of giraffes evolved.
ANSWER: In the population of ancestral giraffes there was some natural variation; some of the animals
had longer necks than others. Those with longer necks could reach higher into trees and eat
leaves that their competitors couldn’t reach. These longer-necked animals were more
successful, so they survived and reproduced. Finally, after many generations, the animals
looked like modern giraffes.
64. Compare and contrast the Darwin-Wallace mechanisms of natural selection and evolution with Lamarck’s theory of
inheritance of acquired characteristics. Explain how both of these concepts might apply to the development of long necks
in giraffes.
ANSWER: In the case of Darwin-Wallace’s ideas: In the population of ancestral giraffes there was some
natural variation; some of the animals had longer necks than others. Those with longer necks
could reach higher into trees and eat leaves that their competitors couldn’t reach. These
longer-necked animals were more successful, so they survived and reproduced. Finally, after
many generations, the animals looked like modern giraffes.
In the case of Lamarck’s ideas: During periods of drought, ancestral giraffes had to reach
higher in the trees for nourishment. This activity stretched the giraffes’ necks and they passed
this acquired characteristic directly to their progeny.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.2 - In 1809, Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed his theory of inheritance of
acquired characteristics, which was the first widely accepted theory to account for evolution.
65. Discuss how the concept of punctuated equilibrium is compatible with the fossil record. How does this concept adapt
Darwin’s original concepts of natural selection and evolution to agree more closely with what we see in nature?
ANSWER: The fossil record is incomplete with few gradual transitions from one species to another.
Some of this may be caused by the process of fossilization, which does not happen equally to
all creatures at all times. Some of it also may be due to the absence of rocks that cover all of
geologic time. However, some of the absence of intermediate forms is probably real and can
be explained by punctuated equilibrium.
66. Why might an organism such as Lingula show little evidence for change over great amounts of geologic time? What
are these types of organisms called?
ANSWER: Living fossils are organisms that show little evidence for change through time. These
organisms are generalized animals, meaning that they can live under a wide variety of
environmental conditions and therefore are not so sensitive to environmental changes.
67. Discuss biologists’ definition of “species.” What does this definition imply? Give an example of a species and discuss
binomial species names.
ANSWER: The term “species” is a biologic term for a population of similar individuals that in nature
interbreed and produce fertile offspring. A species is reproductively isolated from other
species. If two related species interbreed, the result commonly is a sterile offspring. An
example of a binomial species name is Homo sapiens. Homo is the genus of hominids, which
includes modern humans and other species closely related to them.
individuals evolve.
68. Explain why critics did not readily accept the Darwin-Wallace theory of natural selection.
ANSWER: Although Darwin and Wallace presented a well thought-out idea with good observational
support, critics noted that any less-than-perfect structure would be useless. Critics
presupposed that existing structures were always used exactly as they are now, which is not
necessarily true.
69. What role does the process of mass extinction play in the evolution of life?
ANSWER: When one species becomes extinct, that group’s habitat becomes available for another
organism. After mass extinctions, surviving organisms can rapidly expand and diversify,
occupying the niches that were temporarily vacant. A good example of this is the
diversification of mammals after the demise of dinosaurs at the end of the Mesozoic.
70. Why do some organisms have vestigial organs?

ANSWER: Vestigial organs are the remains of structures that were once functional in an ancestor, but
offer no or reduced function now. Over time, natural selection has favored the reduction in
size of these structures which serve little or no useful purpose.


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desemboltura, desuerguença y
poco recogimiento que en ellas en
este tiempo ay; visto que ansi
virgines como casadas, viudas y
solteras, todas por vn comun
viben muy sueltas y muy disolutas
en su mirar, andar y meneo, muy
curiosas, y que por la calle van
con vn curioso passo en su andar,
descubierta su[1195] cabeça y
cabello con grandes y
deshonestas crenchas; muy alto y
estirado el cuello, guiñando con
los ojos a todos quantos
topan[1196] haziendo con sus
cuerpos lasçivos meneos. Por
esta su comun deshonestidad sey
çierto que verna tienpo en el qual
ha de hazer Dios vn gran castigo
en ellas; pelarse han de todos sus
cabellos, haciendolas a todas
caluas[1197]; y será tienpo en que
les quitará Dios todos sus joyeles,
sortixas, manillas, zarzillos,
collares, medallas, axorcas y
apretadores de cabeça. Quitarles
ha los[1198] partidores de
crenchas, tenaçicas, salsericas,
redomillas y platericos[1199] de
colores, y todo genero de afeytes,
sahumerios, guantes adouados,
sebos y vnturas de manos y otros
olores. Alfileres, agujas y
prendederos. Quitarles ha las
camisas muy delgadas, y los
manteos, vasquiñas, briales,
saboyanas, nazarenas y
reboçinos, y en lugar de aquellos
sus cabellos encrespados y
enrrifados les dara pelambre y
caluez, y en lugar de aquellos
apretadores y xoyeles que les
cuelgan de la frente les dara dolor
de cabeça, y por çinta de caderas
de oro muy esmaltadas y
labradas, les dara sogas de muy
aspero esparto con que se çiñan
y aprieten; y por aquellos sus muy
curiosos y sumptuosos atauios de
su cuerpo les dara siliçio; y desta
manera hará Dios que lloren su
lasçiuia y desorden, y que de su
luxuria y deshonestidad hagan
graue penitençia. Entonçes no
aura quien las quiera por su
hidiondez y miseria; en tanto que
siete mugeres se encomendarán
a vn varon y él de todas huyrá
menospreçiandolas y
aborreçiendolas como de gran
mal.
Demophon.—Gran esperiençia
tengo ser todo lo que dizes
verdad; por lo qual verna este mal
por justo castigo[1200] de Dios; y
tanbien tienen los varones su
parte de culpa, y avn notable, por
darles tanta libertad para vsar
ellas mal destas cosas, y avn de
si mesmas sin les yr a la mano;
por lo qual permite Dios que ellos
viban injuriados y infames por
ellas. Que avn ellos no tienen
modo ni rienda en su viuir,
teniendo respeto a su estado y
fuerças de cada qual[1201]. Que
todos passan y se quieren
adelantar a la calidad de su
persona[1202] y deçendençia de
linaxe, en el traxe, comer y beber
y manera de familia y seruiçio y
porque nos entendamos quiero
deçendir a particular. Que se
hallará vn escriuano vil de casta y
jaez, que quiere justar, correr
sortixa y jugar cañas y otros
exerçiçios de caualleros en
conpañia de los más poderosos y
generosos de toda la Corte[1203] y
acerça de su offiçio (al[1204] qual
indignamente subio) no sabe más
tratar, ni dar razon que el asno
que está roznando en el prado.
Pareçeme que vna de las cosas
que nuestro Rey, prinçipe y señor
auia de proueer en esta su
republica sería de un particular
varon de gran seueridad, el qual
fuesse çensor general de todas
las vidas y costunbres de los
honbres de la republica, como lo
fue aquel Caton famoso çensor
en la republica romana, y a la
contina se procurasse informar de
la vida y costunbres de cada vno;
y quando supiesse de alguno por
alguna informaçion, de su
desorden y mal viuir, hasta ser
informado de su casa, trato y
conuersaçion de su muger,
familia, comer y beber, entonçes
le auia de enbiar a llamar a su
casa y corregirle de palabras
asperas y vergonçosas,
poniendole tasa y orden y modo
de viuir; y sino se quisiesse
enmendar le enbiasse[1205]
desterrado de la republica como
hombre que la infamaua y daua
ocasion que por su mal viuir entre
los estrangeros se tuuiesse de
nuestra republica deprabada
opinion; y ansí por el semejante el
tal juez y censor fuesse cada dia
passando las calles de la çiudad
mirando con gran atençion el
traxe del vno, el oçio del otro, la
ocupaçion y habla y conuersaçion
de todos en particular y general; y
a la contina entendiesse en los
arrendar, enmendar y corregir,
porque çiertamente del hierro y
falta del particular viene la infamia
de[1206] todo el comun; y ansi por
el consiguiente viene a tenerse en
el vniuerso por infame y
corrompida vna naçion. Todo está
ya deprabado y corrompido,
Miçilo; y ya no lleua este mal otro
remedio, sino que enbie Dios vna
general destruiçion del mundo
como hizo por el diluvio en el
tienpo de Noe y renouando el
honbre darsele ha de nuevo la
manera y costumbres y[1207] viuir;
porque los que agoro estan
nesçesariamente han de yr de
mal en peor; y solamente te
ruego, Miçilo, por nuestra buena y
antigua amistad, que por este
triste suçeso tuyo, ni por otra cosa
que de aduersa fortuna te venga
no llores, ni te aflixas más, porque
arguye y muestra poca cordura
en[1208] vn tan honrrado hombre
como tú, pues en morirte tú se
auentura más, y la falta que el
gallo hizo a tu buena compañia y
consolaçion la procuraré yo suplir
con mi hazienda, fuerças y
cotidiana conuersaçion. De la
qual espero adquirir yo gran
interes, pues vn buen vezino y
amigo con ningun tesoro del
mundo se puede comparar.
Miçilo.—Por çierto gran consuelo
me ha sido al presente tu venida
¡o Demophon! de la qual si
pribado fuera por mi miserable
suerte y fortuna yo pensara en
breue pereçer[1209]. Pero ya lo
que me queda de la vida quiero
tomar a ti por patron; al qual
trabajaré regraçiar en quanto
podre, porque espero que la falta
del gallo se me recompensará
con tu buena conuersaçion, y aun
confio que tus buenas obras se
auentajarán en tanta manera que
me forçarán de oy más a le
oluidar.
Demophon.—Mucho te
agradezco ¡o Miçilo! el respeto
que tienes a mi persona, pues
ansi conçedes con
agradeçimiento mi petiçion. Y
pues es hora ya de nos recoger
queda en paz.
Miçilo.—Y tú, Demophon, ve con
Dios.
FIN DEL CROTALON DE

CHRISTOPHORO GNOSOPHO
Y DE LOS INGENIOSOS
SUEÑOS DEL GALLO DE
LUCIANO
FAMOSO ORADOR GRIEGO
NOTAS:
[1163] G., es.
[1164] G., suelen dezir.
[1165] G., tirana.
[1166] G., passa.
[1167] G., susçeso.
[1168] G., me admira.
[1169] G., nosotros.
[1170] G., al liuiano.
[1171] G., para.
[1172] G., por entrar el tienpo.
[1173] G., gallardía de oy más; y tanbien pelando aquellos gallos
muestran a los mançebos tenerlos en poco, pues pelados de
todas sus plumas y hazienda en el tienpo passado, agora
fingiendo recogimiento y santidad, dizen que no los han
menester.
[1174] G., fingir nada.
[1175] profanamente, y viuir con tanta disoluçion como en otro
qualquiera tienpo del año.
[1176] G., maneras de inuençion.
[1177] G., por los pueblos pequeños.
[1178] G., que se inuentan de cada dia.
[1179] G., su hecho.
[1180] G., o de.
[1181] G., la.
[1182] G., quieran.
[1183] G., prinçipal que ay en el reyno, pues de contino reside en
él la Corte, y a esta causa ay en él.
[1184] G., estas cosas.
[1185] G., arroxados y avn engañados que todos quantos otros
pueblos ay.
[1186] G., profieresse de hazer.
[1187] G., las.
[1188] G., parir.
[1189] G., y mandan a sus mujeres y parientas se vayan para el
zarlo embaydor, para que haga dellas lo que querra.
[1190] G., pueblo.
[1191] G., dexe.
[1192] G., y viendo.
[1193] G., pequeño.
[1194] G., execute.
[1195] G., la.
[1196] G., encuentran en la calle.
[1197] G., y sera que hara que se pelen de todos sus cabellos y
que se hagan todas caluas.
[1198] G., sus.
[1199] G., platelicos.
[1200] G., pago.
[1201] Viuir en su estado y fuerças de cada qual siendo casados.
[1202] G., sus personas.
[1203] G., çiudad.
[1204] G., en el.
[1205] G., fuesse.
[1206] G., en.
[1207] G., de.
[1208] G., de.
[1209] G., feneçer.
LOS SIETE LIBROS
DE LA DIANA
DE
GEORGE DE
MONTEMAYOR
DIRIGIDA AL MUY ILLUSTRE
SEÑOR
DON JUAN DE CASTILLA DE
VILLANOUA,
SEÑOR DE LAS BARONÍAS DE
BICORB Y QUESA
EPÍSTOLA
AL MUY ILLUSTRE SEÑOR DON
JUAN DE CASTELLA DE
BILLANOUA, SEÑOR DE LAS
BARONÍAS DE BICORB Y
QUESA, DE GEORGE DE
MONTEMAYOR.
Aunque no fuera antigua esta
costumbre, muy illustre Señor, de
dirigir los autores sus obras a
persona de cuyo valor ellas lo
recibiessen, lo mucho que V. M.
meresce assi por su antigua casa,
y esclarecido linaje, como por la
gran suerte y valor de su persona,
me mouiera á mí y con muy gran
causa a hazer esto. Y puesto
caso que el baxo estilo de la obra,
e el poco merescimiento del autor
della, no se auia de estender a
tanto, como es dirigirlo á V. M.,
tampoco tuuiera otro remedio,
sino este, para ser en algo tenida.
Porque las piedras preciosas no
reciben tanto valor del nombre
que tienen, pudiendo ser falsas y
contrahechas, como de la
persona en cuyas manos estén.
Supplico á vuestra merced
debaxo de su amparo y correction
recoja este libro assi como el
estrangero autor della recogido:
pues que sus fuerças no pueden
con otra cosa seruir a vuestra
merced. Cuya uida y estado
nuestro Señor por muchos años
acresciente.
AL DICHO SEÑOR
Mecena fue de aquel Maron

famoso
particular señor y amigo caro,
de Homero, (aunque finado) el
belicoso
Alexandro, gozó su ingenio
raro:
Y así el de Villanoua generoso
del lusitano autor ha sido
amparo,
haciendo que un ingenio baxo
y falto
hasta las nubes suba, y muy
más alto.
DE DON GASPAR DE ROMANI,

AL AUTOR
Soneto.
Si de Madama Laura la
memoria
Petrarca para siempre ha
leuantado
y a Homero assi de lauro ha
coronado
escribir de los griegos la
uictoria:
Si los Reyes tambien para
más gloria
vemos que de contino han
procurado
que aquello que en la uida han
conquistado
en muerte se renueve con su
historia,
Con mas razon serás, ¡o,
excelente
Diana!, por hermosa
celebrada,
que quantas en el mundo
hermosas fueron.
Pues nadie meresció ser
alabada,
de quien asi el laurel tan
justamente
merezca más que quantos
escriuieron.
HIERÓNYMO SANT PERE,

Á GEORGE DE MONTEMAYOR
Soneto.
Parnaso monte, sacro y

celebrado:
museo de Poetas deleytoso,
venido a parangon con el
famoso
paresceme que estás
desconsolado.
—Estoylo, y con razon; pues
se han passado
las Musas, y su toro glorioso,
á este que es mayor monte
dichoso,
en quien mi fama, y gloria se
han mudado.
Dichosa fué en extremo su
Diana,
pues para ser del orbe más
mirada
mostró en el monte excelso su
grandeza.
Allí vive en su loa soberana,
por todo el uniuerso
celebrada,
gozando celsitud, que es más
que alteza.
ARGVMENTO DESTE LIBRO

En los campos de la principal y
antigua ciudad de Leon, riberas
del rio Ezla, huuo una pastora
llamada Diana, cuya hermosura
fué extremadissima sobre todas
las de su tiempo. Esta quiso y fue
querida en extremo de un pastor
llamado Sireno: en cuyos amores
hubo toda la limpieza, y
honestidad possible. Y en el
mismo tiempo, la quiso más que
si, otro pastor llamado Syluano, el
qual fué de la pastora tan
aborrecido, que no auia cosa en
la uida á quien peor quisiesse.
Sucedió pues, que como Sireno
fuesse forçadamente fuera del
reyno, a cosas que su partida no
podía escusarse, y la pastora
quedase muy triste por su
ausencia, los tiempos y el
coraçon de Diana se mudaron; y
ella se casó con otro pastor
llamado Delio, poniendo en oluido
el que tanto auia querido. El qual,
viniendo despues de un año de
ausencia, con gran desseo de ver
á su pastora, supo antes que
llegasse como era ya casada. Y
de aqui comiença el primero libro,
y en los demás hallaran muy
diuersas historias, de casos que
verdaderamente han succedido,
aunque van disfraçados debaxo
de nombres y estilo pastoril[1210].
LIBRO PRIMERO
DE LA DIANA DE
GEORGE DE
MONTEMAYOR
Baxaua de las montañas de Leon

el oluidado Sireno, á quien amor,
la fortuna, el tiempo, tratauan de
manera, que del menor mal que
en tan triste uida padescía, no se
esperaua menos que perdella. Ya
no lloraua el desuenturado pastor
el mal que la ausencia le
prometia, ni los temores de oluido
le importunauan, porque vía
cumplidas las prophecías de su
recelo, tan en perjuyzio suyo, que
ya no tenía más infortunios con
que amenazalle. Pues llegando el
pastor a los verdes y deleitosos
prados, que el caudaloso rio Ezla
con sus aguas va regando, le vino
a la memoria el gran
contentamiento de que en algun
tiempo allí gozado auia: siendo
tan señor de su libertad, como
entonces subjecto a quien sin
causa lo tenía sepultado en las
tinieblas de su oluido.
Consideraua aquel dichoso
tiempo que por aquellos prados, y
hermosa ribera apascentaua su
ganado, poniendo los ojos en solo
el interesse que de traelle bien
apascentado se le seguía, y las
horas que le sobrauan gastaua el
pastor en solo gozar del suaue
olor de las doradas flores, al
tiempo que la primauera, con las
alegres nueuas del uerano, se
esparze por el uniuerso; tomando
a uezes su rabel, que muy polido
en un çurron siempre traíaces una
çampoña, al son de la qual
componía los dulces versos con
que de las pastoras de toda
aquella comarca era loado. No se
metia el pastor en la
consideracion de los malos, o
buenos successos de la fortuna,
ni en la mudança y uariacion de
los tiempos; no le passaua por el
pensamiento la diligencia, y
codicias del ambicioso cortesano,
ni la confiança y presuncion de la
Diana celebrada por solo el uoto y
parescer de sus apassionados:
tampoco le daua pena la
hinchaçon, y descuydo del
orgulloso priuado. En el campo se
crió, en el campo apascentaua su
ganado, y ansi no salian del
campo sus pensamientos, hasta
que el crudo amor tomó aquella
possession de su libertad, que él
suele tomar de los que más libres
se imaginan. Venia pues el triste
Sireno los ojos hechos fuentes, el
rostro mudado, y el coraçon tan
hecho a sufrir desuenturas, que si
la fortuna le quisiera dar algun
contento fuera menester buscar
otro coraçon nueuo para recebille.
El uestido era de un sayal tan
aspero como su uentura, un
cayado en la mano, un çurron del
brazo yzquierdo colgando.
Arrimose al pie de un haya,
començo a tender sus ojos por la
hermosa ribera, hasta que llegó
con ellos al lugar donde primero
auia uisto la hermosura, gracia,
honestidad de la pastora Diana,
aquella en quien naturaleza sumó
todas las perfeciones, que por
muchas partes auia repartido. Lo
que su coraçon sintio imaginelo
aquel que en algun tiempo se
halló metido entre memorias
tristes. No pudo el desuenturado
pastor poner silencio á las
lagrimas, ni escusar los sospiros
que del alma le salian. Y
boluiendo los ojos al cielo,
començo a dezir desta manera:
¡Ay, memoria mia! enemiga de mi
descanso, no os ocuparades
mejor en hazer me oluidar
desgustos presentes, que en
ponerme delante los ojos
contentos passados? ¿Qué dezis,
memoria? Que en este prado vi á
mi señora Diana. Que en el
comence a sentir lo que no
acabaré de llorar. Que junto a
aquella clara fuente, cercada de
altos y verdes sauces, con
muchas lagrimas algunas vezes
me juraua, que no auia cosa en la
vida, ni noluntad de padres, ni
persuasion de hermanos, ni
importunidad de parientes que de
su pensamiento le[1211]
apartasse. Y que quando esto
dezia, salian por aquellos
hermosos ojos vnas lagrimas,
como orientales perlas, que
parescian testigos de lo que en el
coraçon le quedaua,
mandandome só pena de ser
tenido por hombre de baxo
entendimiento, que creyesse lo
que tantas vezes me dezia. Pues
espera vn poco, memoria, ya que
me aueis puesto delante los
fundamentos de mi desuentura
(que tales fueron ellos, pues el
bien que entonces passé, fué
principio del mal que ahora
padezco) no se os oluiden, para
templar me este descontento, de
poner me delante los ojos vno a
vno, los trabajos, los
desassossiegos, los temores, los
recelos, las sospechas, los celos,
las desconfianças, que aun en el
mejor estado no dexan al que
verdaderamente ama. ¡Ay,
memoria, memoria, destruydora
de mi descanso! ¡quan cierto está
responder me, qu'el mayor trabajo
que en estas consideraciones se
passaua, era muy pequeño, en
comparacion del contentamiento
que a trueque dél recebia; Vos,
memoria, teneis mucha razon, y
lo peor dello es tenella tan
grande. Y estando en esto, sacó
del seno un papel, donde tenia
embueltos vnos cordones de seda
verde y cabellos[1212] y
poniéndolos sobre la verde yerua,
con muchas lagrimas sacó su
rabel, no tan loçano como lo traía
al tiempo que de Diana era
fauorescido, y començo a cantar
lo siguiente:
¡Cabellos, quanta mudança

he visto despues que os vi
y quan mal paresce ahí
esta color de esperança!
Bien pensaua yo cabe ellos
(aunque con algun temor)
que no fuera otro pastor
digno de verse cabe ellos.
¡Ay, cabellos, quantos dias
la mi Diana miraua,
si os traya, ó si os dexaua,
y otras cien mil niñerias!
Y quantas vezes llorando
¡ay!, lagrimas engañosas,
pedia celos, de cosas
de que yo estaua burlando.
Los ojos que me matauan,
dezid, dorados cabellos,
¿que culpa tuue en creellos,
pues ellos me assegurauan?
¿No vistes vos que algun dia,
mil lagrimas derramaua
hasta que yo le juraua,
que sus palabras creya?
¿Quien vió tanta hermosura
en tan mudable subjecto?
y en amador tan perfecto,
quien vio tanta desuentura?
Oh, cabellos ¿no os correys,
por venir de ado venistes,
viendo me como me vistes
en uerme como me veys?
Sobre el arena sentada
de aquel rio la ui yo
do con el dedo escriuió:
antes muerta, que mudada.
Mira el amor lo que ordena,
que os uiene hazer creer
cosas dichas por mujer,
y escritas en el arena.
No acabara tan presto Sireno el

triste canto, si las lagrimas no le
fueran a la mano, tal estaua como
aquel a quien fortuna tenia
atajados todos los caminos de su
remedio. Dexó caer su rabel,
toma los dorados cabellos,
bueluelos a su lugar, diziendo:
¡Ay, prendas de la más hermosa,
y desleal pastora, que humanos
ojos pudieron ver! Quan a vuestro
saluo me aueis engañado. ¡Ay,
que no puedo dexar de veros,
estando todo mi mal en aueros
visto! Y quando del çurron sacó la
mano, acaso topó con una carta,
que en tiempo de su prosperidad
Diana le auia embiado; y como lo
vio, con vn ardiente sospiro que
del alma le salia, dixo: ¡Ay, carta,
carta, abrasada te vea, por mano
de quien mejor lo pueda hazer
que yo, pues jamas en cosa mia
pude hazer lo que quisiesse;
malhaya quien ahora te leyere!
Mas ¿quien podra hazerlo? Y
descogiendola vio que dezia:
CARTA DE DIANA A SIRENO

Sireno mio, quan mal suffriria tus
palabras, quien no pensasse que
amor te las hazia dezir! Dizes me
que no te quiero quanto deuo, no
sé en que lo uees, ni entiendo
cómo te pueda querer mas. Mira
que ya no es tiempo de no
creerme, pues vees que lo que te
quiero me fuerça a creer lo que
de tu pensamiento me dizes.
Muchas vezes imagino que assi
como piensas que no te quiero,

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1. Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species.

2. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck developed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.

4. Only mutations present in sex cells are inheritable.

9. Microevolution results from the cumulative effects of macroevolution.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2

12. Evolutionary trends can be reversed.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6

30. The theory of genetics was initially developed by studying ____.

32. The origin of amphibians from fish is an example of ____.

33. Parallel evolution occurs when

34. What is a mass extinction?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8

35. Variation is always present in populations because ____.

43. What is punctuated equilibrium?

44. In evolution, the organisms that win are ____.

46. The basic unit of heredity, ____, is found in segments of ____.

47. The theory of evolution____.

48. Allopatric speciation is most likely to occur after a(n) ____.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12

57. The study of life history as revealed by fossils is____________________.

59. ____________________ allow genes to have multiple expressions.

fossils are available.

70. Why do some organisms have vestigial organs?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 17

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 18

FIN DEL CROTALON DE

Mecena fue de aquel Maron

DE DON GASPAR DE ROMANI,

HIERÓNYMO SANT PERE,

Parnaso monte, sacro y

ARGVMENTO DESTE LIBRO

Baxaua de las montañas de Leon

¡Cabellos, quanta mudança

No acabara tan presto Sireno el

CARTA DE DIANA A SIRENO

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46. The basic unit of heredity, , is found in segments of .