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 Eighth Edition

Introduction to Geographic
Information Systems

Kang-tsung Chang
University of Idaho
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS, EIGHTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2016 by
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous
editions © 2014, 2012, and 2010. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chang, Kang-Tsung
Introduction to geographic information systems / Kang-tsung Chang,
University of Idaho.—Eighth edition.
pages cm
ISBN 978-0-07-809513-9 (alk. paper)
1. Geographic information systems. I. Title.
G70.212.C4735 2016
910.285—dc23 2014042492

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Brief Contents

1 Introduction 1 11 Vector Data Analysis 226

2 Coordinate Systems 20 12 Raster Data Analysis 254
3 Vector Data Model 44 13 Terrain Mapping and Analysis 274
4 Raster Data Model 68 14 Viewshed and Watershed Analysis 297
5 GIS Data Acquisition 91 15 Spatial Interpolation 321
6 Geometric Transformation 114 16 Geocoding and Dynamic Segmentation 350
7 Spatial Data Accuracy and Quality 130 17 Least-Cost Path Analysis and Network
8 Attribute Data Management 149 Analysis 372
9 Data Display and Cartography 170 18 GIS Models and Modeling 396
10 Data Exploration 201

iii
Contents

Preface xiv 1.5 Organization of This Book 14

1.6 Concepts and Practice 14
CHAPTER 1 Key Concepts and Terms 15
Review Questions 15
Applications: Introduction 16
Introduction 1 Task 1 Introduction to ArcCatalog 16
1.1 GIS 2 Task 2 Introduction to ArcMap 17
1.1.1 Components of a GIS 3 Challenge Task 18
1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS 3 References 19
1.1.3 GIS Software Products 4
Box 1.1 A List of GIS Software Producers and
Their Main Products 5
1.2 Elements of GIS 5
CHAPTER 2
1.2.1 Geospatial Data 5
Coordinate Systems 20
1.2.2 Data Acquisition 8
1.2.3 Attribute Data Management 8 2.1 Geographic Coordinate System 21
1.2.4 Data Display 8 2.1.1 Approximation of the Earth 22
1.2.5 Data Exploration 8 2.1.2 Datum 23
1.2.6 Data Analysis 8 Box 2.1 Datum Shift in Australia and
1.3 Applications of GIS 10 New Zealand 23
Box 1.2 A List of GIS Applications 10 2.2 Map Projections 25
Box 1.3 Precision Farming 11 Box 2.2 How to Measure Distances on the
Box 1.4 Location-Based Services and Social Earth’s Surface 25
Networking 11 2.2.1 Types of Map Projections 26
1.4 Integration of Desktop GIS, Web GIS, and Mobile 2.2.2 Map Projection Parameters 27
Technology 12 2.3 Commonly Used Map Projections 29
1.4.1 Web Mapping 12 2.3.1 Transverse Mercator 29
1.4.2 Collaborative Web Mapping 12 2.3.2 Lambert Conformal Conic 30
1.4.3 Volunteered Geographic Information 13 2.3.3 Albers Equal-Area Conic 30
1.4.4 Implications of Web and Mobile 2.3.4 Equidistant Conic 30
Applications 13 2.3.5 Web Mercator 31
iv
 Contents v

2.4 Projected Coordinate Systems 31 3.4.4 Topology Rules 55

Box 2.3 Map Scale 31 3.4.5 Advantages of the Geodatabase 56
2.4.1 The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid Box 3.5 NHDinGEO 57
System 32 3.5 Representation of Composite Features 57
2.4.2 The Universal Polar Stereographic Grid 3.5.1 TINs 57
System 33 3.5.2 Regions 58
2.4.3 The State Plane Coordinate System 33 3.5.3 Routes 59
2.4.4 The Public Land Survey System 34 Key Concepts and Terms 61
2.5 Options for Coordinate Systems in GIS 35 Review Questions 62
2.5.1 Projection File 35 Applications: Vector Data Model 63
2.5.2 Predefined Coordinate Systems 35 Task 1 Examine the Data File Structure of Coverage
Box 2.4 A Projection File Example 36 and Shapefile 63
2.5.3 On-the-Fly Projection 36 Task 2 Create File Geodatabase, Feature Dataset,
Box 2.5 GIS Tools for Working With and Feature Class 64
Coordinate Systems 37 Task 3 Convert a Shapefile to a Personal
Key Concepts and Terms 37 Geodatabase Feature Class 65
Review Questions 39 Task 4 Examine Polylines with Measures 65
Applications: Coordinate Systems 40 Task 5 View Regions and Routes 66
Task 1 Project from a Geographic to a Projected Task 6 View TIN 66
Coordinate System 40 Challenge Task 66
Task 2 Import a Coordinate System 41 References 67
Task 3 Project Using a Predefined
Coordinate System 41
Task 4 Reproject a Coordinate System 42
Challenge Task 42
CHAPTER 4
References 43 Raster Data Model 68
CHAPTER 3 4.1 Elements of the Raster Data Model 69
4.1.1 Cell Value 70
Vector Data Model 44 4.1.2 Cell Size 70
4.1.3 Cell Depth 70
3.1 Representation of Simple Features 45 4.1.4 Raster Bands 70
Box 3.1 Specifications of Spatial Features by 4.1.5 Spatial Reference 70
Google and OpenStreetMap 46 4.2 Satellite Images 71
3.2 Topology 46 4.2.1 Landsat 72
3.2.1 TIGER 46 4.2.2 SPOT 73
3.2.2 Importance of Topology 47 4.2.3 GeoEye and Digital Globe 73
Box 3.2 Adjacency and Incidence 48 4.2.4 Terra Satellite 73
3.3 Georelational Data Model 49 Box 4.1 Data Volumes of High Resolution
Box 3.3 Topology or No Topology 49 (SPOT 5) and Very High Resolution (IKONOS)
3.3.1 The Coverage 50 Satellite Images 74
3.3.2 Coverage Data Structure 50 4.2.5 SAR 74
3.3.3 Nontopological Vector Data 51 4.3 Digital Elevation Models 74
3.4 Object-Based Data Model 52 4.3.1 Optical Sensors 74
3.4.1 Classes and Class Relationships 53 Box 4.2 An Example of a Digital Elevation
3.4.2 Interface 53 Model 75
3.4.3 The Geodatabase 54 4.3.2 InSAR 75
Box 3.4 ArcObjects and ArcGIS 55 4.3.3 LiDAR 75
vi Contents

4.4 Other Types of Raster Data 76 5.2 Metadata 96

4.4.1 Digital Orthophotos 76 5.3 Conversion of Existing Data 97
4.4.2 Land Cover Data 76 5.3.1 Direct Translation 97
4.4.3 Bi-Level Scanned Files 76 5.3.2 Neutral Format 97
4.4.4 Digital Raster Graphics 77 5.4 Creation of New Data 98
4.4.5 Graphic Files 77 5.4.1 Remotely Sensed Data 98
4.4.6 GIS Software-Specific Raster Data 77 5.4.2 Field Data 99
4.5 Raster Data Structure 78 Box 5.3 An Example of GPS Data 100
4.5.1 Cell-by-Cell Encoding 78 Box 5.4 GPS Tracker 101
4.5.2 Run-Length Encoding 79 Box 5.5 GPS and OpenStreetMap 101
4.5.3 Quadtree 79 5.4.3 Text Files with x-, y-Coordinates 102
4.5.4 Header File 80 Box 5.6 Positional Accuracy of GPS Units and
Box 4.3 A Header File Example 81 GPS-Enabled Mobile Phones 103
4.6 Raster Data Compression 81 5.4.4 Digitizing Using a Digitizing Table 103
Box 4.4 A Simple Wavelet Example: The Haar 5.4.5 Scanning 104
Wavelet 82 5.4.6 On-Screen Digitizing 107
4.7 Data Conversion and Integration 83 5.4.7 Importance of Source Maps 107
4.7.1 Rasterization 83 Key Concepts and Terms 108
4.7.2 Vectorization 83 Review Questions 109
Box 4.5 Digital Earth 84 Applications: GIS Data Acquisition 110
4.7.3 Integration of Raster and Vector Data 84 Task 1 Download USGS DEM 110
Key Concepts and Terms 85 Task 2 Digitize On-Screen 110
Review Questions 86 Task 3 Add XY Data 112
Applications: Raster Data Model 86 Task 4 Download KML File and Display it in
Task 1 View and Import DEM Data 86 Google Earth 112
Task 2 View a Satellite Image 87 Challenge Task 112
Task 3 View a Land Cover Image 87 References 113
Task 4 Convert Vector Data to Raster Data 88
Challenge Task 88
References 89 CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 5 Geometric Transformation
6.1 Geometric Transformation 115
114

6.1.1 Map-to-Map and Image-to-Map

GIS Data Acquisition 91
Transformation 115
5.1 Existing GIS Data 92 6.1.2 Transformation Methods 115
5.1.1 Spatial Data Infrastructure, Clearinghouse, 6.1.3 Affine Transformation 116
and Geoportal 92 6.1.4 Control Points 117
5.1.2 U.S. Geological Survey 92 Box 6.1 Estimation of Transformation
Box 5.1 An Application Example of LiDAR Coefficients 118
DEM 94 Box 6.2 Output from an Affine
Box 5.2 Data Formats for USGS Products 95 Transformation 119
5.1.3 U.S. Census Bureau 95 6.2 Root Mean Square (RMS) Error 119
5.1.4 Natural Resources Conservation Service 95 Box 6.3 RMS from an Affine
5.1.5 Examples of Statewide, Metropolitan, and Transformation 120
County-Level Data 96 6.3 Interpretation of RMS Errors on Digitized
5.1.6 GIS Data from Other Sources 96 Maps 121
 Contents vii

6.4 Resampling of Pixel Values 122 Applications: Spatial Data Accuracy and Quality 143
6.4.1 Resampling Methods 122 Task 1 Edit a Shapefile 143
Box 6.4 Computation for Bilinear Task 2 Use Cluster Tolerance to Fix Digitizing
Interpolation 123 Errors Between Two Shapefiles 144
6.4.2 Other Uses of Resampling 123 Task 3 Use Topology Rule to Fix Dangles 145
Box 6.5 Pyramiding in Image Processing 124 Task 4 Use Topology Rule to Ensure Two Polygon
Key Concepts and Terms 124 Layers Covering Each Other 147
Review Questions 124 Challenge Task 147
Applications: Geometric Transformation 125 References 148
Task 1 Georeference and Rectify a Scanned
Map 125
Task 2 Vectorize Raster Lines 126
CHAPTER 8
Task 3 Perform Image-to-Map Transformation 127
Challenge Task 129
Attribute Data Management 149
References 129 8.1 Attribute Data in GIS 150
8.1.1 Types of Attribute Tables 151
CHAPTER 7 8.1.2 Database Management 151
Box 8.1 Spatial Database Management
System 152
Spatial Data Accuracy and
Box 8.2 Selection of Numeric Data Type 152
Quality 130
8.1.3 Types of Attribute Data 152
7.1 Location Errors 131 Box 8.3 What Is BLOB? 153
7.1.1 Location Errors Using Secondary Data 8.2 The Relational Model 153
Sources 131 8.2.1 SSURGO: A Relational Database
7.1.2 Causes of Digitizing Errors 131 Example 155
7.1.3 Location Errors Using Primary Data 8.2.2 Normalization 155
Sources 132 8.2.3 Types of Relationships 157
7.2 Spatial Data Accuracy Standards 132 8.3 Joins, Relates, and Relationship Classes 160
7.3 Topological Errors 133 8.3.1 Joins 160
Box 7.1 National Standard for Spatial Data 8.3.2 Relates 160
Accuracy Statistic 133 8.3.3 Relationship Classes 160
7.3.1 Topological Errors with Spatial Features 134 8.4 Attribute Data Entry 161
7.3.2 Topological Errors between Layers 135 8.4.1 Field Definition 161
Box 7.2 Radius Topology 136 8.4.2 Methods of Data Entry 161
7.4 Topological Editing 136 8.4.3 Attribute Data Verification 161
7.4.1 Cluster Tolerance and Snapping 8.5 Manipulation of Fields and Attribute Data 162
Tolerance 136 8.5.1 Adding and Deleting Fields 162
Box 7.3 Cluster Tolerance 137 8.5.2 Classification of Attribute Data 162
7.4.2 Editing Using Map Topology 137 8.5.3 Computation of Attribute Data 162
7.4.3 Editing Using Topology Rules 137 Key Concepts and Terms 162
7.5 Nontopological Editing 138 Review Questions 163
7.5.1 Editing Existing Features 138 Applications: Attribute Data Management 164
7.5.2 Creating Features from Existing Features 139 Task 1 Use Validation Rule for Entering Attribute
7.6 Other Editing Operations 139 Data 164
7.6.1 Edgematching 139 Task 2 Join Tables 165
7.6.2 Line Simplification and Smoothing 140 Task 3 Relate Tables 165
Key Concepts and Terms 141 Task 4 Create New Attribute by Data
Review Questions 142 Classification 166
viii Contents

Task 5 Use Advanced Method for Attribute Data

Classification 166
Task 6 Create New Attribute by Data
CHAPTER 10
Computation 167 Data Exploration 201
Task 7 Create Relationship Class 167
Challenge Task 168 10.1 Data Exploration 202
References 168 Box 10.1 Data Visualization 202
10.1.1 Descriptive Statistics 202
Box 10.2 Descriptive Statistics 203
CHAPTER 9 10.1.2 Graphs 203
10.1.3 Dynamic Graphics 207
10.2 Map-Based Data Manipulation 207
Data Display and Cartography 170
10.2.1 Data Classification 207
9.1 Cartographic Representation 172 Box 10.3 Geovisualization and Geovisual
9.1.1 Spatial Features and Map Symbols 172 Analytics 208
9.1.2 Use of Color 173 10.2.2 Spatial Aggregation 208
Box 9.1 Choice of Map Symbols in Google My 10.2.3 Map Comparison 209
Maps 173 10.3 Attribute Data Query 210
9.1.3 Data Classification 174 10.3.1 SQL (Structured Query Language) 210
9.1.4 Generalization 175 Box 10.4 SQL for Attribute Data Query 210
9.2 Types of Quantitative Maps 176 10.3.2 Query Expressions 211
Box 9.2 Locating Dots on a Dot Map 178 10.3.3 Type of Operation 213
Box 9.3 Mapping Derived and Absolute 10.3.4 Examples of Query Operations 213
Values 178 10.3.5 Relational Database Query 214
9.3 Typography 179 10.4 Spatial Data Query 214
9.3.1 Type Variations 179 10.4.1 Feature Selection by Cursor 214
9.3.2 Selection of Type Variations 180 10.4.2 Feature Selection by Graphic 214
9.3.3 Placement of Text in the Map Body 181 10.4.3 Feature Selection by Spatial
Box 9.4 Options for Dynamic Labeling 181 Relationship 215
Box 9.5 Better Mapping Campaign 184 10.4.4 Combining Attribute and Spatial Data
9.4 Map Design 184 Queries 215
9.4.1 Layout 184 Box 10.5 Expressions of Spatial
9.4.2 Visual Hierarchy 185 Relationships 216
9.5 Animated Maps 188 10.4.5 Spatial Join 216
Box 9.6 Working with Soft-Copy Maps 189 10.5 Raster Data Query 216
9.6 Map Production 189 10.5.1 Query by Cell Value 217
Box 9.7 A Web Tool for Making Color 10.5.2 Query by Select Features 218
Maps 190 Key Concepts and Terms 218
Key Concepts and Terms 190 Review Questions 219
Review Questions 192 Applications: Data Exploration 220
Applications: Data Display and Cartography 192 Task 1 Select Features by Location 220
Task 1 Make a Choropleth Map 192 Task 2 Make Dynamic Chart 221
Task 2 Use Graduated Symbols, Line Symbols, Task 3 Query Attribute Data from a Joint Table 221
Highway Shield Symbols, and Text Task 4 Query Attribute Data from a Relational
Symbols 195 Database 222
Task 3 Label Streams 198 Task 5 Combine Spatial and Attribute Data
Challenge Task 199 Queries 223
References 199 Task 6 Perform Spatial Join 223
 Contents ix

Task 7 Query Raster Data 224

Challenge Task 224
References 225
CHAPTER 12
Raster Data Analysis 254
CHAPTER 11 12.1 Data Analysis Environment 255
12.2 Local Operations 255
Vector Data Analysis 226 Box 12.1 How to Make an Analysis Mask 255
11.1 Buffering 227 12.2.1 Local Operations with a Single Raster 256
11.1.1 Variations in Buffering 227 12.2.2 Reclassification 256
Box 11.1 Riparian Buffer Width 228 12.2.3 Local Operations with Multiple
11.1.2 Applications of Buffering 229 Rasters 256
Box 11.2 Buffer Zones for Analysis of Food 12.2.4 Applications of Local Operations 257
Deserts 230 Box 12.2 A Case Study of RUSLE 258
Box 11.3 Buffer Zones as Indicators of 12.3 Neighborhood Operations 259
Positional Accuracy 230 12.3.1 Neighborhood Statistics 259
11.2 Overlay 230 12.3.2 Applications of Neighborhood
11.2.1 Feature Type and Overlay 231 Operations 259
11.2.2 Overlay Methods 231 Box 12.3 More Examples of Neighborhood
11.2.3 Overlay and Data Format 232 Operations 261
Box 11.4 Difference between Overlay and 12.4 Zonal Operations 261
Spatial Join 233 12.4.1 Zonal Statistics 261
11.2.4 Slivers 233 12.4.2 Applications of Zonal Operations 262
11.2.5 Error Propagation in Overlay 234 Box 12.4 An Application of Zonal Operations 263
Box 11.5 Error Propagation Models 235 12.5 Physical Distance Measure Operations 263
11.2.6 Applications of Overlay 235 12.5.1 Allocation and Direction 264
11.3 Distance Measurement 236 12.5.2 Applications of Physical Distance Measure
11.4 Pattern Analysis 236 Operations 264
Box 11.6 Distance Measures for Assessing Box 12.5 Limitations of Physical Distance
Positional Accuracy 237 Measures 265
11.4.1 Analysis of Random and Nonrandom 12.6 Other Raster Data Operations 265
Patterns 237 12.6.1 Raster Data Management 265
11.4.2 Moran’s I for Measuring Spatial 12.6.2 Raster Data Extraction 266
Autocorrelation 238 12.6.3 Raster Data Generalization 266
11.4.3 G-Statistic for Measuring High/Low 12.7 Map Algebra 267
Clustering 240 12.8 Comparison of Vector- and Raster-Based Data
Box 11.7 Detection of Drug Hotspots 242 Analysis 267
11.4.4 Applications of Pattern Analysis 242 12.8.1 Overlay 267
11.5 Feature Manipulation 242 Box 12.6 A Case for Raster-Based Overlay 268
Key Concepts and Terms 244 12.8.2 Buffering 268
Review Questions 246 Key Concepts and Terms 269
Applications: Vector Data Analysis 246 Review Questions 269
Task 1 Perform Buffering and Overlay 246 Applications: Raster Data Analysis 270
Task 2 Overlay Multicomponent Polygons 248 Task 1 Perform a Local Operation 270
Task 3 Perform Areal Interpolation 248 Task 2 Perform a Combine Operation 270
Task 4 Compute General and Local G-Statistics 249 Task 3 Perform a Neighborhood Operation 271
Task 5 Perform Select and Clip 250 Task 4 Perform a Zonal Operation 271
Challenge Task 251 Task 5 Measure Physical Distances 271
References 251
x Contents

Task 6 Perform Extract by Attributes and by

Mask 272
Challenge Task 272
CHAPTER 14
References 273 Viewshed and Watershed
Analysis 297
CHAPTER 13 14.1 Viewshed Analysis 298
14.1.1 Line-of-Sight Operation 298
Terrain Mapping and Analysis 274 14.1.2 Raster-Based Viewshed Analysis 299
14.1.3 TIN-Based Viewshed Analysis 299
13.1 Data for Terrain Mapping and Analysis 275
14.1.4 Cumulative Viewshed 299
13.1.1 DEM 275
Box 14.1 An Application Example of Cumulative
13.1.2 TIN 275
Viewshed 300
13.2 Terrain Mapping 276
14.1.5 Accuracy of Viewshed Analysis 300
13.2.1 Contouring 276
14.2 Parameters of Viewshed Analysis 301
13.2.2 Vertical Profiling 277
Box 14.2 Tools for Selecting Viewpoints 301
13.2.3 Hill Shading 277
14.3 Applications of Viewshed Analysis 303
13.2.4 Hypsometric Tinting 278
14.4 Watershed Analysis 303
Box 13.1 The Pseudoscopic Effect 279
Box 14.3 HydroSHEDS 304
Box 13.2 A Worked Example of Computing
Box 14.4 Watershed Boundary Dataset
Relative Radiance 279
(WBD) 304
13.2.5 Perspective View 279
14.4.1 Filled DEM 305
13.3 Slope and Aspect 281
14.4.2 Flow Direction 305
13.3.1 Computing Algorithms for Slope and Aspect
14.4.3 Flow Accumulation 305
Using Raster 282
14.4.4 Stream Network 306
Box 13.3 Methods of Slope Measurement in the
14.4.5 Stream Links 306
Field 283
14.4.6 Areawide Watersheds 307
Box 13.4 Conversion of D to Aspect 284
14.4.7 Point-Based Watersheds 307
Box 13.5 A Worked Example of Computing
Box 14.5 Snapping Pour Points 308
Slope and Aspect Using Raster 285
14.5 Factors Influencing Watershed Analysis 309
13.3.2 Computing Algorithms for Slope and Aspect
14.5.1 DEM Resolution 309
Using TIN 285
14.5.2 Flow Direction 310
13.3.3 Factors Influencing Slope and Aspect
14.5.3 Flow Accumulation Threshold 311
Measures 285
14.6 Applications of Watershed Analysis 312
Box 13.6 A Worked Example of Computing
Key Concepts and Terms 313
Slope and Aspect Using TIN 286
Review Questions 313
13.4 Surface Curvature 287
Applications: Viewsheds and Watersheds 314
Box 13.7 A Worked Example of Computing
Task 1 Perform Viewshed Analysis 314
Surface Curvature 288
Task 2 Create a New Lookout Shapefile for
13.5 Raster Versus TIN 288
Viewshed Analysis 315
Key Concepts and Terms 289
Task 3 Delineate Areawide Watersheds 316
Review Questions 290
Task 4 Derive Upstream Contributing Areas at
Applications: Terrain Mapping and Analysis 291
Pour Points 317
Task 1 Use DEM for Terrain Mapping 291
Challenge Task 318
Task 2 Derive Slope, Aspect, and Curvature from
References 318
DEM 292
Task 3 Build and Display a TIN 294
Challenge Task 294
References 295
 Contents xi

CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 16
Spatial Interpolation 321 Geocoding and Dynamic
Segmentation 350
15.1 Elements of Spatial Interpolation 322
15.1.1 Control Points 322 16.1 Geocoding 351
15.1.2 Type of Spatial Interpolation 322 16.1.1 Geocoding Reference Database 351
15.2 Global Methods 323 16.1.2 The Address Matching Process 351
15.2.1 Trend Surface Models 323 Box 16.1 Positional Accuracy of Road Networks
Box 15.1 A Worked Example of Trend Surface in TIGER/Line Files 352
Analysis 324 Box 16.2 Map Reporter 352
15.2.2 Regression Models 325 16.1.3 Address Matching Options 354
15.3 Local Methods 325 16.1.4 Offset Plotting Options 354
15.3.1 Thiessen Polygons 326 Box 16.3 Scoring System for
15.3.2 Density Estimation 327 Geocoding 354
15.3.3 Inverse Distance Weighted 16.1.5 Quality of Geocoding 355
Interpolation 328 16.2 Variations of Geocoding 355
Box 15.2 A Worked Example of Kernel Density Box 16.4 Online Geocoding Services 356
Estimation 329 16.3 Applications of Geocoding 356
Box 15.3 A Worked Example of Inverse Distance 16.3.1 Location-Based Services 356
Weighted Estimation 329 16.3.2 Business Applications 357
15.3.4 Thin-Plate Splines 330 16.3.3 Wireless Emergency Services 357
Box 15.4 Radial Basis Functions 331 16.3.4 Crime Mapping and Analysis 357
15.4 Kriging 331 16.3.5 Public Health 357
Box 15.5 A Worked Example of Thin-Plate 16.4 Dynamic Segmentation 358
Splines with Tension 332 16.4.1 Routes 358
15.4.1 Semivariogram 332 16.4.2 Creating Routes 358
15.4.2 Models 334 Box 16.5 Route Feature Classes 358
15.4.3 Ordinary Kriging 335 16.4.3 Events 360
Box 15.6 A Worked Example of Ordinary 16.4.4 Creating Event Tables 360
Kriging Estimation 337 16.5 Applications of Dynamic Segmentation 362
15.4.4 Universal Kriging 337 16.5.1 Data Management 362
15.4.5 Other Kriging Methods 338 16.5.2 Data Display 362
Box 15.7 A Worked Example of Universal 16.5.3 Data Query 362
Kriging Estimation 339 16.5.4 Data Analysis 363
15.5 Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Key Concepts and Terms 363
Methods 340 Review Questions 364
Key Concepts and Terms 341 Applications: Geocoding and Dynamic
Review Questions 342 Segmentation 364
Applications: Spatial Interpolation 343 Task 1 Geocode Street Addresses 365
Task 1 Use Trend Surface Model for Interpolation 343 Task 2 Display and Query Routes and
Task 2 Compute Kernel Density Estimation 344 Events 366
Task 3 Use IDW for Interpolation 345 Task 3 Analyze Two Event Layers 366
Task 4 Use Ordinary Kriging for Interpolation 345 Task 4 Create a Stream Route and Analyze Slope
Task 5 Use Universal Kriging for Interpolation 347 Along the Route 367
Challenge Task 347 Task 5 Locate Cities Along an Interstate
References 348 Route 368
xii Contents

Task 6 Check the Quality of TIGER/Line Review Questions 388

Files 369 Applications: Path Analysis and Network
Challenge Task 369 Applications 388
References 369 Task 1 Compute the Least Accumulative Cost
Distance 388
Task 2 Compute the Path Distance 389

CHAPTER 17 Task 3 Run Shortest Path Analysis 390

Task 4 Build a Geodatabase Network Dataset 391
Task 5 Find Closest Facility 392
Least-Cost Path Analysis and Task 6 Find Service Area 393
Network Analysis 372 Challenge Task 393
References 394
17.1 Least-Cost Path Analysis 373
17.1.1 Source Raster 373
17.1.2 Cost Raster 373
Box 17.1 Cost Raster for a Site Analysis of
Pipelines 373
CHAPTER 18
17.1.3 Cost Distance Measures 374 GIS Models and Modeling 396
17.1.4 Deriving the Least Accumulative Cost
Path 374 18.1 Basic Elements of GIS Modeling 397
Box 17.2 Derivation of the Least Accumulative 18.1.1 Classification of GIS Models 397
Cost Path 376 18.1.2 The Modeling Process 398
17.1.5 Options for Least-Cost Path 18.1.3 The Role of GIS in Modeling 398
Analysis 377 Box 18.1 GIS and Location Modeling 399
17.2 Applications of Least-Cost Path 18.1.4 Integration of GIS and Other Modeling
Analysis 378 Programs 399
17.3 Network 378 18.2 Binary Models 399
17.3.1 Link and Link Impedance 378 18.2.1 Vector-Based Method 400
17.3.2 Junction and Turn Impedance 378 18.2.2 Raster-Based Method 400
17.3.3 Restrictions 379 18.2.3 Applications of Binary Models 401
17.4 Assembly of a Network 379 Box 18.2 The Conservation Reserve
17.4.1 Gathering Linear Features 379 Program 401
17.4.2 Editing and Building Network 379 18.3 Index Models 402
Box 17.3 Routing Network for Disabled 18.3.1 The Weighted Linear Combination
People 379 Method 402
Box 17.4 Network Dataset 380 18.3.2 Other Index Methods 403
17.4.3 Attributing the Network Features 380 18.3.3 Applications of the Index Model 406
17.5 Network Analysis 381 Box 18.3 The Land Evaluation and Site
17.5.1 Shortest Path Analysis 381 Assessment System 406
Box 17.5 Accessibility Analysis in Food Desert 18.4 Regression Models 407
Studies 383 18.4.1 Linear Regression Models 407
17.5.2 Traveling Salesman Problem 383 18.4.2 Local Regression Models 408
17.5.3 Vehicle Routing Problem 383 18.4.3 Logistic Regression Models 408
17.5.4 Closest Facility 383 18.5 Process Models 409
17.5.5 Allocation 384 18.5.1 Revised Universal Soil Loss
Box 17.6 Response Time to Fires 385 Equation 409
17.5.6 Location–Allocation 385 18.5.2 Critical Rainfall Model 410
Key Concepts and Terms 387 Key Concepts and Terms 411
 Contents xiii

Review Questions 411 Task 4 Build a Raster-Based Index Model 415

Applications: GIS Models and Modeling 412 Challenge Task 416
Task 1 Build a Vector-Based Binary Model 412 References 416
Task 2 Build a Raster-Based Binary Model 413
Task 3 Build a Vector-Based Index Model 414 Index 420
 Preface

About GIS and symbols to complete the map. To find the

shortest route for driving, we use an in-vehicle
A geographic information system (GIS) is a navigation system to get the directions. And, to
computer system for storing, managing, analyz- record places we have visited, we use geotagged
ing, and displaying geospatial data. Since the photographs. All of these activities involve the
1970s GIS has been important for professionals use of geospatial technology, even though we
in natural resource management, land use plan- may not be aware of it.
ning, natural hazards, transportation, health care, It is, however, easier to be GIS users than GIS
public services, market area analysis, and urban professionals. To become GIS professionals, we
planning. It has also become a necessary tool for must be familiar with the technology as well as
government agencies of all the levels for routine the basic concepts that drive the technology. Oth-
operations. More recent integration of GIS with erwise, it can easily lead to the misuse or misinter-
the Internet, GPS (global positioning systems), pretation of geospatial information. This book is
wireless technology, and Web service has found designed to provide students with a solid founda-
applications in location-based services, Web map- tion in GIS concepts and practice.
ping, in-vehicle navigation systems, collaborative
Web mapping, and volunteered geographic infor-
mation. It is therefore no surprise that, for the past Updates to the Eighth
several years, the U.S. Department of Labor has
listed geospatial technology as a high-growth in-
Edition
dustry. Geospatial technology centers on GIS and The eighth edition has 18 chapters. Chapters 1 to 4
uses GIS to integrate data from remote sensing, explain GIS concepts and vector and raster data
GPS, cartography, and surveying to produce use- models. Chapters 5 to 8 cover geospatial data ac-
ful geographic information. quisition, editing, and management. Chapters 9
Many of us, in fact, use geospatial technol- and 10 include data display and exploration. Chap-
ogy on a daily basis. To locate a restaurant, we ters 11 and 12 provide an overview of core data
go online, type the name of the restaurant, and analysis. Chapters 13 to 15 focus on surface map-
find it on a location map. To make a map for ping and analysis. Chapters 16 and 17 examine
a project, we go to Google Maps, locate a ref- linear features and movement. And Chapter 18
erence map, and superimpose our own contents presents GIS models and modeling. This book
xiv
 Preface xv

covers a large variety of GIS topics to meet the Credits

needs of students from different disciplines, and it
can be used in a first or second GIS course. Instruc- Data sets downloaded from the following websites
tors may follow the chapters in sequence. They are used for some tasks in this book:
may also reorganize the chapters to suit their course Montana GIS Data Clearinghouse
needs; as an example, geocoding in Chapter 16, http://nris.mt.gov/gis/
a topic familiar to most students, may be intro-
Northern California Earthquake Data
duced early as an application of GIS.
http://quake.geo.berkeley.edu/
In this edition, I have revised Chapters 4, 5, 7,
and 17 extensively. The revision of Chapter 4 has University of Idaho Library
focused on new geospatial data such as very high http://inside.uidaho.edu
resolution satellite images, LiDAR data, and land Washington State Department of Transportation
cover images. In Chapter 5, I have updated the GIS Data
geoportals in the United States and downloadable http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/
GIS data at the global scale. Spatial data editing in geodatacatalog/default.htm
Chapter 7 and network analysis in Chapter 17 have
Wyoming Geospatial Hub
been revised to be closely linked to the shapefile
http://geospatialhub.org/
and geodatabase. The eighth edition has included a
number of new topics: land cover images in Chap-
ter 4, spatial join in Chapter 10, areal interpolation
in Chapter 11, and line-of-sight operation in Chap-
ter 14. Six new tables, 16 new boxes, and nine new
Acknowledgments
figures have also been added. I would like to thank the following reviewers who
This eighth edition continues to emphasize the provided many helpful comments on the seventh
practice of GIS. Each chapter has problem-solving edition:
tasks in the applications section, complete with
Elizabeth M. Walton
datasets and instructions. The number of tasks to-
University of South Florida
tals 82, with two to seven tasks in each chapter.
The instructions for performing the tasks corre- Richard Smith
late to ArcGIS 10.2.2. All tasks in this edition use Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi
ArcGIS for Desktop and its extensions of Spatial Myrna Hall
Analyst, 3-D Analyst, Geostatistical Analyst, Net- Emerita, State University of New York College
work Analyst, and ArcScan. Additionally, a chal- of Environmental Science and Forestry
lenge task is found at the end of each applications
Wei Tu
section, challenging students to complete the task
Georgia Southern University
without given instructions.
The eighth edition retains task-related ques- Sean Cannon
tions and review questions, which have proved to Brigham Young University-Idaho
be useful to readers of the earlier editions. Finally, Jun Liang
references and websites have been updated in this University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
edition.
Skye Cooley
The website for the eighth edition, located at
Boise State University
www.mhhe.com/changgis8e, contains a password-
protected instructor’s manual. Contact your McGraw- John Rodgers
Hill sales representative for a user ID and password. Mississippi State University
xvi Preface

I have read their reviews carefully and at McGraw-Hill for their guidance and assistance
incorporated many comments into the revision. during various stages of this project. This book is
Of course, I take full responsibility for the book. dedicated to Gary and Mark.
I wish to thank Michelle Vogler, Matt Garcia, Kang-tsung Chang
Melissa Leick, Tammy Ben, and Sue Culbertson
 1
Introduction

C HAPTER O UTLINE

1.1 GIS 1.4 Integration of Desktop GIS, Web GIS, and

1.2 Elements of GIS Mobile Technology
1.3 Applications of GIS 1.5 Organization of This Book
1.6 Concepts and Practice

A geographic information system (GIS) is a temporary shelters. GIS was also linked with so-
computer system for capturing, storing, querying, cial media such as Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr
analyzing, and displaying geospatial data. One of so that people could follow events in near real time
many applications of GIS is disaster management. and view map overlay of streets, satellite imagery,
On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earth- and topography. In September 2011, the Univer-
quake struck off the east coast of Japan, registering sity of Tokyo organized a special session on GIS
as the most powerful earthquake to hit Japan on re- and Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in
cord. The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami the Spatial Thinking and GIS international confer-
waves that reportedly reached heights of up to ence for sharing information on the role of GIS in
40 meters and travelled up to 10 kilometers inland. managing such a disaster.
In the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami, Hurricane Irene formed over the warm wa-
GIS played an important role in helping respond- ter of the Caribbean on August 21, 2011, and in
ers and emergency managers to conduct rescue the following week, it moved along a path through
operations, map severely damaged areas and in- the United States East Coast and as far north as
frastructure, prioritize medical needs, and locate Atlantic Canada. Unlike the Great East Japan
1
2 Chapter 1 Introduction

Earthquake, which happened so quickly, Hurricane technology, which covers a number of fields in-
Irene allowed government agencies and organiza- cluding remote sensing, cartography, surveying,
tions to develop GIS data sets, applications, and and photogrammetry. As of June 2014, geospatial
analysis before it arrived in their areas. Online hur- technology is one of the 13 sectors listed by the
ricane trackers were set up by news media such U.S. Department of Labor in its High Growth Job
as MSNBC and CNN, as well as by companies Training Initiative (http://www.doleta.gov/brg/
such as Esri and Yahoo. And GIS data resources jobtraininitiative/). These sectors are projected to
were provided by the National Oceanic and At- add substantial numbers of new jobs to the econ-
mospheric Administration (NOAA) on forecast omy, or they are businesses being transformed by
track, wind field, wind speed, and storm surge, and technology and innovation and requiring new skills
by the Federal Emergency Management Agency sets for workers.
(FEMA) on disaster response and recovery efforts.
Although severe flooding was reported in upstate
New York and Vermont, the preparation helped
1.1 GIS
reduce the extent of damage by Hurricane Irene. Geospatial data describe both the locations and
For both the Great East Japan Earthquake and characteristics of spatial features. To describe a road,
Hurricane Irene, GIS played an essential role in for example, we refer to its location (i.e., where it
integrating data from different sources to provide is) and its characteristics (e.g., length, name, speed
geographic information that proved to be critical limit, and direction), as shown in Figure 1.1. The
for relief operations. GIS is the core of geospatial ability of a GIS to handle and process geospatial data
268000 269000 270000 271000 272000 273000

632000 632000

631000 631000

End point 1: 272,316.30,

628,553.39
630000 630000 End point 2: 273,068.47,
628,535.38
Length: 755 meters
Name: State Hwy. 8
629000 629000 Speed limit: 35 miles/hr.
Direction: two-way

628000 628000

627000 627000

268000 269000 270000 271000 272000 273000

Figure 1.1
An example of geospatial data. The street network is based on a plane coordinate system. The box on the right lists
the x- and y-coordinates of the end points and other attributes of a street segment.
 Chapter 1 Introduction 3

distinguishes GIS from other information systems in the early 1960s for storing, manipulating, and an-
and allows GIS to be used for integration of geo- alyzing data collected for the Canada Land Inven-
spatial data and other data. It also establishes GIS as tory (Tomlinson 1984). In 1964, Fisher founded the
a high-growth sector according to the U.S. Depart- Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics, where
ment of Labor. several well-known computer programs of the past
such as SYMAP, SYMVU, GRID, and ODESSEY
were developed and distributed throughout the 1970s
1.1.1 Components of a GIS (Chrisman 1988). These earlier programs were run on
Similar to other information technologies, a GIS mainframes and minicomputers, and maps were made
requires the following components besides geo- on line printers and pen plotters. In the United King-
spatial data: dom, computer mapping and spatial analysis were
• Hardware. GIS hardware includes computers also introduced at the University of Edinburgh and
for data processing, data storage, and input/ the Experimental Cartography Unit (Coppock 1988;
output; printers and plotters for reports and Rhind 1988). Two other events must also be noted
hard-copy maps; digitizers and scanners for about the early development of GIS: publication of Ian
digitization of spatial data; and GPS and McHarg’s Design with Nature and its inclusion of the
mobile devices for fieldwork. map overlay method for suitability analysis (McHarg
• Software. GIS software, either commercial 1969), and introduction of an urban street network
or open source, includes programs and ap- with topology in the U.S. Census Bureau’s DIME
plications to be executed by a computer for (Dual Independent Map Encoding) system (Broome
data management, data analysis, data display, and Meixler 1990).
and other tasks. Additional applications, writ- The flourishing of GIS activities in the 1980s
ten in C++, Visual Basic, or Python, may be was in large part prompted by the introduction of
used in GIS for specific data analyses. Com- personal computers such as IBM PC and graphi-
mon user interfaces to these programs and cal user interface such as Microsoft Windows.
applications are menus, icons, and command Unlike mainframes and minicomputers, PC’s
lines, using an operating system of Windows, equipped with graphical user interface were more
Mac, or Linux. user friendly, thus broadening the range of GIS
• People. GIS professionals define the purpose applications and bringing GIS to mainstream use
and objectives for using GIS, and interpret in the 1990s. Also in the 1980s, commercial and
and present the results. free GIS packages appeared in the market. Envi-
• Organization. GIS operations exist within an ronmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (Esri)
organizational environment; therefore, they released ARC/INFO, which combined spatial fea-
must be integrated into the culture and tures of points, lines, and polygons with a data-
decision-making processes of the organiza- base management system for linking attributes to
tion for such matters as the role and value these features. Partnered with Intergraph, Bentley
of GIS, GIS training, data collection and Systems developed Microstation, a CAD software
dissemination, and data standards. product. Other GIS packages developed during the
1980s include GRASS, MapInfo, TransCAD, and
Smallworld.
1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS As GIS continually evolves, two trends have
The origins of GIS in its present form lie in the ap- emerged in recent years. One, as the core of geo-
plication of rapidly developing computing tools, spatial technology, GIS has increasingly been inte-
especially computer graphics in a variety of fields grated with other geospatial data such as satellite
such as urban planning, land management, and images and GPS data. Two, GIS has been linked
geocoding in the 1960s and 1970s. The first opera- with Web services, mobile technology, social me-
tional GIS is reported to be developed by Tomlinson dia, and cloud computing.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
35. «Portò nel sotterraneo i polli, quegli che per tale officio dicesi appunto
pullario.»

36. Varie iscrizioni lo attestano. Grutero riferisce sotto il n. 557, 6, la

seguente. M. Pompejo, M. F. Ani. Aspro, 7 Leg. XV Apollinaris Alimetus
Lib. pullarius fecit. E Muratori sotto il n. 788, 4, la seguente: L. Avillius L.
F. Asperinus pullarius Leg. VI Claudiæ.

37. «Non aver egli abbastanza atteso, per avviso de’ pullarii, agli auspicii.»

38.

Lega le curve mura una corona

Fortificata.

39. Lib. III, 7. «Con duplice corona di fanti circondano la città e pongono una
terza fila di cavalleria esternamente.»

40. De Architect. lib. X, c. 15.

41. Lib. 20. «In questa persuasione il soldato percuoteva con l’asta lo
scudo, facendo grande strepito, quasi un sol uomo approvava i detti ed i
fatti.»

42. In Grecia questo inno sacro del trionfo appellavasi θρίαμβος. Diodoro
Sic. IV, 5.

43. Virgil. Æneid. 6. 670.

44. De laudib. Stilic. III. Così traduco:

Degli antichi nel campo era costume

Cinger di quercia glorïosa il fronte
Del valoroso che fugato avesse
Il suo nemico e un cittadin caduto
Sottratto avesse a inevitabil morte.

45. Silius Italicus, Lib. XIII:

Abbi l’onore, o vincitor, cingendo

Le tempia tue della mural turrita
Corona.

46. Elegia, Lib. I, 153:

 A te, Messala, e sovra il mare e in terra
Pugnar s’addice, onde le spoglie mostri
La casa tua dei debellati in guerra.

47. Plutarco in Marcello.

48. Trist. IV. 11, 20:

Leggerà dunque ne’ trionfi il popolo

I vinti capitan, le città prese.
Tr. di P. Mistrorigo.

49. Idem, ibid.:

Vedrà carchi di ferri i re precedere

A’ destrier coronati e baldanzosi.

50. Tibullo, Lib. 1. Eleg. 8:

. . . . lo porterà l’eburneo cocchio

E gli aggiogati candidi cavalli.

51.

E mentre tu, vivi! Trionfa! esclami;

Tutti ripeterem: Trionfa! Vivi!
E arderemo odorosi timiami
A fausti Divi.
Lib. IV. 2, Trad. Gargallo.

52. «A te, o Giove Ottimo Massimo, e a te Giunone regina, e a voi dii tutti
custodi e abitatori di questa rocca, volonteroso e lieto io rendo grazie, e
supplichevole, prego perchè, salva meco in questo giorno per le mie
mani la Romana Repubblica e ben sostenuta, abbiate a conservarla
eguale, siccome fate, a favorirla e proteggerla benigni.» Rosini. Antiqu.
Rom. Lib. X. Cap. XXIX.

53. Cicero. In Verrem.

54. Lib. 2. c. 8.

55. «Sancirono i nostri maggiori pertanto che dove un reato militare si fosse
da molti commesso, si dovesse castigare a sorte in alcuni, acciò il
timore a tutti, la pena a pochi toccasse.» Orat. pro Cluentio.
56. «Il tribuno prendendo la bacchetta, lievemente toccava il condannato.
Allora quanti trovavansi nel campo, chi con bastoni, chi con sassi lo
uccidevano.»

57. Vitruv. VI, 7, 5. A. Gell. XVI, 5.

58.

Il vestibolo ancora è per mia idea

Detto da Vesta: invochiam lei venuti
Quivi, che i primi tien luoghi tal Dea.
Fastorum, Lib. VI. Trad. G. B. Bianchi.

59. «Parato prega sia fatto Pansa edile.» Altri invece tradussero: Parato
invoca Pansa edile. Colla prima versione ch’io pongo potrebbe
rovesciarsi la supposizione generalmente fatta colla seconda, che, cioè,
la casa appartenesse a Pansa, e farla ritenere invece, come vorrebbe
Marc Monnier, di Parato, perchè non sarebbe credibile allora che Parato
siasi recato a esprimere il proprio voto precisamente sull’uscio di Pansa:
questi almeno per pudore non lo avrebbe permesso. Ma l’opinione di
Monnier sarebbe tolta, se fosse vero ciò che qualche archeologo
sostenne che Paratus fosse sinonimo di institor o dispensator, dello
schiavo, cioè, incaricato della vendita delle derrate del padrone. Non
saprei in tal caso con quale autorità di scrittura antica avvalorare
quest’ultima pretesa.

60. «Fabio Euporio capo de’ liberti, invoca l’edile Cuspio Pansa.» Pomp.
Antiq. Hist. 1. 109.

61.

Già mi fan da padroni i miei vicini,

E quanto in casa mia si fa, per entro
Dell’impluvio mi guardano.
Att. II. ist. 2.

62.

E questa Dea, che chiamiam Vesta, credi

Esser null’altro che la fiamma viva.
Fast. Lib. VI, 291. Tr. G. B. Bianchi.

63.

Non han Vesta, nè il foco effigie alcuna.

 Id. Ibid. v. 298.

64.

«Ha più vigore il rinnovato foco.»

v. 143.

65.

O, disse, infelicissimo consorte,

Qual dira mente, o qual follia ti spinge
A vestir di quest’armi? Ove t’avventi
Misero? Tal soccorso e tal difesa
Non è d’uopo a tal tempo: non s’appresso
Ti fosse anche Ettor mio. Con noi piuttosto
Rimanti qui. Che questo santo altare
Salverà tutti: o morrem tutti insieme.
Lib. II, 523-528. Tr. Caro.

66. In Æneid. Lib. III, 134. Vedi Æneid. IX, 259 e V. 744.

67. «Ciascuno faccia i sagrificj secondo il proprio rito.» — De Lingua Latina,

VII, 88.

68.

... Non più ci vuol di tanto

A far che Trebio e rompa il sonno, e corra
Con le corregge penzolon, temendo
Che al baglior delle stelle, o sin da l’ora
Che dal pigro Boote il freddo plaustro
Ricircolando volgasi, l’intera
Salutatrice turba abbia già tutto
Del salve mattutin l’orbe compiuto.
Sat. V. 19-23. Tr. Gargallo.

69. Lib. VII, 23.

70. «Acciò un luogo più recondito non desse adito alla licenza».

71. Satyricon XXVIII: «Questi, disse, è Menelao, presso il quale appoggiate

il gomito.»

72. Adelph. Att. II. sc. 5:

 Stender per noi comanda i letticciuoli
Ed apprestar ogn’altra cosa.

73. Epist. Lib. I. X. 22:

Pur tra recinto di colonne fassi

Fronteggiar bosco, e lodasi magione,
Che a l’occhio apre di campi ampio prospetto.
Trad. Gargallo.

74. «Dinnanzi al crittoportico c’è un sisto olezzante di viole. Il calore del sol
che vi batte è accresciuto dal riflesso del crittoportico, il quale come
mantiene il sole, così vi scaccia e mantiene i venti boreali; e quanto è il
caldo che si ha sul davanti, tanto è il fresco che si gode di dietro. Esso
arresta del pari i venti australi, e così rompe e doma i venti più opposti,
gli uni da un lato, gli altri dall’altro. Ameno nel verno, lo è ancor più nella
state. Poichè prima del mezzogiorno, il sisto, dopo di esso lo stradon
gestatorio e la vicina parte dell’orto sono confortati dalla sua ombra, la
quale, secondo che cala o cresce il giorno, qua e là cade or più corta, or
più lunga. Lo stesso crittoportico non è mai tanto privo del sole, quanto
allora, che il più cocente raggio di esso cade a piombo sovra il suo
colmo. Oltre a ciò per le aperte finestre vi entrano e giuocano i zefiri; nè
il luogo è mai molesto per un’aria chiusa e stagnante.» Epist. Lib. II. 17.
Trad. Paravia.

75. Liv. XXXIX. 14.

76. Vol. secondo. Puntata 18.ª, pag. 347.

77. «A Marco Lucrezio Flamine di Marte, Decurione in Pompei.»

78. È ben inteso che qui si parla del diritto più antico: in seguito queste leggi
si vennero modificando ed erano già da tempo mutate quando a Pompei
toccò l’estrema rovina.

79. Fustel de Coulanges: La Cité Antique, Liv. II, ch. 1.

80. Vedi Aulo Gellio IV, 3, Valerio Massimo II, 1, 4, e Dionigi d’Alicarnasso II,
25.

81. Governo degli Spartani.

82. In Solone, 20.

83. Cantù. Stor. degli Italiani. Vol. I. Cap. XXIII.

84. Liv. II, La Famille, Chap. II, Le Mariage, Pag. 43. Paris. Librairie
Hachette e C. 1872, 4.me edit.

85. Lib. III, 3, 38.

86. Questioni Romane, 50.

87. Notti Attiche.

88.

Niun merito è dunque, o misleale,

Nïuno, o ingrato, che da me ti nasca
O bimba, o figliuolin? La gioja intanto
De l’educar, e imprimer su’ registri
Le prove d’uom prolificante, è tua.
L’uscio inghirlanda, sei papà; ti ho dato
Incontro a’ detrattor scudo e cimiero.
Di padre i dritti hai già; se’ scritto erede
Per me: d’ogni legato or se’ capace,
E di fiscal caducità ti ridi.
Beni ancor giungerai molt’altri a questo,
Di tre se arrivo il novero a fornirti.
Sat. IX, v. 82-90. — Tr. Gargallo.

89. Lib. II, epig. 92.

90. Epistolar. C. Plinii Cæcilii Secundi. Lib. X. ep. XCVI. Ediz. Venezia, Tip.
Antonelli.

91. «Fu consuetudine presso gli antichi che colui il quale passasse in altra
famiglia, avesse prima ad abdicare a quella nella quale era nato.» Ad
Æneid. 11. 156.

92. Perdita delle cose sacre.

93. Detestazione delle cose sacre. XV. 27.

94. Top. 6.

95. De Legibus, 11, 8.

96. Id., ibid. 11.

97. Sat. V, 289 e segg.

 — Olà! quel servo in croce. — E per qual fallo?
Chi accusa? chi testifica? Rifletti;
Non tardasi mai troppo, ove si tratti
Della morte d’un uomo. — È uomo un servo?
Sciocco! È innocente? E sia; io così voglio,
Così comando; il mio volere è legge.
Trad. Gargallo.

98. De Re Rustica. XII. 1. 2.

99. «L’ingiuria fatta anche allo schiavo non si deve dal Pretore lasciare
inulta.»

100. Lib. VI, 39:

.... che la testa ha aguzza e in moto

Tien sempre i lunghi orecchi al par d’un asino.
Trad. Magenta.

101. De Clementia I, 24.

102. Milano. E. Daelli e C. 1863 nella Biblioteca Rara.

103. Oraz. Sat. 11. 6. 66; Ovid. Fast. 11. 631; Petronio, Satyricon, 60.

104.

«Quest’opera non fe’ barbaro artiere

Mangiator di polenta.»
Plaut. Mostellaria. Act. 3, sc. 2 v. 14º.

105. Sat. II, 5, 79. Non raccapezzandomi sulla versione del Gargallo, mi
provo io:

Parca nel regalar, della cucina,

Assai più che di Venere, curante
La gioventù si mostra.

106. Od. XIV. Lib. II. Ad Posthumum.

«L’erede tuo que’ cecubi

Dissiperà più saggio,
Che cento chiavi or serbano
Del sole ignoti al raggio.
Tal vin facendo scorrere
 Pe’ pavimenti alteri,
Cui non spumeggi il simile
Ne’ salici bicchieri.»
Trad. Gargallo.

Orazio dice nelle cene dei Pontefici; Gargallo vi sostituisce i salici

bicchieri. Il lettore s’avvede tosto che il traduttore ha mutato il pensiero
del poeta, e la citazione, nella traduzione, non farebbe al mio caso. I
Salii erano i dodici sacerdoti di Marte che custodivan gli ancili o scudi
sacri, mentre i Pontefici eran bensì sacerdoti, ma sopraintendevan alla
religione dello stato e alle cerimonie di essa.

107. Od. XXXVIII. Lib. I. Ad Sodales.

«.... compagni a Divi

Con saliari — cibi festivi
I pulvinari — tempo è d’ornar.»

108. «Son citaredi a’ pulvinari degli Dei ed a’ banchetti de’ magistrati.»

109. «Cesare dittatore nella cena del suo trionfo, distribuì anfore di vin
Falerno nel banchetto e cadi di Chio. Lo stesso nel trionfo ispanico
largheggiò Chio e Falerno. Al convito poi del suo terzo consolato diè vin
Falerno, Chio, Lesbio e Mamertino.»

110.

Qui i Romulei magnati e i trabeati

Cesare volle colle mille schiere
Che sedessero insieme a laute mense.

111.

. . . . i cibi apprestansi
Alla tua mensa in aurei piatti accolti.
Trad. Magenta.

112.

«Se i ricchi nappi onde l’Egitto abbella

I conviti di Roma, o quei che tinge
Partico fuoco d’iride sì bella.»
Lib. IV. Eleg. V. Trad. Vismara.
113. «Così crebbe il numero de’ versatili soffitti delle cene, che d’un tratto
l’uno appresso all’altro succeda e si mutino tanti quante sieno le
portate.»

114.

Frugan costor per gli elementi tutti

Come appagar la gola; nè al capriccio
Mai d’ostacolo è il prezzo.
Tr. Gargallo.

115.

A un pranzo u’ niun (temendone

L’ugne) il mantil recò;
Via la tovaglia Ermogene portò.
Ep. Lib. XII, 29. Trad. Magenta.

116. Æneid., lib. I, 703. — Il Caro poco fedelmente traduce:

. . . . Con Cerere a le mense

Gli aurati vasi e i nitidi canestri,
E i bianchissimi lini eran comparsi.

Avremmo avuto meglio serbato il costume d’allora se avesse tradotto:

Distribuiscon da’ canestri il pane

E recan le tovaglie, a cui fur rasi
I velli,

e avremmo appreso che le tovaglie potevan essere di pelli levigate; ma i

traduttori soglion mirare più all’eleganza che alla precisione. Eppure,
volgarizzando dall’antico, non si dovrebbe mai perdere di vista il
concetto storico, pel quale anche i poemi diventano documenti di storia
importanti. Giova il ripeterlo.

117.

Piccanti rape e rafani e lattuche

Gli fean corona: intingoli che stuzzicano
Lo stomaco impigrito. Eranvi acciughe,
Carote ed acquerello di vin coo.
Serm. VIII. Lib. 2. Trad. Gargallo.
118. «Nè riporre speranza nell’antipasto, perocchè tutto ora ho soppresso:
mentre per lo addietro soleva deliziarmi d’olive e delle tue salsiccie.»

119. Lucano vi allude nel verso:

Quippe bibunt tenera dulces ab arundine succos.

Però che bevan gli Indi

Della tenera canna i dolci succhi;

e Domiziano di queste canne di zuccaro ne fe’ gitto alla moltitudine fra

tante altre squisite cose.

120. Tre furono gli Apicii e tutti celebri per la loro ghiottornia. Il primo visse al
tempo di Silla; il secondo sotto l’impero di Augusto e Tiberio e fu il più
famoso e venne celebrato da Giovenale, da Seneca e da Plinio; il terzo
sotto Trajano e rinomato inventore del marinar le ostriche, delle quali
mandava all’imperatore desideratissime giare, quando quest’ultimo
trovavasi a guerreggiare tra i Parti. Tanto impose l’abilità degli Apicj, che
i cuochi si divisero persino in Apicj ed Antiapicj, come trovasi
menzionato in Plinio il Giovane.

121.

D’Esopo il figlio insigne margherita,

Già di Metella da l’orecchio svelta,
In aceto stemprò, mille migliaja
Per bere di sesterzj in pochi sorsi.
Satira III. Lib. II. Trad. Gargallo.

122. «Sorbiva preziosissime perle liquefatte coll’aceto.»

123. «Nè bevon meno e coll’olio e col vino sfidano le forze, e giù cacciatili
nelle svogliate viscere, lo rimettono per la bocca e rigettan col vomito
tutto il vino.»

124. Negli archi, volgarmente detti Portoni di Porta Nuova di Milano,

recentemente raffazzonati, veggonsi tuttavia incastrate due teste antiche
con iscrizioni che leggonsi: Quintus Novellius Lucii filius Vatia sevir
quæstor, Cajo Novellio Lucio filii Rufo fratri, che ricordano adunque la
famiglia Novellio, cui appartenne quel gran beone.

125. Vedi nel I. vol. alle misure dei liquidi: il congio conteneva sei sextarii.

126.
 Mai col mantile Ermogene
A cena non andò;
Da cena col mantil sempre tornò.
Ep. Lib. XII. 29. Trad. Magenta.

127. De Arte Amandi. Lib. III, v. 207-212.

Quindi riparo alla figura offesa

Cercate, che non è per gli usi vostri
Inefficace l’arte mia. L’amante
Non miri apertamente i vasi esposti
Che l’arte ascosa giova alla beltade.
A chi non piaceria mirar sul volto
Stendere quella feccia, e lentamente
Cader pel peso suo nel caldo seno?
Trad. di Cristoforo Bocella.

128. Idem, Ibidem, v. 229.

Molte cose ignorar gli uomini denno,

Di cui gli offendon molte, se non copri
Ciò che fa d’uopo di tener celato.
Idem, Ibidem.

129.

Fa che pensar possiam che dormi allora

Che tu ti adorni.
Idem, Ibidem, v. 225.

130. Ciniflones eran gli schiavi incaricati di tingere i capelli soffiandovi sopra
determinate polveri, cinerarii quelli che riscaldavan nelle ceneri i
calamistri o ferri da arricciare: calamistri appellavansi anche gli schiavi
che usavano di quel ferro per arricciare; psecas finalmente le schiave
che profumavano i capelli e li ungevano d’olj odorosi.

131. Idem, Ibidem, 163-166.

Con le Germanich’erbe asconder puote

La donna la canizie, e può con l’arte
Miglior del vero altro cercar colore.
Vanne la donna con la chioma folta
Per i compri capelli, e col denaro,
In mancanza de’ suoi, compra gli altrui.
 Idem, Ibidem.

132. Discerniculum era il pettine che si usava per far la divisa dei capelli sin
giù alla fronte.

133. Ex Ponto, III: 3, 51:

Io la scrissi per quelle, a cui l’onesta

Chioma non è dentro la benda inserta,
Nè lunga giunge infino al piè la vesta.
Trad. di G. B. Bianchi.

134. Lib. I, v. 31:

Gite lungi, o Vestali, e voi matrone,

Che i piè celate sotto lunga veste.
Trad. Cristoforo Bocella.

135.

Epid. Come leggiadramente era vestita

E dorata e fregiata! e che eleganza!
Qual novità!
Perif. Di che mai si vestiva?
Forse della regilla o di mendicula
Impluvïata, come queste danno
Nome alle loro vestimenta?
Epid. Come,
Va d’impluvio vestita?
Perif. E maraviglia
Questo ti fa? E non van molte intorno
Di terre adorne?

136. Epidicus, act. 2, sc. 2, v. 45-50.

Nuovi nomi al vestir trovano ogn’anno:

E la tonaca valla e quella spessa,
E il linteolo cesicio e l’indusiata,
La patagiata, callula, crocotula,
Il suppar, la summinia, oppur la rica,
L’esotico, il basilico, il cumatile,
Il melino, il piumatile o il cerino
E dal cane perfin tolgono il nome
A prestanza.
 Epid. E qual mai?
Perif. Quel di laconico. [137]

137. Infatti v’eran certi cani detti Lacones o Laconici, come ce lo apprende
Orazio nell’Ode 6 degli Epodi:

Nam qualis aut Molossum aut fulvus Lacon.

Era la laconica un genere di veste assai succinta. Lo stesso Orazio

rammenta la Laconicas purpuras, 2, Od. 18.

138. Sat. V, v. 30:

Ratto che paventoso abbandonai

La custode pretesta, ed ai succinti
Lari la borchia puëril sacrai.
Tr. Vinc. Monti.

139.

Certamente è codesta effeminata

Moda il portar la tonaca dimessa.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vergogna a te, e femmina ti dico.
Pœnulus, Act V. Sc. V.

140. De Re Rustica 3, 13: «Quando mi trovava presso Ortensio nel territorio

di Laurento, comandò venisse Orfeo, il quale essendosi presentato in
lunga ruba (stola) e colla cetera, ed avendo ricevuto l’ordine di cantare,
sonò la tromba, al cui suono fummo tosto circondati da sì grande
quantità di cervi, di cinghiali e di altri quadrupedi, che tale spettacolo non
mi parve men bello di quello che danno gli Edili nel grande circo, quando
si fanno le cacce, ma senza pantere.»

141. «I Campani gente molle e libidinosa.» Trinummus, Act. II, sc. 4, v. 144.

142. Satira VI, v. 130.

143. Carmen XVI. Ad Aurelium et Furium. Traduco:

Che il costume del poeta

Sia pudico, a voi sol basti;
Ma i suoi versi nessun vieta
Ch’esser possano men casti.
144. V. 1 e 2. Thomas Moore, lavorò su di tale credenza, un leggiadrissimo
poemetto Gli Amori degli Angeli, che il cavaliere Andrea Maffei recò in
versi italiani.

145. Profezia di Osea. Capo 1 e 2: «Va prendi per moglie una peccatrice, e
fatti dei figliuoli della peccatrice.» Traduzione di Monsignor Antonio
Martini, del quale non è inopportuno riferire il commento: «Con questo
straordinario comando fatto al santo Profeta di sposare una sordida
donna, la quale era stata di scandalo nella precedente sua vita, il
Signore prova ed esercita la pazienza e la ubbidienza di Osea e
provvede alla salute spirituale di questa donna, e principalmente
indirizza questo fatto profetico a rinfacciare a tutta Samaria il suo
obbrobrio, ecc.» Non c’è più nulla a dire!

146. Osea. Cap. III. V. 1, 2: «Or il Signore mi disse.: Va ancora ed ama una
donna amata dall’amico e adultera.... ed io me la cavai per quindici
monete d’argento e un coro di orzo e mezzo coro di grano.» Trad.
Martini, il quale, non si sgomenta punto del fodi eam e commenta che:
per ritrarla dalla sua cattiva vita le dà il profeta quindici sicli d’argento ed
il resto. E soggiunge: «Questa non è la dote con cui egli si comperi
costei per sua moglie perocchè egli non la sposò, ma tutto questo si
crede dato a colei pel vitto di un anno, e tutto questo messo insieme è sì
poca cosa, che dimostra la vile condizione di essa e l’orzo serviva pel
pane delle persone più meschine.»

147. Così Apulejo fa parlare la Dea stessa: «Io sono la natura, madre di tutte
le cose, padrona degli elementi, principio dei secoli, sovrana degli Dei
Mani, la prima delle nature celesti, la faccia uniforme degli Dei e delle
Dee. Io son quella che governa la luminosa sublimità dei cieli, i salutari
venti dei mari, e il cupo e lugubre silenzio dell’inferno. La mia divinità
unica, ma multiforme, viene onorata con varie cerimonie e sotto
differenti nomi. I Fenici mi chiamano la Pessinunzia, madre degli Dei;
quelli di Creta, Diana Dittina; i Siciliani, Proserpina Igia; gli Eleusini,
l’antica Cerere; altri Giunone, altri Bellona, ed alcuni Ecate. Evvi ancora
chi mi chiama Ranunsia; ma gli Egizii mi onorano con cerimonie che mi
sono proprie, e mi chiamano col mio vero nome, la regina Iside.»

148. Trattato del Sublime. Sezione X. pag. 25. Edizione Mil. 1822. Soc. Tip.
de’ Classici Italiani.

149.

Te mal tuo grado scuotere,

Buon Bassareo, non vo’,
 Nè ciò che i sacri pampini
Celano, al dì trarrò.
Il frigio corno, e i timpani
Deh! frena, il cui fier eco
In noi di noi medesimi
Desta amor folle e cieco;
E con tropp’arduo vertice
Ne segue Orgoglio il metro
E sè di arcani prodiga,
Lucida più del vetro.
Trad. Gargallo.

150.

LA VEGLIA DI VENERE

Inno

Chi non provò mai palpito

Finor d’affetto in core,
Doman lo dee dischiudere
Al più fervente amore.
Giunta è la primavera:
Cantiam, che s’apre intera.
In primavera a esistere
Incominciato ha il mondo:
Gli Amori ora s’accordano
In nodo più giocondo;
Melodïosi e belli
S’accoppiano gli augelli.
Dalle carezze, l’albero,
Delle pioggie feconde
Tutto dispiega il nobile
Onor delle sue fronde,
E degli Amor la Madre,
In fra l’ombre leggiadre
De’ bei boschetti splendere
Doman vedrem più bella
Intrecciar i tugurii
Di rami di mortella
E dal suo letto altero
Dione avrà l’impero [151].

CORO
Chi non provò mai palpito
Finor d’affetto in core,
Doman lo dee dischiudere
Al più fervente amore.

Le spume dell’oceano
Fecero in tal stagione
Nascer, commiste al sangue
Di un’immortal, Dïone,
Del mar tra i numi fieri
E i bipedi corsieri.

CORO

Chi non provò mai palpito

Finor d’affetto in core,
Doman lo dee dischiudere
Al più fervente amore.

L’anno ella tinge in porpora,

Veste di fior smaglianti,
Delle sue poppe, turgide
Pei soffii fecondanti
Di Favonio, ogni dove
Soave il latte piove.
Versa le stille roride
Della notturna brezza,
Tremule a lei le lagrime
Brillano per grossezza,
E sembra ognor che cada
La goccia di rugiada.
Ella i color purpurei
Dona al pudico fiore,
Spremuto in ciel da’ limpidi
Astri il notturno umore,
Le verginali spoglie
Alla diman gli scioglie.
S’accoppieran le vergini
Rose al suo forte grido,
Dal sangue già di Venere,
Dal bacio di Cupido
Nata e di sol vestita,
Di fiamma e margarita.
Il suo rossor che ascondere
Vuol nella veste, ontosa,
L’invido nodo a sciogliere
Più non sarà ritrosa:
Sposa ella pur fra poco
Il mostrerà di fuoco.

CORO

Chi non provò mai palpito

Finor d’affetto in core,
Doman lo dee dischiudere
Al più fervente amore.

Per lei le ninfe volgono

Al bosco di mortella;
Un bel fanciul le seguita:
Se avesse le quadrella,
Voi non lo credereste
Partecipe alle feste.
Ite, o Ninfe, nell’ozio
Amor l’armi depose:
Inerme e ignudo mostrasi.
Siccome a lui s’impose,
Perchè l’arco non tenda,
Nè colta face offenda.
Pur rimanete in guardia,
O Ninfe, al vostro core;
Senz’armi ancor, bellissimo
Come le avesse, è Amore
E allor non vale scudo
Se si presenta ignudo.

CORO

Chi non provò mai palpito

Finor d’affetto in core.
Doman lo dee dischiudere
Al più fervente amore.

Simili a te, noi vergini

Venere a te c’invia,
Noi ti preghiamo, o Delia
Vergine, acciò non sia
 Brutta la sacra selva
Da sangue mai di belva.
Solo di questo supplici
Noi ti moviam preghiera;
Ella medesma a chiederlo
Verrebbe lusinghiera;
Se a vergin fia decente,
Qui ti vorria presente.
Per tre notti continue
Gli spensierati cori,
Scelti fra tanto numero,
Coronati di fiori,
Correr vedresti lieti
Pe’ tuoi boschi e mirteti.
Qui saran Bacco e Cerere
E de’ poeti il Dio:
Noi veglierem tra i cantici,
Se tale è il tuo desio:
Dïone alle foreste
Regni, o Delia celeste [152].
Ella si elesse il seggio
Sovra de’ fiori iblei,
Recinta dalle Grazie,
Darà i responsi bei;
Ibla, dà tutti i tuoi
Fior che produci a noi [153].
Ibla la veste spoglia
De’ fior che son tua cura
Per quanto lunga estendesi
Dell’Enna la pianura: [154]
Qui saran forosette
E montanine schiette.
Quante ninfe soggiornano
Bosco, foresta o fonte,
La Madre dell’Aligero
Nume le vuol qui pronte.
Vuol che, se nudo incede,
Si neghi a Amor la fede.

CORO

Chi non provò mai palpito

Finor d’affetto in core,
 Doman lo dee dischiudere
Al più fervente amore.

Fia che dimani irradii

Del suo sorriso amico
I nuovi fiori e l’Etere
Sposo alla terra antico,
Che colle nubi ognora
Paterne le ristora.
Si scioglierà benefica
In sen dell’alma sposa,
Onde nell’ampie viscere
La vita rigogliosa
S’agita, si commove
A creazioni nove.
Dell’universo Venere
Col soffio suo possente
Entro le vene penetra
E n’occupa la mente;
Procreatrice eterna,
Il mondo ella governa.
Ella pei campi eterei,
In terra, al mare in fondo
Il creator suo spirito
Infonde ovunque, al mondo
Obbedïenti addita
Le sorgenti di vita.

CORO

Chi non provò mai palpito

Finor d’affetto in core,
Doman lo dee dischiudere
Al più fervente amore.

Ella portò nel Lazio

I Trojani Penati,
Di Laurento la vergine
Del figlio univa ai fati.
Lei dal suo tempio tolse
Che sposa Marte accolse.
Diè alle Sabine vergini
I Romulei mariti,
 Onde i Ramnesi uscirono,
Uscirono i Quiriti,
Di Romolo la gente
E Cesare possente.

CORO

Chi non provò mai palpito

Finor d’affetto in core,
Doman lo dee dischiudere
Al più fervente amore.

Sentono i campi Venere,

Voluttà li feconda:
Ebbe tra i campi il figlio
Di Dion culla gioconda
E crebbe ai delicati
Baci de’ fior’ più grati.

CORO

Chi non provò mai palpito

Finor d’affetto in core,
Doman lo dee dischiudere
Al più fervente amore.

Tutti si legan gli esseri

Col vincolo d’imene:
Sulla giovenca spingesi
Il toro, ed ecco viene
Mosso da questa legge
Lungo i ruscelli il gregge.
Vuole la Dea dispieghino
Gli augelli i loro canti,
Per le paludi stridono
I cigni e i proprii vanti
Moduli invidïata
Di Terëo la cognata [155].
La voce sua melodica,
Sarà d’amore invito,
Nè la sorella piangere
S’udrà pel reo marito:
Taccio al canto gentile,
Finchè verrà il mio aprile.