2v +3.

3
y-12u +3 5
f(r) =fIy+3_-2
every element in Bhas a pre-image in A fis onto.
Hence, the given function f: A ’ B is bijective.

EXERCISE 2.3

Very short answerlobjective questions (1 to 4):

1. Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons. If it is a function, determi
its domain and range.
() ((1. 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)) (i) ((a, b), (b, c), (c, d), (d, e))
(n) ((1, 2), (3, 1), (1, 3), (4, 1)) (iv) ((1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2))
() \(2, 1), (0, -1), (3, 1), (5, 4), (-1, 0), (3, 4), (1, 0)
(oi) (2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 3). (14, 7).
2. If X = -4, 1, 2, 3) and Y= la, b, c), which of the following relations is a function from
X to Y ?
() ((-4, a), (1, a), (2, b)) (n) ((-4, b), (1, b), (2, a), (3, c))
(ii) ((-4, a), (1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (1, b).
3. Let A= |1, 2, 3, 4), B= (1, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16)and f = ((1, 5), (2, 9), (3, 1), (4, 5), (2, 11).
Are the following true?
() fis a relation from A to B. (ii) fis a function from A to B?
Justify your answer in each case.
4. Is the given relation a function? Justify your answer.
() f= |(r, x) :xe R) (Exemplar)
() g = ((n, n²) : n is a positive integer) (Exemplar)
(ii) h= l(x, 3) : x e R) (Exemplar)
Short and long answer questions (5 to 24):
5. () A
function f' is defined by f()= +1 where xe (-1, 0, 1, 3). List the elements off
(i) If a function f is defined by f(x) = 2x - 1 where x e |-2, 0, 3, 5), then find its
range.

6. Does the adjacent arrow diagram represent a

function? If so, write its range.

7. The adjacent arrow diagram represents a

relation. Represent the relation in roster form.
Is this relation a function? Give reasons for your
answer.

A-70) Understanding ISC Mathematics-XI ()

 B
A- B

8. The adjacent arrow diagram represents arelation.

List the pairs that satisfy the relation. Is this .1
1
relation a unction?
f Also find the rule (relation)
for the above correspondence
2

A
Nrite the relation represented by the adjoining
diagram, by listing the ordered pairs. State th
domain, the codomain and the range of the
relation. Is the relation a function?

10. A=|-2, -1, 1, 2\and=

f :eA.
(i) List the domain of f. (ii) List the range of f. (iin) Is fa function?
Express the following function as a set of ordered pairs and find its
range
f:X R defined by f(x) = + 1, where X = -1, 0, 3, 9, 7). (Exemplar)
12. If f (x) = ax + b, where a and b are integers,f(-1) = -5 and f(3) = 3, find a andb.
(Exemplar)
13. If (a, 8) and (2, b) are ordered pairs which belong to the mapping f: x ’3x + 4 where
xe R, find a and b.

14. If function f from R to R is defined by f = ((x, 3x - 5) : xe R), find the values of a

and b given that (a, 4) and (1, b) belong to f.
15. Let A 1, 2, 3), B= (4, 5, 6, 7) and f: ((1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)) be a function from A to B.
Show that f is one-one but not onto.
16. Show that the function f: Q ’ 0 defined by f() 3x- 2 is one-one.
17, Show that the function f: N N defined by fx) = 2x - 1 is one-one but not onto.
18, Show that the function f: N N defined by f(n) n² is injective.
19. Show that the function f: N ’N defined by f(on) = m² 2m + 3 is one-one but not
onto.
20. In each of the following cases, state whether the function is bijective or not. Justify your
answer.

()f:R ’ R defined by f(r) = 2r + 1

(i) f:R’R defined by f(r) = 3 - 4r
21. Show that the function f: R- (3) ’ R defined by f() = is one-one but not
onto.
22. Show that the function f:R ’ R defined by f(x) =x+ 2 is neither one-one nor
Onto,
23. Show that the function f: R ’ R defined by f(r) = 3r2 - 2 is neither one-one nor
onto,

A= R- (-2), B= R- (1| and f : A’ Bis a function defined by f(r)

XE A, then show that f is a
-3 for all
one-one correspondence.

Relations and Functions

A-71
 Answers
1. () No () Yes; domain = la, b, c, d) and range lb, c, d, el
(n) No (i) Yes; domain = |1, 2, 3, 4} and range = (2)
() No () Yes; domain = (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14) and range = (1, 2, 3, 4, 7
2. (i) 3. () Yes (ii) No 4. () Yes () Yes (ii) Yes
5. () (-1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 2), (3, 10)) () (-5, -1, 5, 9)
6. Tes; range = (0, 2, 71
7. (1, 4), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 4)): yes, because each element of the domain has a .
image in the codomain
8. (-1, 1), (0, 0). (1, 1), (2, 4), (- 2, 4)); yes; f(r) =², xe A
9. \(p, 3), (q, 7), (r, 7), (s, 1)l: domain = (p, q, r, s), codomain = (1, 3, 5, 71, range
yes
=(1.3

10. () (-2, -1, 1, 2) (iii) Yes

11. f= ((-1, 0), (0, 1), (3, 28), (9, 730), (7, 344)}: range of f = (0, 1, 28, 730, 344)

12. a = 2, b = -3 13. a = 4 b= 10 14. a = 3, b = -2

20. (i) Bijective (i) bijective

2.5 REAL FUNCTIONS

A function which has either R or one of its
subsets as its range is called a real valued functio
Further, if its domain is also either R or a subset of R,
function is defined as:
then it is called a real function. Thus, are
Let R be the set of all real numbers and X, Y
be two non-empty subsets of R,
(or correspondence) f which associates to then a re
each x e X, a unique element y of Y is called a r
valued function of the real variable or simply a real
function, and we write it as f : X’ Y.
Most of the time, we shall be given a function in the
shape of a 'formula'
its domain. In such cases, the
domain will be the largest admissible subset of Rwithout
on
mentioni
which the gi
formula is meaningful. Keeping this in view i.e. when the
function can be redefined as: domain of a function is not given, a t
Areal function f' is a rule(s) which
number fx).
associates to each possible real number x, a unique f
2.5.1 Domain and range of a real
Let 'f' be a real function, then :
function
The set ofall possible real numbers x for
which f(x) isa real numnber is called the domain of the functi
f, it is usually denoted by D,. Thus,
D, =|x:xe R, f(x) e R).
The set of images f(x) for all xe D,is called the
range off. it is usually denoted by R. Thus.
R= If(r); for all x e D,).
Remarks
1. A function does not
exist if its domain is empty set.
2. If the domain of a real
valued function is given, then we are not to find the
of R. admisSi s
 Example 14. Find the domain for wich the functions f(x) =2x² - 1and g(r) = 1- 3x are cqual.
Solution. As the functions fand g are equal,f(r) =g(r) (Exemplar)
2r2-1 =! - 3r > 2r2+ 3r-2 =0
2r+ 4r-x-2 =0> 2r (r +2) - 1(r+ 2) = 0
(r+2) (2r -1) =0r+2 = 0 or 2x -l =0
-2 or x= .

Hence, the domain for which the functionsfand gare equal is-2,
EXERCISE 2.4

Very short answerlobjective questions (1 to 5):

1. lffa) =, find 01)- f) (NCERT)
.1-1

2. Afunction is defined by f(x) = t-,xe R, x*-1. Find the value off(-3) +1.

3. Is the relation fdefined by f()= 0Sxs 3 a function? Justify your answer.

|2r, 3sxs5
4. Areal function fis defined by f(x) =3r -2, x e R, find the value of f(-3) +f(0) xf(7).
5. Givenf(x) =r- 1, find x iff(r) is 215.
Slhort answer questions (6 to 10):
6. Iff(r) = 2r² + 1and domain off= (-2, -1, 0, 1, 3), find
() range off (i) f3) xf(-2) (i) xiff (x) = 9.
7. Afunction f is defined by f(x) = +3, x e Nand xs5.
() Find the range of f. (in) Find f(2) xf(5).
(ii) Doesf(-3) exist? (iv) Findx when f(r) =7.
8. Find the domain of the following real functions:
-4
() f() = (in) f(x) = Sr (Exemplar)
x+2 28-x

(ii) f()=2+3x+2 (Exemplar) (iv) =

f(r) . (Exemplar)
9. Find the range of the following functions:
(1) f(r) =+2,xe R (NCERT) (ii) f() =3-2r, xe R, x21.
10. Find the domain and the range of the function f(x) = 2r +1. Also find f(-2) and the numbers
which are associated with the number 51 in its range.
Long answer questions (11 to 18):
11. Find the domain and the range of the following functions:
() f(x) = r+2 (ii) f(r) = V3-2r (ii) f(x) = (Exemplar)
12. Find the domain and the range of the following functions:
() fr)=-* (Exemplar)
x-9
X-4
(ii) fix) = x-3
(1) f(x) =+! (i) f(x)=+
2x +1 4-X () f(x) =
4- 2

A-80 Understarnding ISC Matheatics XI ()

 domain and the range of the following functions:
Findthe
13.
ia fx) = V16- x (Exemplar) (ii) for) = v 9
(ti) fx) = 1

the domain and the range of the following functions:

14, Find
(i) f(r) = |x-3| (Exemplar) (i)) f() =3- |x-2|
15. Ifa real functionfis defined by f(x) = - then find its domain and range.
2r

16. Find the domain and the range of the function fdefined by f(x) = (Exemplar)
X4

4r Iífand gare two real functions defined byfr) =2r +1 and g(x)=4x-7, then for what real
numbers x

() f(x) =g (x)? (i) fa) < g()? (Exemplar)

. Eind the domain for which the functions f(x) = 3x2 -1 and g(x) = 3 +x areequal. (Exemplar)
Answers
2. -9
1. 2.1
3. No; because f(3) = 3- = 9, also f(3) = 2 x 3 = 6, so the element 3 of the domain of fhas two
images
4. 49 5. 6 6. () (1, 3, 9, 19) (ü) 171 (iii) -2
7.
(i) (4,7, 12, 19, 28) (ii) 196 (iii) No (iv) 2
8. (i) R--2) (ii) R-(28) (iin) R-(-1,-2| (iv) R- -1, 1)
9 () [2, o) (ii) (-0, 1]| 10. D,= R, R= [1, ); 9; 5, -5

11 () -2, ); |0, o)
(-:0.) (iii) (5, o); (0, )

12 (i) R- (4): -1) (ii) R- (3); R- (6)

(iv) R-(4); R--1) (v) R--2, 2): (-*, 0) U

13 () -4, 4]: (0, 4] (ii) (-., -3] [3, ); [0, ) (in (2, 2): |
14 (i) R;(-n, 3] 15. R- (0): (0, 1)
() R; (0, o)
16. Domain off=R- (4); range of f= (1, -1)
17 () x=4 (ii) x> 4 18.

2.6 GRAPH OF A REAL FUNCTION

raphs provide us geometric visualisation of the problems, and hence, these help a lot in
understanding the problems.
Graph of a real function F', denoted by G (), is the set of all points (x, f()) of the plane twhere
Xe D,. Precisely,
G()= {(x, f(x)) ; for all x e D;l.
the domain of a function "f consists of finitely many points, then the graph offcan be easily
ed ina plane; but if the domain of fconsists of infinitely many points, it may not be possible to
plot all these points. In such cases, we plot enough points to get an idea of the shape of the graph
and then join these points by afreehand drawing.

Relations and unctions A-81 )