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JB J S ESS EN TI A L SUR G I C A L TE CH NI Q U ES 2 019, 9(1 ) :e3(1- 12) · http:/ /dx.doi . or g/1 0.2106 /JBJ S.ST.18.000 34 1
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Acetabular Fractures Using the Modified Stoppa Approach
Rationale: The modified Stoppa approach avoids dissection within the inguinal canal, the second window of the
ilioinguinal approach. Therefore, this approach is less invasive and might be an alternative for joint-preserving surgery,
especially in the elderly.
Introductory Statement
The modified Stoppa approach is an intrapelvic, extraperitoneal approach that allows less invasive anatomic
reduction and fixation of displaced acetabular fractures of the anterior column, with or without involvement of the
quadrilateral plate, and the midterm results have been promising, particularly in elderly patients.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 1 Radiographs showing the acetabular fracture (anterior column posterior hemitransverse fracture) in the right hemipelvis of an 84-year-old
female patient in the anteroposterior (Fig. 1-A), obturator oblique (Fig. 1-B), and iliac oblique (Fig. 1-C) views according to Judet. The patient
sustained this fracture after a simple fall and had a history of a fall resulting in a trochanteric fracture requiring fixation with an intramedullary nail.
Fig. 2 CT scans showing axial (Fig. 2-A), sagittal (Fig. 2-B), and coronal (Fig. 2-C) sections. The femoral head is medially displaced, the quadrilateral
plate presents with a breakout, and no relevant dome impaction is noted.
Video 1 Case presentation.
Video 2 Options for extending the modified Stoppa approach to visualize the pelvic crest and high anterior column using the lateral (first) window of
the ilioinguinal approach.
Fig. 3-A
Figs. 3-A through 3-D Schematic drawings showing the incision and dissection. Fig. 3-A The landmarks for incision. A typical 10-cm horizontal
Pfannenstiel incision is made 2 fingerbreadths superior to the pubic symphysis.
Video 3 Patient positioning, setup, and skin incision.
Fig. 3-B The superficial dissection. The subcutaneous fatty tissue is mobilized to develop the anterior rectus fascia (1), which is then incised in the
midline.
Fig. 3-C The interval between the rectus abdominis muscles (1) with the extraperitoneal fatty tissue (2) and distally the 2 pyramidalis muscles (3).
Fig. 3-D A malleable retractor (1) is placed underneath the symphysis (2) in the Retzius space (3) to protect the bladder (4).
Video 4 Superficial dissection.
Video 5 Deep dissection.
Step 4: Exposure of the Superior Pubic Ramus and Pelvic Brim with Control of the
Neurovascular Structures
Elevate the rectus abdominis muscle insertion at the pubic rami and incise the iliopectineal fascia from the
pubic symphysis to the iliopectineal eminence.
• Place a Hohmann retractor around the superior pubic ramus to elevate the rectus abdominis muscle. A
complete detachment of the rectus abdominis insertion at the pubic ramus is not necessary.
• Perform a blunt epiperiosteal dissection of the pelvic brim up to the supra-acetabular region.
• Identify and ligate a potential so-called corona mortis (Fig. 4-A, Video 5).
• Incise the periosteum from the symphysis to the supra-acetabular region and dissect the bone subperiosteally.
Mobilize the iliopectineal fascia from the pubic ramus.
• Identify the external iliac vessels, the neurovascular obturator bundle, and the iliacus muscle (Fig. 4-B).
• Place the Hohmann and malleable retractors subperiosteally to expose the fracture site at the pelvic brim and
the quadrilateral plate after mobilization of the obturator internus muscle (Fig. 4-C). Ensure that traction to
the obturator nerve is as light as possible; alternatively, the retractor can be placed medial to the obturator
nerve.
Figs. 4-A through 4-K Images showing the open reduction and internal fixation of an acetabular fracture using the modified Stoppa approach.
Fig. 4-A The epigastric inferior artery (1), which may have an anastomosis—the so-called corona mortis (2)—with the obturator artery (3).
Fig. 4-B The exposure with an intrapelvic view from medial with the rectus abdominis (1), the obturator internus (2), the iliopsoas (3) and rectus
abdominis muscles (4), and the neurovascular bundle (5) with the obturator nerve and vessels.
Fig. 4-C The exposure after partial detachment of the obturator internus muscle (1) and retraction of this muscle, the iliopsoas muscle (2), and the
obturator nerve and vessels (3). Traction to the obturator nerve should be avoided if possible; alternatively, the retractor can be placed medial to the
neurovascular bundle.
Step 5: Extension for Visualization of the Pelvic Crest and the Anterior Wall
To control fractures exiting the iliac crest (e.g., high anterior column fractures,) open the first window of
the ilioinguinal approach.
• Perform a separate 6 to 10-cm incision on the iliac crest and expose the abdominal wall musculature and
detach it subperiosteally from the iliac crest and the iliac wing (shown on a cadaveric specimen in Video 2).
7
• The first window of the ilioinguinal approach has been reported by some authors to be necessary in 55% to
1,2,17-20 21-23
93% of patients , whereas others have described this combination as their standard procedure.
• To obtain additional access for reduction, e.g., in low anterior column fractures and anterior wall fractures,
the modified Stoppa approach presented here might be extended with the use of an additional modified
Smith-Petersen approach24,25.
Fig. 4-D Intraoperative anteroposterior view of a right hip using the image intensifier. The femoral head (1) is under traction using the Hana
orthopaedic surgical table (Mizuho OSI), allowing for static traction for reduction of an acetabular dome fragment (2).
Fig. 4-E Photograph with a medial view of a Sawbones fracture model (Pacific Research Laboratories) of a right hemipelvis showing a dislocated
anterior column posterior hemitransverse acetabular fracture with the displaced anterior column (1), quadrilateral plate (2), posterior hemitransverse
fracture (3), and the stable part (S) of the right hemipelvis. The raspatory is used for subchondral disimpaction of an acetabular dome fragment directly
through the fracture with the femoral head under traction.
Fig. 4-F Intraoperative anteroposterior view of a right hip using the image intensifier. The acetabular dome fragment is reduced using a raspatory (1)
inserted through an iliac osteotomy of the anterior column to provide access after fracture fixation.
Fig. 4-G Intraoperative anteroposterior view of a right hip joint using the image intensifier. The acetabular dome fragment is reduced and is
buttressed using a 3.5-mm cortical screw placed from the infrapectineal side (1).
Video 6 Fracture reduction.
• Reduce displaced extra-articular components (such as the iliac wing posteriorly and the pubic ramus of the
anterior column) using a Schanz screw, which is placed into the iliac wing and used as a joystick, or a
Farabeuf clamp placed at the iliac crest (Fig. 4-H).
• For direct reduction of the quadrilateral plate, use a ball-spike pusher in a medial to lateral direction.
Alternatively, use an infrapectineal buttress plate acting as an indirect reduction tool (Figs. 4-I and 4-J, Video 7).
• Reduce and compress a displaced posterior column with a collinear clamp and perform fixation with screws
(Fig. 4-K).
• For fixation, use non-locking, precontoured low-profile reconstruction plates and 3.5-mm cortical screws. In
addition, place an infrapectineal buttress plate if necessary. Alternatively, use a combined plate for suprapectineal
and infrapectineal fixation, which can also be used for reduction of the quadrilateral plate (Fig. 4-J).
• Rule out intra-articular screw misplacement with an image intensifier (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5
Fig. 4-H Photograph of the medial view of a Sawbones fracture model of a right hemipelvis depicting a dislocated anterior column posterior
hemitransverse acetabular fracture with the displaced anterior column (1), quadrilateral plate (2), posterior hemitransverse fracture (3), and the stable part
(S) of the hemipelvis. A Farabeuf clamp is used for reduction of the anterior column by a separate incision at the lateral window of the ilioinguinal approach.
Fig. 4-I Photograph of the medial view of a Sawbones fracture model of a right hemipelvis depicting the reduction of a dislocated anterior column
posterior hemitransverse acetabular fracture with the displaced anterior column (1), quadrilateral plate (2), posterior hemitransverse fracture (3), and
the stable part (S) of the right hemipelvis. For reduction of the anterior column, the quadrilateral plate, and the posterior column, ball-spike pushers
(straight and/or curved) are used with spiked washers attached to the pushers.
Fig. 4-J Photograph of the medial view of a Sawbones fracture model of a right hemipelvis depicting the reduction of a dislocated anterior column
posterior hemitransverse acetabular fracture with the displaced anterior column (1), quadrilateral plate (2), posterior hemitransverse fracture (3), and
the stable part (S) of the right hemipelvis. For reduction of the anterior column, the quadrilateral plate, and the posterior column, ball-spike pushers
(straight and/or curved) pushing a combined plate for suprapectineal and infrapectineal fixation can be used.
Fig. 4-K Photograph of the medial view of a Sawbones fracture model of a right hemipelvis depicting a dislocated anterior column posterior
hemitransverse acetabular fracture with the displaced anterior column (1), quadrilateral plate (2), posterior hemitransverse fracture (3), and the stable
part (S) of the right hemipelvis. A collinear reduction clamp can be used for compression of the posterior column to the anterior column.
Fig. 5 Intraoperative fluoroscopic image with an obturator-outlet view showing drilling for the position of an infra-acetabular screw placed according
to the description by Culemann et al. to increase fixation strength14,29.
Video 7 Fracture fixation.
Fig. 6 Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 6 Radiographs showing the anatomic postoperative reduction in the anteroposterior (Fig. 6-A), obturator oblique (Fig. 6-B), and iliac oblique
views according to Judet (Fig. 6-C).
Fig. 7 CT scans showing anatomic reduction on axial (Fig. 7-A), sagittal (Fig. 7-B), and coronal sections (Fig. 7-C).
Fig. 8 Radiographs, made 1 year after surgery, showing no signs of posttraumatic osteoarthritis in the anteroposterior (Fig. 8-A), obturator oblique
(Fig. 8-B), and iliac oblique (Fig. 8-C) views, according to Judet.
Video 9 Postoperative evaluation and follow-up.
Results
Anatomic reduction was achieved in 72% of our 59 patients2 who were 13 to 89 years old and in 52% to 82% of
patients, with a mean age from 38 to 64 years, who were described in other studies12,17,18,21-23,26,27. In 1 randomized
controlled trial, the operative time, blood loss, and amount of blood transfusions were reduced after utilization of the
modified Stoppa approach compared with the ilioinguinal approach1. Conversion to total hip replacement was
performed in up to 14% of the cases26.
In 69% of our patients (mean age, 57 years) with preserved hips, the clinical outcome at the midterm follow-up
was excellent or good. Conversion to total hip replacement was necessary in 16% of our patients within the first 2 years.
No differences in outcome were observed in patients who were ,60 years old and those who were $60 years old2.
Acknowledgment
NOTE: The authors thank Bertrand W. Parcells, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, New Jersey, for
linguistic help in the preparation of the manuscript.
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