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WHERE LUCK LIES
You, my brother, stayed at home,
Threshing out the beans—
I hied me to Germany,
Seeking where my Luck might be,
League on league to roam.
I. Holy Eve
II. In Church
· · · · ·
“Little Barwēnok,
You creep, creep low on the face of the earth,
So, O Barwēnok, may my lover ever stay—as close, as near to me.”
On the 24th of June when the passing of Kupalo, God of Frost, was celebrated,
the girls of Southern Russia made wreaths of Barwēnok and mallow and threw
them into the streams. If a garland were sucked down beneath the waters death
was the omen, while if it floated the maiden to whom it belonged would be wed
within the year.
9. Kryschati: crossed, in allusion to its appearance.
10. This rich bread, ornamented with braiding and other decorations, is the
chief feature at the wedding feast.
11. Pava: pea-hen.
12. Ruta: mint—emblem of virginity.
13. Solo’wi: nightingale.
14. “Unmarried Ukrainian girls wear their back hair hanging in a long single
plait, adorned with ribbons, and sometimes covered with flowers. This plait, called
kosa, is a maiden’s chief ornament, the cherished object of her care. Its unplaiting
is the sign of the change which is coming upon her. The married women wear their
hair in two plaits wound round the head and covered by a kerchief.”
15. Pan: a noble.
“Pan Kanovsky” is a type of the insolence of power in the days of feudalism in
the Ukraine. Then great “pans” or lords had their harems as much as any Turk.
This particular landlord who owned the town of Bohuslav is a semi-historical
personage. Many incidents centre round him. He is once said to have met an old
woman picking up fallen wood in his domain. He ordered her to climb a tree and
call “Cuckoo.” When she did so, he fired at her and brought her to the ground.
Another little habit of his was to stick a needle and thread in the lapel of his coat
and ask each peasant whom he met: “Have you needle and thread?” (i.e. the means
to mend your clothes). If they said “No,” as of course they did, he proceeded to beat
them soundly for being improvident creatures.
16. Pava: pea-hen.
17. Haspid: Basilisk and Haspid were serpents.
18. Chort: a swamp-devil.
19. Meassiatz: crescent, or month.
20. The Hetman Mazeppa, who was himself a Kobzar, composed this song
among others. The story goes that when he was an old man he visited an Ukrainian
official, set in high places, named Kotchubei. When he played on the kobza and
sang of the ancient glories of the Ukraine, Kotchubei’s young daughter, like
Desdemona, listened entranced, and finally asked him to marry her. He refused,
saying that he was too old, but nevertheless she fled to him, bringing tragedy on
her house. Ultimately she went insane, when Mazeppa took refuge with the Turks
after the battle of Poltava.
21. “Tchyka-Bird” is the poetical name for the Ukraine. The plaintive cry of
this bird—“ki-hi”—makes the hearer feel that the Tchyka, or “Mother,” so devoted a
parent, is full of woe. She is here compared to unhappy Ukraine.
22. The Tartars played the same part in Ukrainian history as the Indians in
America. They established their kingdom in the Crimea and time after time
invaded Ukraine, pillaging it, and selling the inhabitants in Turkish slave markets.
Later, they intermarried largely with the Ukrainians.
23. Many legends centre around the Cossack Bida (or Bighda), an Ukrainian
Prince, whose real name was Dmitro Vishnivetzki. He it was who established
“Seech”—the ancient stronghold of the Cossacks. He became famous for his raids
on the Turks. The verses above given were written of one of his most noted
exploits, if tradition is to be believed. He was captured by the Turks. Told that he
was to marry the Sultan’s daughter he emphatically declined the honour, saying
that her religion was distasteful to him. Now on the walls of Constantinople there
were huge iron hooks and the Sultan commanded his soldiers to hang Bida from
these by the ribs. By a ruse his servant came near him and managed to bring him a
bow and arrow, as directed. When the Sultan came to see if he had had a change of
heart the Prince raised his weapon and killed the Sultan, his wife, and his
daughter.
24. Tchyka-bird: the poetical name of Ukraina.
25. Litvà: Lithuania.
26. Teren-bush: thorn.
27. Deebrova: oak forest.
28. Solamàkha: flour mixed with water. Cossacks on the march “travelled
light” and were content, nay proud, of the meagre fare mentioned.
29. Yanichars: slaves of the Turks.
30. Zaporogians: at the mouth of the Dnieper river was an island called
Hortitsa; Count Dmitro Vishnivetzki (Baida) placed there two thousand Cossacks
in a fortress to protect Ukraina from the invasion of the Tartars. Then this fortress
—called “Seech”—became the refuge of every kind of outlaw from Poland and the
Ukraine. Later a semi-monastic order of Knights was organised to fight
unbelievers. Time passed, and “Seech” became a military high school for Eastern
Europe. The Cossacks fought to keep the Tartars in the Crimea and made raids on
Turkey, with Constantinople as special objective. When the Town Cossacks
revolted against Poland, the Zaporogian Cossacks joined them and their
stronghold became the refuge of Ukrainian democracy. In 1775 Seech was
destroyed by Catherine II.
31. I.e. his skin.
32. Kerchief.
33. In the Ukraine at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the
nineteenth century the Oprishki, or outlaws of the Carpathians, and the robbers of
the Ukraine, were so famed that in several instances they have become legendary
heroes. History gives us three great outlaws: In the Poltava Government,
Harkusha; in Kiev, Karmeluk; and in the Carpathians, where the tongue of the
Hutzuls was spoken, Alexa Dobush. These brigands were like our English Robin
Hood, robbing only the rich and dividing the spoil among the poor.
34. Topeer: Hutzul weapon, stick with iron barb, a battle-axe.
35. Legini: young, unmarried men.
36. Kooty and Kossiev: neighbouring towns in the Carpathians.
37. Postoli: moccasins.
38. Povoloki: ribbons to wind round the legs.
39. Oprishki: outlaws in the Carpathians.
40. Horeevka: whisky.
41. Sopeevka: a fife.
42. Chorts: little devils.
43. Kolomea: the capital of the county of Pocootie, in Galicia, where outlaws
were executed.
44. When a girl becomes engaged she binds on the head of her lover a
handkerchief embroidered in gay colours by her own hands.
45. Unplaiting the hair: custom of a bride-to-be.
46. Tchumaki: road merchants, traders in other lands.
47. Shinkarka: wife of the landlord.
48. Zhupan: overcoat.
49. Zloty: 7½ cents.
50. Mohyla: grave-hill.
51. Moldavia: Roumania.
52. Povna rozha: the mallow. On the Day of Kupalo, the old Pagan god of the
Ukraine, maidens thread the mallow flowers together and make a wreath which
they throw on the water. If it floats the damsel will be married; if it stops, she will
not be wed that year; if swept under by the current, she will herself die.
53. Dunai: river. The age of the song can be determined, as in many other
cases, by the use of this word.
54. It is the custom of Ukraina to cover its dead soldiers with a red silk
kerchief.
55. Wechernyci: evening party or assembly.
56. Falcon: beloved one.
57. In Bukowina it used to be too often the fate of the girl of sixteen or
thereabouts to be “thrown to a lover” of her mother’s choice regardless of her own
passion for another. “Mothers in Austria are like step-mothers,” said a Ruthenian
girl to the writer in explanation of this poem. Many a young girl has drowned
herself when she found that her dreams of happiness might not come true.
58. Hromada: the whole parish.
59. Holub: he-pigeon.
60. The rapid river: River of Youth.
61. Widra: pails.
62. Mila: dear one.
63. Verbatim: “likha,” fem. of “likho.” The adjective “likho” has two opposite
meanings, sometimes signifying what is evil, hurtful, malicious; sometimes what is
bold, vigorous, and therefore to be admired. As a substantive “likho” conveys the
idea of something malevolent or unfortunate. But the peasantry also describe by
Likho an evil spirit, a sort of devil—“When Likho sleeps, awake it not” is a Polish
and South Russian proverb.—Ralston.
The music for this song is captivating and haunts one; the first two lines are
slow, the rest of the measure being in quick, lively time.
64. Dunai: means literally any river.
65. Boy children bathed soon after birth in water in which “Lewbistok” has
been thrown will be lucky in love.
66. Naidorozcha Devchina: dearest girl.
67. Wasylki: hyssop. These flowers are used to wreathe the candle held by the
bride at her wedding. There is also here the idea of magic properties in the flowers
which the maid, who wishes to marry her lover, has planted. This song has a lilting
air. The first four lines are andantino, the refrain allegro.
68. “The Dream Herb” (a species of anemone) is in the Ukraine considered as
something weird and uncanny. It is called Son-travà, literally Dream-grass, and
has a flower like a little bell. Maidens pluck it to place under their pillows in early
spring, that they may dream of their lovers. But by the rest of the world it is
regarded with awe and superstitious fears.
69. Tchornobriva: black-browed girl.