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Futuristic Urbanism - An overview of Vertical farming and urban agriculture

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 ISSN: 2350-0328
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology
Vol. 4, Issue 4 , April 2017

Futuristic Urbanism-An overview of Vertical

farming and urban agriculture for future
cities in India
Farhat Ali, Chitra Srivastava
Lecturer, Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA
P.G. Student (Urban Regeneration), Department of Architecture &Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT: With Urbanization increasing across world the “State of World Cities” by UN- Habitat (2004) predicts
that by 2030, 60% of world population will live in cities and by 2050 this count is expected to reach at 6 billion urban
dwellers .Urban cities have major contribution to GDP growth of a country but this too has its sets of drawbacks and
shortcomings. With increasing occupational shift fewer farmers will be left to cultivate the food on which cities
currently do and will depend in the future. “Over the past 40-50 years, the proportion of humans who farm has dropped
by 20% to under 45%.” (A unified theory of urban living Luis Bettencourt &Geoffrey West).
Also with increasing urban sprawl the rural villages are getting converted into urban villages and gentrified in
metropolitan cities like Delhi, dependency of it on peri- urban areas for food production has increased. Thus it is quite
expected that the supplies service of food production for cities will either have to be sourced from remote surroundings
or cities will have to include their own food production. With land constraints increasing in cities. It is difficult to
designate land for farming thus in this case for ensuring food security with innovative technologies like roof top
gardens (RTG) or vertical gardening can be an alternative option in urban farming. This will not only contribute to food
self- reliance and effective survival approaches for future cities but also in reducing urban heat island effect which is
projected major issue in the near future due to global warming and climate change.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the urban agriculture (UA) and vertical farming scenario in India, by identifying the
need, problems and possible alternative approaches, and based on these factors highlighting the potential of vertical
farming as possible optimistic future of India. The cities like Singapore where Urban agriculture has been encouraged
and reached at a success that its progression is happening rapidly .Different Indian cities where there is considerable
urban agricultural activity but due to lack of financial, technological and institutional support cannot flourish at large
scale are also pointed out. The future institutional and policy support needs for promoting urban agriculture along with
the existing scenario farming in cities is the need of today for securing future cities food and raw materials demand.

KEYWORDS: Vertical farming, Urban agriculture, Urban farming, Controlled environment agriculture, Food, and
security

I. INTRODUCTION
With urbanization increasing at a pace that the UN estimates that by 2050 almost double the population living now will
be living in cities then(80% of earth‟s population) accounting to about 6.5 billion. With cities are majorly considered
the cause of polluting earth(cities contribute up to 70% of total global CO2 emissions- UN Habitat) resulting in climate
change and its ill effects (majorly for future cities) thus in future situation when mostly urbanized area would be there
ensuring food security for city dwellers could not be only dependent on conventional method of farming.
Innovative methods of urban design which intent to combine food, built form of cities, production and design in a
composed way to produce food on a larger scale in and on buildings can be the possible and major incentive for this
new type of emerging farming of future urban areas
Vertical farming and urban farming in not a new phenomenon the term "vertical farming"* was created in 1915 by
American geologist Gilbert Ellis Bailey architects and since then architects and scientists have been frequently looking
into the idea since then. It is said that the concept of integrating agriculture into a built environment was invented in a
Danish farmhouse back in the 1950s that attempted to grow cress ― a peppery, tangy flavoured herb botanically

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related to mustard ― in a factory on a mass scale(October / November 2013 , food & beverage Asia ). At present fully
controlled indoor urban agriculture is gaining attraction in Europe, Asia, US , Singapore and South Korea.
In spite of the fact that this term is not new to the world but still this phenomena is not recognized in large scale
worldwide, and if we talk about India where urban areas are mostly dependent on rural areas nearby for food, thus they
face major problems like non- availability and price –fluctuations of daily used vegetables and fruits.
With 50% of Indian population is projected to live in cities by 2050 thus in this situation when climate change and
mental illness due to overcrowding, pollution etc. would be at peak and reliance on conventional farming would not be
possible then vertical urban indoor farming or Roof Top Garden( RTG) farming would be lucrative option by then.
(* Vertical farming is defined as the concept of cultivating plants or animal life within skyscrapers or on vertically
inclined surfaces (Despommier 2010), whereas building integrated agriculture (BIA) is the practice of locating high-
performance hydroponic greenhouse systems on and in mixed-use buildings to exploit the synergies between the
building environment and agriculture-like energy and nutrient flows)

II. URBAN AGRICULTURE IN INDIA- PRESENT

Urban agriculture and vertical farming might have started becoming popular internationally but in India it has not been
very popular. Rural areas are providing food to the country‟s population traditionally. The reasons behind this
dependency are diverse at different places. At some place it is lack of government support and policies while at other
places it is lack of interest among people to practice this change and taking time out of their daily life and getting
involved in it. Lack of availability of land or open space or interest of government to identify such potential spaces
(New York State Energy Research and Development Authority is working towards it in its Sustainable Urban
Agriculture program where it has identified and mapped vacant land and community gardens , public vacant lands and
other potential sites for urban agriculture in NYC) are some of the major challenges faced by cities of India in urban
agriculture.
Pune City Corporation started its city farming project in 2008, where its citizens were encouraged to grow crops and
vegetables on allotted lands but this was not a success (Times of India, 2012) whereas in Cuttack and Nagpur City slum
dwellers have taken to organic farming on terraces and small plots at informal level and even sell the surplus produce to
the local markets.
In Delhi on the banks of Yamuna as the flood waters make it very fertile, extensive farming is happening in spite of the
fact that farmers do not have any legal sanction to do farming there.
Similarly in Hyderabad , farmers use water from the Musi river for urban farming who are living along it. As this river
flows through the city it consists of waste water most of the time from housing and commercial spaces. The
government did not supported their need of partially treated waste water for irrigation but farmers continued to farm
and contributed vegetables and rice to the market.
Thus from various examples quoted above it can be seen that despite the lack of government support in legalization of
farming activities in Delhi and Cuttack or demand of partially treated waste water in Hyderabad people continued
urban farming while at other places like in Pune even the institutional support could not make the concept of Z-farming
or urban farming successful. Thus it is quite clear that there is potential of various kinds at different places in India for
urban farming but because of varied reason this still has not been in practice at large and formal scale.
If covered or indoor vertical farming is talked about which works on concept of Aeroponics, or Hydroponics then in
India only 30,000 hectares is under poly house or covered cultivation. As stated by Lt Cdr CV Prakash (retd) who
pioneered the concept of hydroponics and introduced Soilless Cultivation in India in the year 2008 with his “Pet Bharo”
project “The future of agriculture will solely depend upon people who embrace modern technology and have the
passion to take it forward.”
According to a Software Engineer who sold His Company to Start a Vertical Hydroponic Farm in Goa , farmers in
India are already struggling with finances thus they fear to invest in technology of indoor farming because if their
investment in technology does not work out in profit it may turn out to be a huge loss for them. Although some pilot
commercial investors are working on it but still this has a long way to go.
(Hydroponics: the collective term for all plant-growing methods that don’t use soil and require a nutrient rich liquid to
feed the plants. The plants can be grown in anything from simple containers to sand to just hanging in the air.
**Aeroponics: this entails the use of specialized UV lights and a misting system to grow plants. The plants also gain
nutrients from the air around them, so their roots are usually exposed as they hang from a specially-built frame.)

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III. SCOPE OF RESEARCH-WHY URBAN AGRICULTURE IS IMPORTANT?

With population increasing in urban areas the nutritional requirements of this increasing population has to be met.
People living in urban areas has very limited or no control over the supply and quality of food thus in this case organic
urban farming or growing own food can be a possible solution to this problem. Urban agriculture has several
benefits .It‟s not only an efficient and effective tool for making use of vacant unused open spaces in urban areas but
also a way for generating income and employment and managing freshwater resources in cities. Its benefits are in many
dimensions ranging from environmental, social to economic dimension.
Environmental benefits are that it‟s an step forward towards organic farming and prevention in use of fertilizers and
pesticides, (The state of Sikkim is declared fully organic in 2016 and Orissa is taking a big way towards organic
farming.) , farmland preservation, reduction in food miles, water management, climate control etc. Social benefits are
that it can be a source of leisure activities in urban life and contribute to psychological health and mental well-being of
the society. It can be tool for keeping food culture and tradition blooming. With people‟s participation it can also turn
out to be an active public space along with enhancing food security in community. Economic benefits are that it
enhances the food growing supply, generate income and employment and can be a reliance food growing supply in case
or vertical farming.

IV. PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES IN VERTICAL FARMING AND URBAN
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

Urban agriculture has a long way to go for getting in effective use in India and abroad as vertical farming is still not a
reality as a large scale practice. The two major problems have been financial and technological feasibility. Since
vertical farming or indoor farming requires contemporary building materials and renewable energy systems such as
light shelves, light pipes and fibre optics which deliver natural light deep into buildings to provide energy for
photosynthesis, and skilled workers to run it thus its rate of return does not seem profitable to investors. Where as in
other hand conventional farming does not require either of it, but if one see from the point of future then Z-farming
(Zero- Acreage) and vertical farming can become the lucrative option for investors too. This is so because in scenario
of climate change dependency on outside environment for conventional farming would be unfeasible also with global
warming reaching its peak and urban heat island effect increasing in cities urban farming in way of roof top gardening
(RTG) can be a possible lucrative option for the future.
There are various types of agriculture and farming system in urban areas now a day. Some of them can be taken for
vertical farming as a futuristic vision of India. The Agriculture land is reducing day by day and even its cost is
increasing. The farming systems common to urban area can be analysed be the given table 1 as below-
Table. 1. Farming systems common to urban areas
Farming Product Location
System
Aquaculture Fish and seafood, water Ponds, lakes, rivers, canals, estuaries, sewage lagoons,
vegetables, seaweed and drainage basins with water, reservoirs and wetlands.
fodder
Horticulture Vegetables including mushrooms, fruit, Home gardens, parks, open space, derelict land,
cereals ornamental plants, compost. abandoned yards, institutional areas, roof tops,
roadside, container gardening, greenhouses suburban
farms, soilless culture, hydroponics etc.
Agro-forestry Fuel, wood, fruits and nuts, building Orchards, forest parks, green belts.
material, compost.
Livestock Meat, milk, eggs, manure. hides and Open space, grazing area, periurban area, roadside
skins. trees, home gardens, slope and hill sides, pens and
sheds, animal farms.
Others Medicinal and house Green houses, Roof tops, beehives, cages, urban
plants, herbs, beverages, flowers, forests containers.
honey, insecticides.
(Source: The Urban Agricultural Network, Washington D.C., USA and Centre for Built Environment, Calcutta, India, 1996)

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In most of the metropolitan cities like Delhi the land use has been changed in outskirts or per-urban areas with major
agricultural land loss. With increasing urban sprawl not only agricultural land is getting reduced but also dependency
on rural hinterlands for food and other dairy products etc. is increasing which is causing shortage and price fluctuations
of vegetables, fruits and other major daily need sources of food.
Also with increasing urban sprawl development around the farmland has increased its price in many folds thus farmers
chose to sell their land to real estate developers than to farm. The problem related to real estate development in India is
that there is large amount of investment in plots and housing apartments which remain unused as the money which is
invested is mostly black money and the property is brought for investment point of view thus they remain vacant , this
large amount of private property can be brought to use for urban farming if regulations like in Singapore vacant land
taxes are brought up in India. With numerous benefits that urban agriculture offers in cities it is the future of cities
globally.

Fig. 1. New Delhi 1974 -1999, Increase in population of 4.2 million with 60,000 hectares of agricultural land lost
(Source: Land Use Change in Developing Countries,DEAS/HUCE, Harvard University Cambridge)

As in Canada the „Sharing Backyard‟ project – A popular innovation in urban farming, which connects homeowners
and landless city gardeners. In this users have access to website and map of city where landowners and cultivators can
connect and farm. This concept is not new in India as in rural villages this practice is there since decades where
landowners give farmers their piece of land for cultivation in deal for about half of grains produced in return.
It is not only lack of open spaces in cities but also lack of awareness and thought among people in India that we do not
see urban farming in India in practice E.g. - India is a developing country thus lot of construction work in construction
of buildings keep on occurring which take a time of about 2- 4 yrs on average( taking group housing as example) thus
if in that period vacant lands where construction has not yet started farming is done it too can contribute to food market .
Also the builders constructing flats give green open spaces in their colony but only consisting of beautified plants. Thus
by giving incentives, raising awareness and promoting interest among people to get engage in urban farming is vital
and need for future cities.

V. URBAN AGRICULTURE – THE POSSIBLE OPTIMISTIC FUTURE OF INDIA

The urban population in India expected to grow by 404 million by 2050 (World Urbanization Prospects, 2014). As
cities in India like any other cities of the world are continually increasing in size with the increase in population thus it
is quite possible in future that the types of land use practices will gradually encroach and engulf onto land which are
currently utilized for agriculture.
A. Urban farming as way forward for increasing liability of future Indian cities
If liability in cities is seen in Indian context at present then the condition is not virtuous, many metropolitan cities like
Mumbai and Delhi are facing severe shortage of water, food and housing. Also with increasing population in cities its
drawbacks related to overcrowding, pollution, lack of social concern and fading community bonding, culture etc. would
be at major issue in the of land of diversity and culture. According to a recent report by the World Bank, the economic
impact of the ambient air pollution in India is as high as atleast1.6% of its GDP. The problems of asthma and other lung
related ailments are precisely due to the 'lack of lungs' in the cities along with air pollution. Thus reflecting these issues
urban agriculture can be a way out to increase the liability index in future cities of India as they can become the lungs
of future vertical cities in buildings increasing community bonds in one hand and thus saving the existing forests from
being cut due to need of land for conventional farming on other.

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B. Urban faming as a water management tool for future.

Water management would be a major issue for future cities of India, even at present cities like Mumbai, Pune and
Delhi are facing severe shortage of water. According to the published report of Indian express of October 2015,
Mumbai. The total usable water quantity in all the seven lakes supplying water to the city is 11 lakh million litres, three
lakh million litres less than what was recorded on the 2014. Thus the city is currently facing a 15 per cent water deficit,
which has forced the civic body to continue with the water cuts. With water shortage further degeneration, urban
indoor faming can be a way out for ensuring food security in cities as tin case of aeroponics farmers use up to 95% less
water than traditional farmers for farming thus further resolving issue of shortage of usable water for ensuring food
security in the future.
C. Vertical farming a possible replacement to conventional farming in future.
The amount of miles that food travels in cities from source of production will increase many folds in future if this way
of dependency of cities for food and nutrition security on rural conventional farming will continue as today( today most
of the food in cities is imported from other places).In this situation, future cities would have to produce their own food
and with increasing land prices conventional land farming would not be possible but vertical farming or roof top
farming( called as Zero –Acreage Farming as they are characterized by non-use of land) would be the possible
approach and solution for nutrition to cities.

Fig 2-The Sky Greens vertical farm in Singapore

(Source- The Atlantic email newsletter- Farming in the Sky, Why agriculture may someday take place in towers, not fields)

VI. RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION – A BRIEF CASE STUDY OF METROPOLITAN, NEW DELHI (INDIA)
A first research area could be an exploration of the literature review with cultural and political meanings of urban
agricultural initiatives in different historical conjunctures and urban contexts in the Global North. This research track
should second look for the specific forms of land regulation, land condition and ownership which determine the set of
constraints and opportunities which shapes the initiatives in future of vertical farming and urban agriculture along with
their contexts, and then focus on the analysis of emerging urban agricultural practices.
NCT of Delhi is the capital of India. It stands in a triangle formed by the Yamuna river in the east and spurs from the
Aravalli range in the west and south. It is surrounded by Haryana on all sides except east where it borders with Uttar
Pradesh. The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1,483 km2 (573 sq m), of which 1114 km2 is
designated as urban, and 369 km2 as rural. It has a length of 51.9 km and a width of 48.48 km.

A. Land holding pattern in Delhi

As economy is moving along-with rapid urbanization, the agriculture holdings in Delhi is also reducing at a speedy rate.
This is evident as per the Agricultural Census. The information regarding the agricultural land holding pattern and area
operated for agricultural purposes in Delhi, during the last two agricultural censuses is presented in Table 2.

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Table. 2. Land holdings & operational area in Delhi: 2005-06 & 2010-11
S.No Details Agricultural Census 2005-06 Agricultural Census 2010-11
1. Operational holdings (Number)
a. Individual 11741 (46.39) 8195 (39.98)
b. Joint 12624 (49.87) 11358 (55.41)
c. Institutional 946 (3.74) 944 (4.61)
Total 25311 (100.00) 20497 (100.00)
2. Operational Area (in Hectares)
a. Individual 10590.95 (28.04) 7087.95 (23.92)
b. Joint 25977.85 (68.78) 21341.82 (72.03)
c. Institutional 1201.49 (3.18) 1198.44 (4.05)
Total 37770.29 (100.00) 29628.21 (100.00)
(Sources – Agricultural Census 2005-06 & 2010-11)
It may be inferred from Table 2 that the number of operational holdings in Delhi reduced from 25311 in 2005-06 to
20497 in 2010-11. The reduction in land holdings in Delhi worked out at 3.80 per cent per annum. The reduction of
operational holdings by the individual category was highest a6 6.04 percent per annum, while the same in joint and
institutional category at 2.01 per cent and 0.04 per cent per annum respectively.
The operational area of Delhi decreased from 37770.29 hectares during 2005-06 to 29628.21 hectares during 2010-11.
The reduction in operational area during the last two agricultural censuses in Delhi was worked out at 4.31 per cent per
annum. The reduction in operational area of institutional category during the same period was highest at 6.62 per cent
per annum. The same in case of joint and institutional category was worked out at 3.57 per cent per annum and 0.05 per
cent per annum respectively. The land holdings and operational area of Delhi during the last two agricultural census is
depicted in Chart 2

Chart. 2. Land holdings & operational area Chart. 3. Cropping intensity of Delhi during
in Delhi: 2005-06 & 2010-11 2000-01 to 2015-16
B. Crop Intensity
Crop intensity is an index of agriculture development and is directly related to irrigation facilities. It is the percentage
ratio of gross cropped area to net area sown. It may be measured by the formula-gross cropped area/net sown area x
100. The intensity of cropping, therefore, refers to raising a number of crops from the same field during one agricultural
year.
It may be observed from Table 3 that the crop intensity was highest at 166% during 2001-02 and lowest at 134% during
2004-05. The crop intensity of Delhi during 2015-16 is estimated at 150%. In addition, area under the food-grain crops
have been decreased during this period but the same in vegetables increased being one of the fast growing mega cities
in India, showing the status of agriculture activity with the limited available land. The same is also depicted in chart 3

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Table. 3. Crop intensity of Delhi during 2000-01 TO 2015-16 (in hectares)

S.NO. Year Net Area Shown Gross Cropped Area Cropping Intensity (%)
1 2000-01 34,034 52,816 155
2 2001-02 29,116 48,445 166
3 2002-03 29,477 43,391 147
4 2003-04 26,971 41,509 154
5 2004-05 24,214 36,957 134
6 2005-06 23,809 36,041 161
7 2006-07 23,109 34,981 151
8 2007-08 23,056 33,078 143
9 2008-09 23,025 32,288 140
10 2009-10 23,575 33,700 143
11 2010-11 22,124 31,366 142
12 2011-12 22,885 36,445 159
13 2012-13 23,118 35,178 152
14 2013-14 23,150 34,341 148
15 2014-15 23,150 34,312 148
16 2015-16 22,300 33,454 150
(Source-Development Department, Govt. of NCT of Delhi)
C. Land use pattern in Delhi
The total harvested area during 2000-01 was at 52816 hectares which reduced to 34750 hectares in 2015-16. The
reduction of cropped area during this period was worked out at 2.28 per cent per annum. Simultaneously, the
percentage of cropped area from total area (Excluding Forest Area) was reduced from 35.81 per cent in 2000-01 to
23.26 per cent in 2015-16 (table3). The remaining spaces of the Delhi are being used for several other uses such as non-
agricultural purposes, forest, fallow land, uncultivable land, etc. as shown in table 4 & chart 4.1. The main causes
behind such reduction in agriculture area in Delhi are due to the fast urbanization, and shift in occupational pattern
especially during the last two decades. This results in decrease of share of this sector to the Gross State Domestic
Product of Delhi.
Table 4 - Pattern of land utilization (in hectares)
Total Area Area not available for
Year Fallow Land Net Area Sown
(Excluding forest area) cultivation
1980-81 147488 32707 58551 52077
1990-91 147488 12864 48357 74248
2000-01 147488 11544 34034 89689
2010-11 147488 20043 22124 92700
2014-15 147488 19225 23150 92701
(Estimated Source -Agricultural Department, G NCT of Delhi)

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Chart 4.1- Trend in land usage in Delhi

VII. CONCLUSION
A per the above study we can analyses the available spaces in Delhi for vertical farming as the chart are showing
the reduce spaces for urban agriculture due to urbanization. So we have limited space for urban farming so as
considering the futuristic urbanism we have to adopt the option for vertical farming as well as incorporation of
technology in urban agriculture areas. Farming have been around since early times for around of thousands of years and
they are as essential for our daily lives as it was since early times and will continue to be vital and more demanding in
future in one or the other way form providing food to supplying industries with much-needed resources including
cotton, hemp and lumber to feeding to the mass urban population of the future.
Urban farming whether it is vertical farming or Z- farming or farming on vacant open spaces, all can be favourable
way for ensuring this demand of future in India and globally. With many countries of Europe , USA and Singapore has
already risen to many folds towards this future farming , but in India it still has a long way to go ahead as vertical
farming is still restricted to a few individually driven interest projects. With several benefits inherent in this method of
farming E.g. It does not need an multi acre farm as it is vertical, it is good for environment as it can be used as water
recycler (Some of the most recent vertical farms situated in the United States are also recycling waste material from the
cities’- According to report of Vertical Farming: Enter the Urban Farmer 22 January 2017, 19:00),grown food are
completely free from pesticides thus organic and healthy, a more reliant and stable production source as it does not
depend on outside environment.
These are few benefits to count thus there is need of institutional support along with interest in people to participate
in it and this possible by spreading awareness of benefits associated with it, strengthening policies like incentivizing
farming for making it attractive to the urban dwellers, financial and technological support by government to developers
of urban farmers or moving forward to a concept of „sharing backyard „ so that different communities can be reached
in need of space or grower.
One can see a progressive growth of urban agriculture in India once all these are done and moving on this way forward
this can act as urban regeneration tool for present and future cities by giving social( creating and enhancing social
interaction , economic ( enhancing job opportunities in cities) and environmental benefits to the future cities.

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