Final Report Project

Effect of bacteria on strength properties of pozzolanic concrete 2021-23
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Self-healing materials are a notion that has recently attracted the attention of scientists
and engineers all around the world. Self-healing concrete has emerged among the
various cutting-edge applications as a ground-breaking solution with the potential to
revolutionist the building sector and increase the longevity and sustainability of our
infrastructure. Despite its widespread use and durability, concrete is prone to cracking
over time as a result of a variety of causes, including shrinkage, external stresses, and
climatic conditions. These fissures may jeopardize the stability of the structure,
shorten its useful life, and demand expensive and disruptive repairs. These difficulties
could disappear with the development of self-healing concrete, though. Self-healing
concrete is a revolutionary variety of concrete with the capacity to patch up and
regenerate cracks.
Another method for creating self-healing concrete uses fibers or polymers with form
memory that are woven into the concrete itself. When exposed to particular stimuli,
such as moisture or temperature changes, these polymers can expand and alter shape.
When a crack appears, the implanted shape-memory polymers are triggered,
expanding and filling the voids to efficiently repair the damaged area.
Self-healing concrete's invention and application have significant ramifications for
many industries, especially when it comes to the construction of vital infrastructure
like bridges, tunnels, and buildings. Self-healing concrete has the potential to improve
safety, reduce downtime, and maximize resource use by lowering the need for
frequent repairs and prolonging the lifespan of structures. In addition, it is impossible
to ignore the advantages of self-healing concrete for the environment.
In conclusion, self-healing concrete is an important development in the building

sector with the potential to completely transform the sustainability of infrastructure.
This cutting-edge material holds the promise of stronger structures, lower
maintenance costs, and a more sustainable built environment because of its ability to
School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 1
autonomously detect, respond to, and mend defects. Self-healing concrete has a bright
future ahead of it and is positioned to have a seismic influence on the building sector
as long as research and technological development are successful.
1.2 Properties Of Concrete
Concrete is frequently reinforced with material that is strong in tension (steel), since it
has generally higher compressive strength but essentially lower tensile strength.
Concrete's elasticity is typically constant at low levels of tension, but it starts to flag at
higher tensions when structural failures start to occur. Concrete has a small coefficient
of warm extension, but as it grows, it forms solid psychologists. Due to pressure and
shrinkage, every hard structure will eventually split to some degree. Concrete that is
exposed to long-span forces has a tendency to creep. Additionally, concrete can be
pre-stressed using internal tendons to accommodate beams or slabs with a longer
traverse than is practical with reinforced concrete alone. If done with the right tools,
investigating existing concrete structures can be done without causing any damage.
1.2.1 Shrinkage Cracking
Shrinkage breaks occur when concrete material has limited volumetric changes as a
result of drying, autonomous shrinkage, or thermal impacts. There will eventually be
a break once the concrete's flexibility is exceeded. The amount of shrinkage, the
amount of obstruction, the amount of separation of reinforcement given, and the
number and width of shrinkage breaks that occur are all influenced by one another.
These are only insignificant indications that don't actually affect the concrete in any
real way. While drying-shrinkage fractures develop over time, cracks caused by
plastic shrinkage are immediately visible and clear within 0 to 2 days of placement.
When the concrete is particularly young, autonomous shrinkage occurs as well, and it
is caused by the volume reduction that occurs as a result of the cracks.
Concrete, clay soils, and specific kinds of polymers are among the materials that
frequently experience shrinkage cracking. Volume changes inside the material during
drying or curing are the main culprits. When a substance's volume is reduced, internal

stresses are generated that may be greater than the substance's capacity to withstand
them, leading to cracks.
The usual characteristics of shrinkage cracks in concrete include their thinness and
tight spacing. They frequently take the form of parallel or perpendicular hairline
fractures. These cracks typically appear early in the drying process, but if ignored,
they may continue to grow and spread over time. Understanding the causes of
shrinkage cracking and putting the right preventive measures in place will help reduce
its occurrence and guarantee the long-term integrity of buildings. Shrinkage cracking
is a prevalent phenomenon in many materials.
1.2.2 Tension Cracking
Tension cracking is the term used to describe the development of cracks or fractures
in a material as a result of tensile stress. When a material is pulled or stretched, it feels
tension, which, under certain circumstances, can result in the formation of cracks.
Tension cracking may be caused by a variety of reasons, including the following:
Material Properties: The resistance of various materials to tensile stresses varies.

Some substances, especially metals like steel, have a high tensile strength and are less
likely to shatter under tension. On the other hand, brittle materials like ceramics have
a lower tensile strength and are more likely to shatter under tension.
Stress Concentration: Stress concentration can happen when certain portions of a

material suffer more stress than the surrounding areas. Sharp edges, notches, or
surface imperfections are common stress concentration areas where cracks commonly
start and spread as a result of tensile loads.
Fatigue: Over time, cyclic or repeated loads can degrade a material and increase its
susceptibility to tension cracking. It is possible for fatigue cracks to start and spread
until a material fails when it is subjected to alternating tensile strains, as is the case
with machinery parts or structures that are under dynamic pressures.

Environmental Factors: An exposed material's susceptibility to tension cracking

may vary depending on the environment. For instance, exposure to corrosive
materials or high temperatures can deteriorate the material's characteristics, lowering
its resistance to tension and facilitating fracture formation.
1.2.3 Creep
It is a material's constant growth or twisting in an effort to reduce internal tensions.

When concrete is subjected to persistent forces, it tends to creep. Creep is not caused
by short-duration forces (such as wind or earthquakes). Creep should also be
regulated because it can occasionally reduce the amount of cracking that occurs in a
concrete component or structure. A reduction inthe amount of shrinkage, creep, and
cracking is caused by the amount of mandatory and optional reinforcing in concrete
buildings.
In concrete structures, creep is the slow, time-dependent deformation that happens

when a load is applied continuously or repeatedly. Even when a load is significantly
below the concrete's maximum capacity and applied to a member made of concrete,
such as a beam, column, or slab, the concrete will eventually distort. The term "creep"
refers to this occurrence.
It is mostly related to the viscoelastic nature of concrete, which means that it

demonstrates both viscous and elastic properties. When a load is applied, concrete
first deforms elastically, which means it deforms instantly and returns to its original
shape when the weight is removed. But even when the load is constant, some
deformation in concrete continues over time because of its viscous nature.
In conclusion, creep is a time-dependent deformation that happens in concrete

buildings when sustained loads are applied. When building strong and resilient
structures that meet performance criteria over their service life, it is essential to
comprehend and account for creep effects.

1.2.4 Cracking
Every concrete construction will experience some cracking. His initial connection was
straight forward and made with a substantial amount of cement. Even though it was at
that point clear that a sizable portion of the concrete was severely fractured and
couldn't support compressive loads, the structure had thus far clearly functioned.
Tensile stress caused by shrinkage or strains experienced during installation or use
causes concrete to crack. To combat this, many strategies are used. To reduce the size
and severity of cracks, fibre-reinforced concrete uses small fibers distributed
throughout the mixture, larger metal, or other reinforced components. In many large
structures, joints or hidden saw cuts are made in the concrete as it hardens to force the
inevitable fissures where they can occur.
In concrete construction, a number of reasons can cause cracks to form, including:
1. Plastic Shrinkage: Plastic shrinkage fractures can develop when newly laid
concrete dries out too soon. This often takes place when the concrete is exposed to hot
temperatures, dry air, or strong gusts. Concrete cracks as a result of contracting as a
result of the rapid evaporation of water from the surface.
2. Drying Shrinkage: Concrete goes through a chemical process known as hydration,

during which it hardens and becomes stronger. This procedure involves the water in
the concrete gradually evaporating, which causes the substance to shrink. Drying
shrinkage cracks may occur if the shrinkage is not appropriately contained or
controlled.
3. Thermal Effects: With changes in temperature, concrete expands and contracts.

Rapid temperature changes, in particular, have the potential to cause thermal stresses
in concrete that are greater than its ability to withstand them, which can cause
cracking. In areas where the temperature fluctuates dramatically, this is especially
problematic.
4. Structural Overload: The concrete structure may experience overly high levels of
stress due to excessive loads or poor design. These strains may eventually cause

structural fissures to appear. As it may jeopardize the concrete's structural integrity,

this kind of cracking is extremely concerning.
5. Settlement: The concrete structure may move differently depending on whether the
underlying soil has settled unevenly or whether the foundation design is inadequate.
Because of the shear stresses generated by this differential settlement, cracks may
develop in the concrete.
6. Chemical Reactions: In concrete, some chemical reactions can produce expansion

forces that induce cracking. One instance is the alkali-silica reaction, where reactive
silica present in aggregates reacts with alkali in the cement to produce an expansion
that can cause cracking.
7. Corrosion of Reinforcement: In reinforced concrete structures, the concrete has

steel reinforcement bars incorporated into it. If the reinforcement corrodes from being
exposed to moisture or harsh chemicals, it may expand, putting strain on the nearby
concrete and leading to cracks.
1.3 Objectives of the Research Work:
a) 1. To design and develop a self-healing concrete in which bacteria promotes the

healing of cracks.
b) To study of strength properties of the concrete induced with different types of

bacteria.
c) To compare the characteristics of conventional concrete and bacteria induced

concrete.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Raxak R. Thakor, Kishor B. Vaghela, Dr. Jayeshkumar R. Pitroda, and
Kishor B. Vaghela discuss about the influence of microorganisms on the resilience of
concrete. In order to use this method, bacteria must be present inside the concrete and
exposed to the calcite mineral. These conditions will cause biochemical reactions
between the bacteria and the concrete that will result in the development of
precipitates that will seal pores and fractures caused by the bacteria. On employing
various bacteria as long-lasting and embedded self-healing agents in concrete,
research is currently being done. In order to improve the total functionality of
concrete, including its compressive strength, it was discovered that metabolic
activities in microorganisms take place. This essay attempts to define bacterial
concrete as well as describe the different varieties of bacteria, how they are classified,
how to use them to patch up fractures, and their uses.
2.2 Prof. M. Manjunath, Prof. Santosh A. Kadapure, Ashwinkumar A. Kalaje

study an experimental approach to determine the effects of Bacillus sphaericus
bacteria on concrete's compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength,
shear strength, water absorption, and chloride permeability. The concrete mixes
contained three distinct cell concentrations of bacteria (0, 103, 105, and 107 cells/ml)
and two percentages (10 and 20) by weight of fly ash in place of cement. According
to test results, B. sphaericus was added to fly ash concrete to increase compressive
strength while lowering water absorption and chloride permeability. The bacteria at a
concentration of 105 cells/ml caused the greatest increase in compressive strength,
15.47%, which was caused by depositing on the bacteria cell surfaces inside the holes.
The current study emphasises how bacteria might affect concrete qualities when
additional cementing materials, like fly ash, are included. By acting as a self-healing
agent, bacteria like B. sphaericus improve the strength, durability, and strength of fly
ash concrete.

2.3 Thanh Ha Nguyen and Elhem Ghorbe investigate the effects of Bacillus
subtilis in relation to the compressive strength, porosity, water absorption, and fast
chloride permeability of concrete at various ages. According to the results, adding
Bacillus subtilis improves the compressive strength of concrete and lowers its
porosity and chloride permeability. The microbial precipitation (CaCO3) caused by
the metabolism of bacteria is the primary result of this procedure. The concrete
becomes denser and less porous as a result of this precipitation, which also lowers
porosity and reduces porosity, enhancing compressive strength and reducing the
resistance to chloride ingress. Bacillus subtilis may function as a promising additive
and may increase the durability of cementitious materials, according to the findings of
this experiment.
2.4 Amarender Kadian and Sandeep Pannu found an exciting new method in
which bacteria are employed to repair cracks in structures was researched by
Amarender Kadian and Sandeep Pannu. The study discovered that bacterially
impregnated concrete was more resilient than traditional M25 concrete, with a
reduction in split width when submerged in water. This implies that, when compared
to traditional M25 concrete, bacterial cement has higher strength and wear resistance.
2.5 Dr. Subha V. and Meera C. M. investigated how the Bacillus subtilis bacteria
affected the durability of self-healing concrete. In order to attain maximal strength,
the study sought to determine the ideal level of bacterial content.
2.6 A. Ramakrishnaiah and Raja Sekhar conducted an experimental study to assess

the impact of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis on the compressive strength,
water absorption, and self-healing properties of concrete. Results indicated that the
concrete's fissures had closed up, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) had
detected the calcite precipitation. With the aid of bacteria that have a self-healing
capability, this project aims to patch the fractures.
2.7 Achyutha Satya K., Seshagiri Rao M. V., Azmatunnisa M., and Srinivasa
Reddy V. do research. A biological technique was developed to increase the
durability and strength of concrete construction. By using bacteria (Bacillus subtilis
JC3), this process, known as biocalcification, creates a thick coating of very

impermeable calcite on top of an existing concrete layer. This layer shields the cracks
in the concrete structure and offers remarkable corrosion resistance.
2.8 Ashish Shukla, Nakul Gupta, Saurav Dixit, Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin, Manish
Gupta, Kuldeep Kumar Saxena, and Chander Prakash carried out an experiment
to use microbial concrete to increase the strength and durability properties of concrete.
When bacteria were added to cement concrete at two different doses with a dilution
factor of 106 cells per ml of mixed water, it was found that the compressive strength
significantly increased. Moulded concrete cubes with and without bacteria were tested,
and it was found that the cubes' compressive strength rose noticeably when bacteria
were added. In addition, the injection of microorganisms greatly improved the split
tensile strength of the cylinders compared to the control. When treated with 5%
H2SO4 or 5% MgSO4, bacterial concrete had less weight loss and greater tensile
strength than regular concrete when compared to control concrete, according to
durability testing.
2.9 Pranjali Mangalwedhekar, Sakshi Jagtap, Abhishek Pandit, and Swapnil

Gorade discovered An innovative technique called bacterial concrete fills holes and
cracks in concrete while simultaneously producing calcium carbonate crystals that
seal the microcracks. Concrete can crack due to gases, chemicals, and water, among
other things. This book provides an overview of bacterial concrete as well as details
on several types of bacteria, techniques, advantages, and disadvantages.
2.10 Harshali J, Mitali S, Neha A, and Pragati B discuss the usage of Bacillus
sphaericus and Proteus vulgaris mixed with sand as fillers in man-made cuts in
cement mortar that was curing in urea and CaCl2 media. The impact of bacterial
mixing on concrete cubes' compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption,
and sorptivity is also discussed. The findings imply that concrete's strength has
increased significantly.
2.11 A sustainable building material that can lower costs and increase durability is
bacterial concrete, according to El Zbieta Stanaszek-Tomal. Due to the expensive
substrates required, it is currently not employed on an industrial basis. Although
research organisations are attempting to lower manufacturing costs using a variety of

strategies, bacterial concrete can be a successful solution for sustainability. It is one of

the materials used in construction the most frequently worldwide.
2.12 The research on self-healing concrete was conducted by Norhaliza Hamzah, Ali
Keyvanfar, Arezo Shafaghat, Ramin Andalib, M. Z. Abd Majid, Mohamad Ali
Fulazzaky, Rosli Mohamad Zin, Chew Tin Lee, Mohd Warid Hussin, and H. I.
Haidar. The review provided vital updates for biotechnologists and bioprocess
engineers by presenting new insight into the research for the treatment of unexpected
concrete cracking.
2.13 Researchers Ramakrishnan, Ramesh K. Panchalan, and Sookie S. Bang

looked at how well microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP) worked to
increase the compressive strength and stiffness of fractured concrete samples. All of
the bacteria-filled beams outperformed the control beams (which were non-bacteria-
filled) in terms of performance. In order to increase the specimen's impermeability
and hence its resistance to alkaline, sulphate, and freeze-thaw attack, microbial calcite
precipitation was quantified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and visualised by
SEM.
2.14 Ankita Sikder and Purnachandra Saha's study demonstrates how bacteria
used in cement treatment, concrete manufacture, or mortar curing owing to the MICP
method enhance compressive and split tensile strength, decrease water absorption and
porosity, and decrease chloride permeability, making concrete more durable. In
bacterial concrete, microbial activity causes mineral precipitation, which leads to self-
healing and crack repair.
2.15 Dinesh, Shanmugapriyan, and Tamitha Sheen discovered Due to its low
tensile strength, concrete cracking is a typical occurrence, and conventional
restoration methods have drawbacks. A different and environmentally friendly
fracture repair method has been suggested: bacterially generated calcium carbonate
precipitation. It is anticipated that future advancements in these processes will
produce concrete that is more resilient, sustainable, and crack-free. The classification
and varieties of bacterial concrete, the mechanism used, and the benefits and
drawbacks of using it in buildings are all covered in this article.

CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Types of Materials Used:
3.1.1 Cement:
A common building material that is essential to the construction and infrastructure

sectors is cement. It is a binding substance that, when combined with water, creates a
paste that gradually hardens to bind together other substances, such as sand, gravel,
and aggregates, to produce a solid structure. Concrete, the most commonly used
construction material worldwide, must have cement in order to be produced.
Fig 3.1.1
Cement has been used for thousands of years. As early as 3000 BCE, it is known that
the ancient Egyptians used a crude kind of cement manufactured from gypsum and
lime. However, the 19th century saw the development of modern cement as we know
it today. An English inventor named Joseph Aspdin patented a method for creating
Physical Properties:
a) Color: Cement is normally grey in colour, though the exact composition and
production method might cause subtle variations.
b) Density: Cement is a relatively dense material with a density that ranges from
3.1–2.6 grammes per cubic centimetre (g/cm3).

c) Particle Size: With an average particle size of 3 to 50 micrometres (m), cement

particles are typically small and fine. It helps to fill gaps and bind things together
because of the small particle size.
d) Setting Time: It takes cement a certain amount of time to harden and become
strong, which is known as the "setting time" of cement.
Chemical Properties:
a) Hydration: The ability of cement to go through hydration, a chemical reaction

with water, is its most crucial chemical characteristic. Calcium silicate hydrate (C-
S-H), calcium hydroxide (CH), and ettringite are among the chemical compounds
that are created when cement combines with water during the hydration process.
b) Strength Development: Cement becomes stronger with time as it hydrates and
solidifies. The chemical processes that take place during hydration help to create
interlocking crystals and a rigid structure that give cement its tensile strength.
c) pH: Cement has an alkaline pH, usually between 12 and 13. This material is
alkaline because calcium hydroxide is present, which may have consequences in
some applications where it comes into contact with other chemicals.
d) Durability: The durability and resistance to diverse environmental conditions of
cement are well recognised. Under specific conditions, such as exposure to
sulphates or acids, it can be vulnerable to chemical attack and deteriorate.
3.1.2 Fine Aggregate
Sand and other filler materials are examples of fine aggregates, which are essential in
the construction sector. They are a crucial part of mortar, concrete, and other
construction materials. Fine aggregates are granular materials that meet particular
grading criteria and have particle sizes ranging from 0.075 to 4.75 millimeters (mm).
Sand naturally found in riverbeds, seashores, or quarries is the main source of fine
aggregates. Alternative sources of fine aggregates, including crushed rock or synthetic
sand, have grown in popularity recently, however, as a result of environmental
concerns and the depletion of natural resources.

Fig 3.1.2
In conclusion, fine aggregates are an essential component in the creation of concrete

and other building materials. They affect both the look and the strength, usability, and
durability of structures. The building industry keeps looking for novel ways to meet
the demands of contemporary construction practised as sustainable sourcing and
alternative materials gain relevance.
a) Particle Size: The ASTM C33 standard specifies that fine aggregates have
particle sizes between 0.075mm (No. 200 sieve) and 4.75mm (No. 4 sieve).
b) Shape: The particles often have an angular shape, a rounded shape, or a
combination of the two. Round particles are easier to work with, whereas angular
particles offer superior interlocking and strength.
c) Texture: Due to the inclusion of tiny particles, fine aggregates have a gritty
texture.
d) Specific Gravity: The range of fine aggregates' specific gravities is 2.5 to 2.9.
e) Moisture Content: The characteristics and workability of fine aggregates may be
impacted by moisture content.
a) Composition: Minerals, including clay, mica, quartz, and feldspar, make up the
majority of fine aggregates. Depending on the geological source, the precise
composition varies.

b) Organic Impurities: The strength and longevity of the concrete might be

impacted by organic contaminants in the fine particles, such as humus and rotting
plant material.
c) Chemical Inertness: To prevent reactions that could change the properties of the
concrete, fine aggregates should be chemically inert.
d) Presence of Contaminants: The performance of concrete can be negatively
impacted by dangerous pollutants, including excessive salts, sulphates, organic
compounds, or other chemicals in fine aggregates.
3.1.3 Coarse Aggregate
In many building projects, coarse aggregates are required since they are a crucial part
of concrete. They are granular substances that are essential in giving concrete
buildings strength, endurance, and stability. Coarse aggregates are larger-sized
particles that are often retained on a 4.75 mm (No. 4) screen.These aggregates are
usually generated from a variety of sources, such as natural rock formations, gravel
deposits, and crushed stones. The choice of coarse aggregates is influenced by a
number of variables, including accessibility, geographic location, engineering needs,
and project specifications. Gravel, crushed stone, slag, and recycled concrete are the
four most popular types of coarse aggregates.
Fig 3.1.3
Coarse particles support concrete's durability in addition to its strength. By offering

internal restrictions, they aid in reducing the tendency to shrink and crack. The bigger
particles form a barrier that restricts water from moving, preventing excessive drying

and moisture changes inside the concrete. This helps reduce the chance of cracking
and improves the structure's long-term endurance.
In conclusion, coarse aggregates are necessary materials when making concrete. They
help concrete constructions be strong, long-lasting, stable, and workable. Designing
and creating high-quality and durable concrete for a range of building applications
requires a thorough understanding of the qualities and features of coarse aggregates.
a) Particle Shape: Angular, spherical, or irregular particles can all be found in

coarse aggregates.
b) Particle Size: Coarse aggregates typically range in size from 4.75 mm (No. 4
sieve) to 20 mm (3/4 inch). They might even be bigger, depending on the demands
of the specific construction.
c) Specific Gravity: A coarse aggregate often has a higher specific gravity than a
fine aggregate. Depending on the type of material, coarse aggregates have specific
gravities ranging from 2.5 to 2.9.
d) Porosity: Different coarse aggregates have different levels of porosity, which
impacts how well they can absorb water.
e) Moisture Content: The total workability and strength of concrete can be affected
by the moisture level of coarse particles.
a) Composition: Rocks and minerals like limestone, granite, basalt, or sandstone

make up the majority of coarse aggregates. Depending on where the aggregates
come from, the particular composition may change.
b) Alkali Reactivity: When concrete is exposed to alkaline solutions, such as those
present in cement, some types of coarse aggregates may display alkali reactivity,
which can cause expansion and cracking in the concrete.
c) Presence of Contaminants: The quality and durability of concrete should not be
adversely affected by impurities or dangerous compounds in coarse particles. Salts,
clay, silt, and organic debris are examples of contaminants.

3.1.4 Water
Water, a key component of the concrete mix, is crucial to the creation and curing of
concrete. For the chemical processes involved in hydration, which ultimately lead to
the hardening and growth of concrete's strength, it is essential that they be present. To
attain the desired qualities and performance, the water used in concrete is carefully
metered and regulated.
Water, cement, aggregates (such as sand and gravel), and frequently extra admixtures
or additives are mixed together to make concrete in order to produce a usable
composition. The amount of water in the mixture directly influences how easily
workable, how quickly it sets, how strong, and how long-lasting the concrete is. For a
product to be of excellent quality and sound structurally, the proper water balance
must be achieved.
a) State: When it's warm and there is pressure in the air, water is in liquid form. As
a solid (ice) at lower temperatures and as a gas (water vapour) at higher
temperatures, it is also a possible state of matter.
b) Odor and Taste: Pure water is devoid of flavour, aroma, and colour. However,
dissolved substances or other impurities in water might add flavour and fragrance.
c) Density: At 4 degrees Celsius, the density of water is approximately 1 gramme
per cubic centimetre (g/cm3). At a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius, water has a
density of roughly 1 gramme per cubic centimetre (g/cm3). As the temperature
rises or falls above or below this point, water's density reduces.
d) Melting and Boiling Points: Pure water has a melting point of 0 degrees Celsius
(32 degrees Fahrenheit), and it boils at 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit)
under normal atmospheric pressure.
e) Solubility: Because it can dissolve a wide range of compounds, water is referred
to as the "universal solvent". Numerous gases, sugars, salts, sugars, and other polar
and ionic molecules are all dissolved by it.

a) Chemical formula: H2O, or two hydrogen atoms joined to one oxygen atom, is
the chemical formula for water.
b) Polarity: Water is a polar molecule, which means that because of the uneven
distribution of electron density, it has a positive end (hydrogen) and a negative end
(oxygen).
c) Hydrogen Bonding: Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is possible.
Although each of these linkages is only moderately strong, taken as a whole, they
are what give water its surface tension, high boiling temperature, and cohesive and
adhesive qualities.
d) pH: A pH of 7 indicates that water is neutral, not acidic or alkaline. The
production of hydronium ions (H3O+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) comes from self-
ionisation, which occurs in a limited amount.
e) Chemical Reactivity: H2O, or two hydrogen atoms, is the chemical formula for
water. Different chemical processes can involve water. It can, for instance, react
with some metals to create metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas.
3.1.5 Perlite Powder
Due to its special qualities, perlite powder, a lightweight and adaptable mineral
substance, is frequently employed in many different sectors. It originates from
volcanic glass and is created by rapidly heating obsidian, a type of volcanic rock, to a
high temperature. When a rock is suddenly exposed to extremely hot temperatures,
the water content within the rock vaporizes, causing the material to expand and pop,
creating perlite.
Perlite powder is a common component in lightweight concrete and plaster used in the
building sector. It is especially helpful in locations where load-bearing capability is an
issue due to its lightweight nature, which helps lower the total weight of structures.

Fig 3.1.5
Perlite concrete is well known for its superior thermal and acoustic insulation qualities,
which make it the perfect material for insulating walls, floors, and roofs. Additionally,
perlite powder can be used with gypsum or cement to make lightweight, simple-to-use
plasters and mortars that have good fire resistance.
a) Apperance: The colour of perlite powder is often pale grey or white.

b) Texture: Its thin, granular texture is comparable to that of sand or tiny particles.
c) Density: Depending on the quality and moisture content, perlite powder has a
bulk density that normally ranges from 50 to 150 kg/m3.
d) Particle Size: Perlite powder has a range of particle sizes; however, most of them
fall between 2 and 200 microns.
e) Porosity: High levels of pores and voids are dispersed throughout the structure of
perlite, which has a high porosity. It has great water-holding and insulating
qualities as a result.
f) Light weight: With a specific gravity that ranges from 0.1 to 0.3, perlite is a
lightweight substance.
a) Composition: Aluminium oxide (Al2O3), potassium oxide (K2O), sodium oxide

(Na2O), and lesser concentrations of other elements make up the majority of
perlite's chemical composition, which is silicon dioxide (SiO2).

b) pH: pH values for perlite typically range from 6.5 to 8.0 and are neutral to
slightly alkaline.
c) Stability: Under typical circumstances, it is chemically inert and stable.
d) Insolubility: Water and organic solvents cannot dissolve perlite powder.
e) Heat Resistance: Perlite is extremely heat-resistant and can endure temperatures
of up to 1,200°C (2,192°F) without experiencing any noticeable alterations.
f) Melting Point: Around 1,650°C (3,002°F) is the melting point of perlite.
As a result, perlite powder is a multipurpose mineral substance with remarkable

lightweight, insulating, and filtering qualities. Its vast application in horticulture,
building, filtration, and other industries is evidence of its efficiency and usefulness.
With its distinct qualities, perlite powder continues to be a vital component in
numerous goods and procedures, assisting in the development and effectiveness of
numerous industries.
3.1.6 Superplasticizer (conplast SP430 DIS):
The main purpose of superplasticizers is to make concrete more fluid without

significantly changing its water content. Better placement and compaction are made
possible by the mixture's great workability and ease of pouring. When high-strength,
high-performance, or self-compacting concrete is required, superplasticizers are
especially helpful. Superplasticizers have a number of benefits for concrete buildings.
They improve the concrete's strength and longevity by lowering the amount of water
needed to achieve a particular consistency.
Fig 3.1.6

Superplasticizers also enable the creation of self-consolidating concrete (SCC), which

fills crowded reinforcing with ease, requires little to no vibration, and flows easily
into complex structures. SCC can increase finish quality while decreasing labour costs
and labour requirements during construction.
In conclusion, superplasticizers are crucial chemical additions used in the construction

industry to enhance the flow and workability of concrete. They make it possible to
produce high-performance concrete, improve its strength and durability, and make it
easier to build self-consolidating concrete. Superplasticizers help to produce high-
quality, effective, and long-lasting concrete buildings when used properly.
a) Apperance: Typically, Conplast SP430 DIS is a low-viscosity brown liquid.

b) Density: The superplasticizer can have a range of densities but typically falls
between 1.1 and 1.2 g/cm3.
c) Odor: Depending on the precise formulation, it could have a distinctive smell.
d) Solubility: Conplast SP430 DIS is very water-soluble and disperses easily.
a) Chemical Composition: Although the precise chemical make-up of Conplast

SP430 DIS may vary, it is frequently based on sulfonated naphthalene
formaldehyde condensate or sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensate.
b) Water Reduction; In order to improve workability without sacrificing strength,
superplasticizers like Conplast SP430 DIS are very effective at lowering the water
content in concrete mixtures. It is capable of reducing water usage by at least 30%.
c) Strength Development: While improving workability is the main purpose of
superplasticizers, they normally have no detrimental effects on concrete's ability to
build strength. In reality, they occasionally help to increase strength in the early
years and overall.
d) Air Entrainment: Conplast SP430 DIS is one superplasticizer that has the
potential to provide air-entraining qualities, which can aid in adding tiny air
bubbles to the concrete mix.

3.1.7 Calcium Lactate:
Concrete is cured by bacteria in a variety of ways using calcium lactate, a soluble

form of calcium salt. Self-healing concrete, commonly referred to as bacterial
concrete, is a type of concrete that contains bacteria that can produce calcite, a
calcium carbonate compound. Calcium lactate-activated bacteria will start to colonise
the concrete's microcracks when they form as a result of shrinkage or other
circumstances. As the bacteria break down the calcium lactate to form calcite, the
calcite fills in the gaps and aids in the concrete's restoration and healing.
The self-sealing capabilities of bacterial concrete are aided by calcium lactate. Any
fractures or holes in the concrete are filled with calcite deposits as the bacteria break
down calcium lactate and generate calcite.
Fig 3.1.7
Long-term performance advantages are seen in bacterial concrete that has been
calcium lactate-cured. The service life of the concrete structure may be extended by
the continual growth and activity of bacteria within the concrete, which can provide
continuous crack healing and repair. It is important to keep in mind that the particular
calcium lactate application and dosage for bacterial concrete curing may change
depending on the concrete mix design and the bacteria used. For best results, it is
crucial to seek the advice of specialists in concrete and follow manufacturer
recommendations.

a) Apperance: Typically, calcium lactate is found as a white, crystalline powder or

granule.
b) Solubility: Because it is water-soluble, concrete compositions can easily include.
c) Odor: Calcium lactate has no smell.
d) Density: About 1.31 g/cm3 is how dense calcium lactate is.
a) Chemical Formula: Calcium lactate has the chemical formula CaC3H5O3. It is

made up of two calcium ions (Ca2+) and two lactate ions (C3H5O3).
b) Hydration: Calcium lactate reacts with water during a process known as
hydration to produce calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and lactic acid
(C3H5OHCOOH) when it is introduced to concrete.
c) pH: The pH of calcium lactate is normally between 6 and 7, which is somewhat
acidic.
d) Water Retention: The capacity of calcium lactate to hold onto water within the
concrete mixture can improve the workability and flow properties of the fresh
concrete.
e) Setting Time: The setting time of concrete can be impacted by the addition of
calcium lactate. Depending on the dosage and other conditions, it might speed up or
slow down the initial setting time.
Bactaheal-PR:
The enzyme mixture BACTAHEAL-PR is offered by Prions Biotech. In the cement

industry, BACTAHEAL-PR is a novel idea. Due to its relatively low tensile strength,
cracks in concrete are a regular occurrence.These gaps make concrete less resilient
because they make it easy for gases and liquids that might contain dangerous
materials to travel. Microcracks that spread to the reinforcement run the risk of
corroding it as well as being attacked by the concrete itself.

CONTENTS:
a) Sporosarcina pasteurii.
b) Bacillus sphaericus.
c) Escherichia coli.
d) Bacillus subtilis.
e) Bacillus cohnii.
f) Bacillus balodurans.
g) Bacillus pseudofirmus.
Fig 3.1.8

3.2 Methodology of the Project:
Below, a flow chart illustrating the approach used to carry out the project work is
provided. Following the completion of the material testing, a correct mix design for
M30-grade concrete was created, and a number of tests were then performed on both
freshly poured concrete and concrete that had already hardened. These tests included
testing the materials, bacterial culture, and counting the various species of bacteria. In
conclusion, the comparison of self-healing concrete to conventional concrete.
MIX DESIGN OF M30 GRADE CONCRETE AS PER IS 10282
OPTIMIZATION OF BACTERIA CONCENTRATION IN CONCRETE
DEVELOPMENT OF BACTERIAL CONCRETE MIX WITH PERLITE POWDER
FRESH PROPERTIES TESTS ON DEVELOPED CONCRETE SPECIMENS
HARDENED PROPERTIES TESTS ON DEVELOPED CONCRETE
RESULT ANALYSIS

3.2.1 Quality Test on Cement
3.2.1.1 Fineness Test:
To establish the cement's particle size, a fineness test is conducted.

As a general rule, the best cement will have finer cement particles; on the other hand,
cement with coarser particles won't be as good.
There are two ways to gauge the cement's fineness:
1. Method of sieving
2. The Blaine Method (air permeability method)
The screening method of assessing cement fineness, however, will be the sole topic
covered in this paper, because it's the most popular and straightforward way to check
the cement's fineness. Cement particles larger than 10% are not allowed to remain on
the sieve (90 m), according to the Indian Standard.
Apparatus.
a) IS Sieve with Lid, 90 mm
b) A balance with a sensitivity of 0.01 grammes
c) An all-nylon or bristle brush
d) A sieve-shaking machine, if desired.
Procedure:
a) For the test sample, weigh out one kilogramme (kg) of cement and label it w1
b) Use your hands to thoroughly rub the cement particles to remove any lumps.
c) Next, add 1 kg of cement to the sieve, and then perfectly secure it with the lid.
d) If you already have a sieve-shaking machine, great. Just start the machine for 15
minutes with the sieve inside.

e) Use the bristle brush to gently scrub the sieve base to remove any remaining
particles.
f) Simply weigh the cement that was still on the sieve and mark it as (w2) at this
point.
g) You now need to calculate the weight of cement that was retained on the 90-m
sieve as a percentage.
8. The mathematical formula is:
(w2/w1) x 100 is the proportion of cement kept on the sieve. To reduce the
possibility of errors, run the test three or more times.
In any case, if you don't have a sieve shaking machine, no worries; you may still
shake it with your hands.
But you must make sure that the sieving operation is carried out for at least 15
minutes in every direction.
The amount of cement that remains on the 90-m sieve must never be more than 10%,
in accordance with the Indian Standard.
Examples
If you've taken a dose of cement (W1) totaling 1000 grammes,
It was determined through testing that 65 grammes (w2) of cement were retained on
the sieve.
Next, enter the values in the formula:
(65/1000) x 100 equals the percentage of cement retained weight.
In light of this, a fineness test of cement will yield a result of 6.5%, which is below
the IS threshold of 10% and indicates that the cement is in good shape.
3.2.1.2 Normal Consistency Test:
The consistency test is an essential component of cement quality testing for

determining how well the cement paste works and performs. The consistency test,
also referred to as the Vicat's consistency test, is intended to determine the amount of

water necessary to obtain a particular level of consistency in cement paste.

The test is founded on the idea that the water-cement ratio has a big impact on the
strength, setting time, and other characteristics of concrete. Engineers and technicians
can guarantee that cement paste will function ideally in building applications by
establishing the water content required to generate a specific consistency.
Apparatus:
a) Measuring jar
b) Weighing balance
c) Vicat apparatus
Procedure:
a) 400 g of cement is added to the enamelled tray.
b) To create a cement paste, dry cement is thoroughly combined with about 25%
water by weight.
c) After that, this cement paste is applied to the inside of the vicat mould, which is
resting on a glass plate.
d) The paste is smoothed out to make it level with the top of the mould once it has
been entirely filled.
e) The entire assembly is positioned beneath the plunger for the rod bearing,
including the glass plate, cement paste, and mould.
f) The plunger is swiftly released after being carefully lowered to touch the test
block's surface and lowered until it sinks into the paste.
g) The depth of penetration is quantified and documented.
h) By adding 2% and repeating the aforementioned steps until the depth of

penetration reaches 33 to 35 mm, the trial paste is created with varied percentages
of water content.

Sl. Particulars Trial Trial- Trial- Trial-4 Trial-

-1 2 3 5
No.
1 % of water 24 25 27 31 33
2 Initial reading 42 41 40 39 38
3 Final reading 42 37 37 23 7
4 Penetration (mm) 0 4 3 17 32
Table no 3.2.1.2
Result = the standard cement consistency is 33%.
3.2.1.3 Specific Gravity Test:
The ratio of the mass of cement in a given volume to the mass of water in that same
volume is known as cement's specific gravity. The ratio of cement density to water
density for a given volume is another way to quantify it. The definition of cement
volume must be the same in both. The specific gravity value might be accurate if the
volume does not remain constant. because cement and water are both likely to
fluctuate in mass and density as a function of volume.
The measurement of a material's specific gravity involves comparing its mass or

density to that of a reference substance. The normal substance is typically thought of
as water.
Using a liquid that doesn't react with cement, such as water-free paraffin, to measure
its specific gravity is the most accurate way.
The use of a normal Le Chatelier specific gravity flask or specific gravity bottle is
permitted for this test. The specific gravity of dust, sand, and other fine materials is
also measured using the Le Chatelier specific gravity flask. An important factor in the
calculations of the material quantities for the concrete mix design is cement's specific

gravity. As determined by ASTM C188, Portland cement has a specific gravity of

around 3.15.
Prior to use, wash the Lechatlier flask. Moisture ought not to be present.
Pick W1 as the empty flask's weight to continue.
Insert the flask with around 50 g of cement.
Add cement to the flask and secure the stopper before weighing it as W2.
As of right now, fill the flask with kerosene all the way to the bottle's neck.
Make sure the flask is free of any air bubbles before thoroughly combining the cement
and kerosene. The weight should be noted as W3.
You should clean and empty the flask. Record the weight as W4 after adding the
kerosene to the bottle's neck.
Calculations
The following is the cement formula's specific gravity:
W2 - W1 = (W2 - W1) / (W2 - W1) - (W3 - W4) X 0.79
Where,
w1 = weight of an empty flask
w2 = cement + weight of flask.
w3 = weight of flask + cement + kerosene
W4 = flask weight + kerosene
Kerosene's specific gravity in this location is 0.79 g/cc.
Note:
Tests should be run at least three times to ensure accuracy.
Before reusing the flask, clean it.
Result:
Cement samples have a specific gravity of 3.15.
3.2.2 Quality Test on Coarse Aggregates
3.2.2.1 Water absorption test and Specific gravity:

The ratio of the weight (or density) per unit of water to the weight per unit of soil
particles is known as the specific gravity, or G. Tests for specific gravity and water
absorption are conducted in accordance with IS: 2386-Part3-1963.
Apparatus:
a) Weighing balance
b) Wire basket
Procedure:
a) A 3g sample of aggregate is thoroughly cleaned to remove any particles, then

drained, placed in a wire basket, and placed in distilled water between 22 and 32
oC at least 5 cm of water covering the top of the basket.
b) The sample's trapped air is immediately released by elevating the basket

containing it 25 mm above the tank's bottom and letting it fall at a rate of roughly
one drop per second. This is done right after immersion.
c) In water that ranges in temperature from 22 °C to 32°C, the basket and the
sample are weighed while submerged. The weight (W1) of 1870g is noted when the
object is suspended in water.
d) In order to transfer the aggregates to the dry absorbent clothing, the basket and
aggregates must first be removed from the water and allowed to drain for a short
while. After returning the empty basket to the water tank, which has been jolted 25
times, it is weighed in the water (W2), which comes to 630g.
e) When the absorbent cloth is unable to absorb any more moisture, the aggregates
that were deposited on it are surface-dried. The aggregates are then moved to the
second dry cloth, spread out in a single layer, and left to dry for at least 10 minutes,
or until the surface of the aggregates is fully dry. Weight (W3) = 2150g is then
applied to the surface-dried aggregate.
f) For 24 hours, the aggregate is kept in an oven with the temperature set at 110° C
and placed on a shallow tray. Once it has finished cooling in an airtight container, it

is taken out of the oven and weighed at (W4) = 2140g.
(1) The weight of an equivalent volume of water or the aggregate's dry weight is
used to calculate specific gravity.
G =2.66
(2) The apparent specific gravity equals the dry weight of the aggregate or the
weight of an equivalent volume of water excluding air gaps in the aggregate.
Water absorption = ((2150-2140)/2140)*100= 0.46%
3.2.2.2 Aggregate crushing value test (ACV):
To ascertain the coarse aggregate's crushing value. A comparative assessment of an

aggregate's resistance to crushing under a compressive load that is supplied
progressively is provided by the aggregate crushing value.. The result may be
anomalous when the aggregate crushing value is 30 or above, in which case the
amount of the ten percent penalty should be determined.
Apparatus:
a) a steel cylinder with a base plate and a 15 cm diameter.

b) A 16-mm-diameter, straight metal tamping rod that is 45 to 60 cm long and
rounded at one end.
c) A three-kilogramme balance that is readable and precise to one gramme.
d) 12.5mm, 10mm, and 2.36mm IS sieves
e) A device used to test compression.
f) A cylindrical metal measure with enough stiffness to keep its shape when
strained
g) Use and measure 11.5 cm in diameter and 18 cm in height. Stead
Procedure:
a) On the base plate, put the cylinder and weigh it (W). Put the sample in three
layers and pound it down with a tamping rod for 25 strokes on each layer, taking

care not to break any of the particles in the case of weak materials. Then weigh it at
(W1) = 2.725kg.
b) Carefully level the aggregate surface, then insert the plunger so that it sits
horizontally on the surface, taking extra care to prevent the plunger from becoming
stuck in the cylinder.
c) The plunger-equipped cylinder needs to be set down on the compression testing
apparatus' loading platform.
d) Applying a load at a constant rate will result in a total application of 40T in 10
minutes
e) Release the pressure and take the substance out of the cylinder.
f) To prevent losing particles, carefully sift the material with a 2.36-mm IS sieve.
g) Weigh the portion that passes through the IS sieve (W2), which is 0.635 kg.
The aggregate crushing value is (W2/W1)*100 = 23.3%
3.2.2.3 Aggregate impact value test (AIV):
The Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) test is a common method for figuring out how
resilient aggregates are to shocks and unexpected impacts. On coarse building
aggregates like crushed stone and gravel, it is frequently carried out. The AIV test
evaluates the suitability of aggregates for a variety of purposes, including the
construction of roads.
Apparatus:
a) IS sieve
b) Impact testing machine
c) Weighing Balance
d) Tamping rod
e) Measuring cylinder

Procedure:
a) Collect the aggregate sample after it has been put through a 10mm and 12.5mm
IS sieve.
b) Note the measuring cylinder's empty weight (W1) on paper. Fill the measuring
cylinder with the sample in three equal layers, tamping each layer with a tamping
rod 25 times. Record the weight (W2) of the sample.
c) Place the sample in the cylinder cup and hit it with 15 blows on the impact
machine.
d) Take the sample that was crushed, put it through a 2.36-mm IS sieve, and record
the results.
e) weight (W3) of the material that passes through a 2.36mm IS sieve
W1= 320g, W2=75g
Aggregate impact value(AIV)= (w2/w1)*100 = 23.4%
3.2.2.4 Sieve analysis of aggregates:
The distribution of aggregates' coarse and fine particle sizes can be determined via
sieve analysis. To accomplish this, aggregates are sieved in accordance with IS: 2386
(Part I) (1963). In this, we employ several sieves that are standardised by the IS code,
feed aggregates through them, and then collect various-sized particles that are left
behind from the various sieves.
Apparatus:
a) The following sizes of an IS sieve set are offered: 60 cm, 300 cm, 150 cm, 75 cm,
80 cm, 63 cm, 50 cm, 40 cm, 31.5 cm, 25 cm, 20 cm, 16 cm, 12.5 cm, 10 cm, 6.3
cm, 4.75 cm, 3.35 cm, 2.36 cm, 1.18 cm, and 600 cm
b) A balance or scale that can accurately measure the test sample's weight to within
0.1 percent.
c) The sample weight available must not be less than the weight indicated below
d) Either by quartering it or using a sample splitter, the sample from the larger
sample should be prepared for sieving.
Procedure:
a) The test sample is weighed after being dried to a consistent weight at 110 + 5 oC.
b) An IS sieve set is used to sieve the sample. After sifting is complete, the material
on each sieve is weighed.
c) The cumulative weight that passes through each sieve is expressed as a
percentage of the weight of the entire sample.
d) The fineness modulus is calculated by multiplying the cumulative percentage of
aggregates retained on each filter by 100 and then dividing the result.
IS sieve Weight Cumulative % cumulative

retained (kg) weight
weight retained
retained
25 0.025 0.025 0.5
20 2.780 2.805 56.1
16 1.305 4.110 82.2
12.5 0.8 4.91 98.2
10 0.09 5 100
4.75 0 5 100
2.36 0 5 100
1.18 0 5 100
0.6 0 5 100
737
Table no 3.2.2.4
Fineness modulus = 737 /100 = 7.37
Result: The coarse aggregate's fineness modulus = 7.37

3.2.3 Quality Test on Fine Aggregates
3.2.3.1 Specific gravity test:
The ratio of the weight (or density) per unit of water to the weight per unit of soil
particles is known as the specific gravity, or G. According to IS 2720-PART-3-1980,
soil is tested for specific gravity using a pycnometer.
Apparatus:
a) Weighing balance
b) Pycnomete
c) Sieve (4.75mm)
Procedure:
a) After drying the pycnometer, it was weighed (W1) at 622g.

b) Amounts of dried soil between 200 and 300 g that pass through a sieve with a
diameter of 4.75 mm
c) Weighted again (W2) with a pyrometer: 1278g
d) The pycnometer is weighed along with the soil and water (W3 = 1830 g), and
then water is added to completely cover the soil up to the tip of the cap.
e) The pycnometer is weighed after being entirely filled with water (W4) = 1451g.
Calculation:
The following equation is used to get the specific gravity of soil solids (Gs).
(W2-W1)/((W2-W1)-(W3-W4)) is the formula for specific gravity (GS).

GS = 2.36

3.2.3.2 Water absorption test:
This test, performed in accordance with IS 2720-Part2-1973, measures the soil's water
content using the oven drying method. A soil sample's water content (w) is
determined by dividing the quantity of water by the mass of solids.
Apparatus:
a) Container.
b) An oven with a thermostat that keeps the temperature at 110±5 degrees Celsius.
Procedure:
a) Cleaning, drying, and weighing the container yield a weight (w1) of 22.12g.
b) Weighing the required amount of the moist soil specimen in the container
yielded a weight (w2) of 46.12g.
c) The container is heated (usually for 24 hours). The container is removed from
the oven once the dirt has dried. It is determined that the container weighs (W3)
=45.86g.
Calculations:
The formula is used to determine how much water fine aggregate will absorb.
w = (W2-W3) / (W3 –W1)*100%
W= 1.095%
3.2.3.3 Fineness modulus:
The total percentage of the sample of an aggregate retained on each of a

predetermined sequence of sieves is added, and the sum is divided by 100 to provide
the empirical value known as the Fineness Modulus (FM).
To accomplish this, aggregates are sieved in accordance with IS: 2386-Part1-1963. In
this, we employ several sieves that are standardised by the IS code, feed aggregates
through them, and then collect various-sized particles that are left in various sieves.

Apparatus:
a) Weighing Balance
b) A pan and a set of IS sieves in the sizes 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µ, 300µ,
150µ.
Procedure:
a) The test sample is weighed after drying to a fixed weight.

b) Using a set of IS sieves, the sample is sieved. After sifting is complete, the
material on each sieve is weighed.
c) A percentage of the total sample weight is determined for the cumulative weight
that passes through each sieve.
d) By multiplying the cumulative percentage of aggregates retained on each filter
by 100 and dividing the result, the fineness modulus is calculated. a pan and a set of
IS sieves in the sizes 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µ, 300µ, 150µ.
IS sieve Weight retained % weight Cumulative % %

(g) retained weight retained passing
4.75 2 0.2 0.2 99.8
2.36 124 12.4 12.6 87.4
1.18 169 16.9 29.5 70.5
0.6 240 24 53.5 46.5
0.3 115 11.5 65 35
0.15 285 28.5 93.5 6.5
Pan 65 6.5 100 0
1000 345.7
Table 3.2.3.3
Fineness modulus = 345.7 /100 = 3.457= (3.46)

Result: The Fine aggregate's fineness modulus = 3.46
3.2.4 Result For Quality Test

3.2.4.1 Test results of cement:
SL. No. Particulars Results
1 Fineness 5%
2 Normal consistency 33%
3 Specific gravity 3.16
Table 3.2.4.1
3.2.4.2 Test results on Coarse Aggregates:
1 Water absorption 0.46%
2 Aggregate crushing value 23.3%
3 Aggregate impact value 23.4%
4 Fineness modulus 7.37
Table 3.2.4.2
3.2.4.3 Test results on FineAggregates:
1 Specific gravity 2.36
2 Water absorption 1.095%
3 Fineness modulus 3.46
Table 3.2.4.3

3.2.5 Culture of Bacteria
A microbiological culture is a technique for copying microbial living creatures by

allowing them to rehash in predestined culture media under controlled lab conditions.
Microbial social orders are used to choose the sort of living thing. It is one of the
basic investigative systems for microbiology and used as a contraption to choose the
explanation behind overwhelming ailment by allowing the administrator to copy in a
predestined medium. For example, a throat culture is taken by scratching the covering
of tissue in the back of the throat and spreading the case into a medium to have the
ability to screen for frightful microorganisms, for instance, Additionally, the term
culture is all the generally used calmly to imply "particularly growing" a specific kind
of microorganism in the lab
Bacterial culture is the process of cultivating and keeping bacteria in a laboratory

setting for a variety of reasons, including scientific study, diagnostic testing, and the
production of antibiotics and other biotechnological products. Bacteria are unicellular
bacteria that come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and metabolic abilities. Both
beneficial and detrimental to humans, they perform crucial roles in many ecosystems.
Once the bacterial population reaches the stationary phase, cell division slows down,
and growth equals death rates. A plateau in the bacterial population during this period
is primarily brought on by a lack of nutrients or an overgrowth of harmful waste
products. The bacteria eventually enter the death phase, which results in a fall in
population as cells start to die off if the situation worsens
The genetic engineering of bacteria to create desired substances or perform particular

roles is now possible because of advancements in biotechnology. Synthetic biology
has made it possible to generate new medicines, bio fuels, and environmental cleanup
methods.
In summary, bacterial culture is a fundamental method that is applied in labs and

companies all over the world. In order to investigate bacteria's biology, comprehend
their function in diseases, and take advantage of their potential for diverse
applications, controlled environments for bacterial growth are provided.

3.2.6 Mix Design
Mix design as per 10262 for M30 Grade Concrete OPC GRADE 53 Cement:
Target Strength 38.25
Max water cement ratio 0.43
Selection of water content 183Litres
Max cement content 350.679kg
Volume of coarse aggregate 0.61%
Volume of fine aggregate 0.39%
Volume of concrete 1(cubic metre)
Volume of cement 0.11133%
Volume of water 0.15079%
Volume of admixture (2%) 0.00611%
Volume of all in aggregate 0.73177%
Mass of coarse aggregate 1223.08kg
Mass of fine aggregate 781.967kg

CHAPTER - IV
EXPERIMENTAL TEST
4.1 Test on Fresh Concrete

4.1.1 Concrete Slump Cone Test:
The concrete slump test determines how cohesive freshly laid concrete is before it
hardens. It is carried out to examine whether freshly poured concrete is workable and,
consequently, how easily it flows. Additionally, it can be used to detect a batch that
was not properly mixed.
Apparatus Used:
a) Scoops
b) Scrub Brushes
c) Trowel Measuring Trapes
d) Tamping Rod
e) Slump cone Filling Funnel
f) Slump Cone
g) Slump Test Bases
Procedure as per (IS 1199:1959):
a) Apply oil to the mould's inside surface after cleaning it.
b) Lay the mould out horizontally on a plate that is smooth and free of pores.
c) Add four, about equal, layers of the prepared concrete mix to the mould.
d) Use the rounded end of the tamping rod to apply 25 uniform strokes to each
layer over the mould's cross section. The tamping needs to reach the underside of
the subsequent layers.
e) Use a trowel to remove the extra concrete and level the surface.

f) Remove the mortar from where water seeped between the base plate and the
mould.
g) Remove the mould from the concrete immediately while lifting it slowly and
vertically.
h) Determine the droop as the variation in height between the mould's height and
the height point of the specimen being evaluated.
Fig 4.1.1
Result: The slump for the provided sample is 97mm as a result.

4.2 Destructive Test:
In order to understand the limits, failure modes, or structural characteristics of

materials, products, or systems, destructive tests are frequently conducted. Destructive
testing is frequently used in various fields, including engineering, manufacturing,
construction, and materials science. It helps researchers, engineers, and scientists
gather information.
4.2.1 Compressive Strength:
Compressive strength, as opposed to tensile strength, which can tolerate stresses that
cause an object to lengthen, is the ability of a material or structure to endure loads that
cause an object to shrink in size. To put it another way, compressive strength prevents

something from being compressed (pushed together), whereas tensile strength prevents
something from being tensioned (pulled apart).
Fig 4.2.1
Apparatus Used:
a) Weighing machine
b) Compression testing machine or Universal testing machine
c) Cube or cylinder specimen
d) Vibrating machine
e) Trowel
Procedure as per (IS: 516-1959):
a) At 7, 28, and 56 days, the specimens need to pass the compression test using the
equipment.
b) Take the sample out of the water and dry it before beginning the test.
c) The specimen should be moist when the test is performed.
d) Keep track of the weight and size.
e) Then insert the test specimen into the device.
f) Apply loads to the specimen gradually at a rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute.
g) Make a note of the load at which the specimen fails.

4.2.2 Split Tensile Test:
The split tensile test, sometimes referred to as the Brazilian test or the indirect tensile
strength test, is a typical laboratory test carried out on concrete specimens to assess
their tensile strength and resistance to cracking. The durability and structural integrity
of concrete materials are evaluated using this commonly used test in civil engineering
and construction.
Fig 4.2.2
Apparatus Used:
a) Bearing strips
b) Cylinder specimen
c) Testing machine
d) Plate or Supplementary Bearing bar
e) Tamping rod
Procedure as per (IS 5816 1999):
a) Making the cylindrical specimen out of concrete requires first mixing the
concrete mix.
b) The mixture should be poured into the mould in stages after being greased on the
inside.
c) A tamping rod is used to compact each layer. 30 times, tap on each layer.

d) Stroke the concrete mixture uniformly and scrape off any extra concrete.
e) The cast specimen should then spend 24 hours submerged in water that is 27
degrees Celsius.
f) Next, take the specimen out of the mould and submerge it in freshwater.
g) The concrete's splitting tensile strength should be tested after 7, 14, and 28 days
of curing.
h) Take the sample out of the water before beginning the test, then wipe the water
off.
i) Then take note of the specimen's size and weight.
j) The specimen should have plywood strips above and below it.
k) Then set the specimen on the testing device.
l) Following that, add load progressively at a rate of 0.7 to 1.4 MPa/min (1.2 to 2.4
MPa/min depending on IS 5816, 1999).
m) Keep track of the load at which the specimen fails.
Calculations:
Splitting tensile strength of concrete, T= 2P/ Ω LD
4.2.3 Flexural Test:
The flexural test is a crucial process in construction engineering used to evaluate the
durability and effectiveness of various building materials, particularly those used in
structural applications. It is frequently used to assess the flexural or bending
characteristics of substances like concrete, steel, wood, and composite materials.
Engineers can use this test to develop and assess structural components like beams,
slabs, and columns by better understanding how a material responds to bending loads.
Apparatus Used:
a) Beam Mould
b) Tamping Bar
c) Flexural Test Machine

Procedure as per (IS: 516-1959):
a) There shall be a total of four rollers, three of which shall be capable of rotating
about their own axes. The span (or distance between the outer and inner rollers) must
be 3d, whereas the latter must be d. To make the system as systematic as possible, the
inner rollers must be evenly spaced from the outside rollers.
b) The specimen kept in water must be analysed as soon as it is removed from the
water while it is still wet. The test specimen must be properly centred inside the
machine, with its longitudinal axis positioned such that it is at a right angle to the
rollers.
c) The specimens will be supported and loaded at specific spots using circular rollers
made of steel with a cross section that is 38 mm in diameter. At least 10 mm more
must be added to the rollers' length than the test specimen's width. There shall be a
total of four rollers, three of which shall be capable of rotating about their own axes.
The span (or distance between the outer and inner rollers) must be 3d, whereas the
latter must be d. To make the system as systematic as possible, the inner rollers must
be evenly spaced from the outside rollers.
d) The specimen kept in water must be analysed as soon as it is removed from the
water while it is still wet. The test specimen must be properly centred inside the
machine, with its longitudinal axis positioned such that it is at a right angle to the
rollers..
e) The weight must be applied at a rate of 400 kg/min for specimens measuring 15.0
cm and 180 kg/min for specimens measuring 10.0 cm.
Fig 4.2.3

Calculation:
The Flexural Strength or modulus of rupture (fb) is given by
fb = pl/bd2
4.3 Non-Destructive Test:

4.3.1 Rebound Hammer Test:
The non-destructive rebound hammer test, commonly referred to as the Schmidt

hammer test, is used to evaluate the homogeneity and compressive strength of concrete.
Evaluation of the strength and quality of concrete structures is a common practise in
civil engineering and construction. The idea behind the rebound hammer test is to
calculate how far an impact hammer bounces back after striking concrete. The rebound
hammer consists of a mass that is spring-controlled and smashes the concrete with a
specific amount of force. The hardness of the concrete surface can be determined by
measuring the hammer's rebound distance using a graduated scale on the hammer.
Fig 4.3.1
Apparatus Used:
a) Rebound Hammer
Procedure as per (IS: 13311(2)-1992):

a) It starts with calibrating the rebound hammer. The hammer is tested on a steel
anvil with a Brinell hardness of 5000 N/mm to determine its calibration.
b) Cleanse and thoroughly dry the concrete surface.
c) Following that, the rebound hammer is held parallel to the concrete's surface. You
can hold the hammer either horizontally or vertically.
d) As indicated in the graph, the test result is connected with compressive strength
after the reading is taken.
As seen in the table below, various rebound values represent various structural
qualities.
Rebound number value Quality of concrete element
Greater than 40 Very good hard layer
30 to 40 Good layer
20 to 30 Fair layer
Less than 20 Poor layer
0 Very poor layer
Results:
4.3.2 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test:
In order to evaluate the quality and integrity of concrete and other building materials,
non-destructive testing techniques such as the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test are
employed. In order to learn more about a material's physical characteristics, such as
strength, density, and homogeneity, the velocity of ultrasonic vibrations passing
through it is measured.

Fig 4.3.2
Apparatus Used:
a) Electrical pulse Generator
b) A pair of Transducer
c) Standard Calibration Bar
d) An Amplifier
e) Electronic Timing Device
Procedure as per (IS 516 Part5 Sec-1: 2018):
a) Preparing for Use
b) Set Reference
c) Range Selection
d) Pulse Velocity
e) Separation of Transducer Leads
Velocity Criterion for concrete Quality Grading

Avg Value of Pulse Velocity by Cross Concrete Quality Grading

Probing (km/s)
Above 4.40 Excellent
3.75 to 4.40 Good
3.00 to 3.75 Doubtful
Below 3.00 Poor
Calculations:
Pulse Velocity= Width of Structure/Time taken by pulse to go through

CHAPTER - V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Slump Cone Test M30 Grade Concrete
SL.NO % Replacement (Mix ID) Slump in mm
1 0% BAC + 0% pp (M0) 70
2 100% BAC + 1% pp (M1) 70
3 100% BAC + 3% pp (M2) 55
4 100% BAC + 5% PP (M3) 50
5 100% BAC + 7% PP (M4) 40
Table 5.1
 As we increase the % of Perlite Powder the slump value decreases gradually
Fig 5.1

5.2 Density for M30 Grade Concrete
SL % Replacement (Mix ID) 7 14 28 56

NO Days Days Days Days
1 0% BAC + 0% pp (M0) 2420 2450 2459 2495
2 100% BAC + 1% pp (M1) 2410 2440 2449 2479
3 100% BAC + 3% pp (M2) 2370 2415 2420 2470
4 100% BAC + 5% PP (M3) 2345 2405 2415 2438
5 100% BAC + 7% PP (M4) 2340 2380 2390 2410
Table 5.2
 All the concrete cubes casted falls within the ranges of 2300kg/m3 to 2500
kg/m3
Fig 5.2

5.3 Compressive Strength
Compressive strength for M30 Grade concrete in N/mm2
SL. % Replacement (Mix ID) 7 Days 14 Days 28 56 Days

NO DAys
1 0% BAC + 0% pp (M0) 19.2 26.5 34.99 36.88
2 100% BAC + 1% pp (M1) 19.8 27.02 35.07 38.2
3 100% BAC + 3% pp (M2) 20.85 27.89 35.78 39.89
4 100% BAC + 5% PP (M3) 22.01 29.25 38.45 41.86
5 100% BAC + 7% PP (M4) 18.8 25.4 28.23 30.4
Table no 5.3
 As we increase the % of Perlite Powder the compressive strength increases

gradually up to 5% and decreases at 7%.
Fig 5.3

5.4 Split Tensile Strength Test
Split tensile for M30 Grade concrete in N/mm2
SL.NO % Replacement (Mix ID) 28 days 56 Days
1 0% BAC + 0% pp (M0) 3.75 3.98
2 100% BAC + 1% pp (M1) 3.99 4.10
3 100% BAC + 3% pp (M2) 4.05 4.25
4 100% BAC + 5% PP (M3) 4.21 4.58
5 100% BAC + 7% PP (M4) 2.65 2.98
Table no 5.4
 Split tensile strength for the cylindrical specimens is maximum at 5% of 28days

curing, 56days curing.
Fig 5.4

5.5 Flexural Strength
Flexural strength for M30 Grade concrete in Mpa
SL.NO % Replacement (Mix ID) 28 days 56 Days
1 0% BAC + 0% pp (M0) 3.4 3.47
2 100% BAC + 1% pp (M1) 3.45 3.59
3 100% BAC + 3% pp (M2) 3.58 3.75
4 100% BAC + 5% PP (M3) 3.96 4.06
5 100% BAC + 7% PP (M4) 2.75 2.78
Table no 5.5
 Flexural strength for the Prism specimens is maximum at 5% of 28days curing,

56days curing.
Fig 5.5

5.6 Rebound Hammer
Sl .No % Replacement (Mix ID) Rebound Quality of Concrete

Number
1 0% BAC + 0% pp (M0) 27 Fair layer
2 100% BAC + 1% pp (M1) 33 Good Layer
3 100% BAC + 3% pp (M2) 37 Good Layer
4 100% BAC + 5% PP (M3) 42 Very Good Hard Layer
5 100% BAC + 7% PP (M4) 25 Fair Layer
Table no 5.6 (a)
Rebound number value Quality of concrete element
Greater than 40 Very good hard layer
30 to 40 Good layer
20 to 30 Fair layer
Less than 20 Poor layer
0 Very poor layer
Table 5.6 (b)

5.7 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

Mix UPV after healing (m/s)
No.
After 7 days After 28 days After 56 days
1 3980 4491 4702
2 3952 4321 4532
3 3875 4105 4854
4 3790 4208 4756
5 3850 4180 4624
6 3905 4451 4872
Table no 5.7
5.8 Crack Width Determination

Days Crack width of Crack width of
Concrete in Microns Concrete in Microns
( Before Healing) ( After Healing)
7 days 3.3 2.1
14 days 3.6 2.2
28 days 3.8 2.6
56 days 4.7 2.8
Table no 5.8

CHAPTER - VI
CONCLUSION
The Following results are obtained.
 The Compressive Strength is high at 5% Perlite and the percentage increased by

9.88% of normal concrete at 28 days
 The Split Tensile is high at 5% Perlite and the percentage increased by 12.26% of
normal concrete at 28 days.
 The Flexural Strength is high at 5% Perlite and the percentageincreased by 16.47% of
normal concrete at 28 days.
 The optimum replacement percentage of fine aggregate by perlite is 5%. The
compressive, split tensile, flexural strength were reduced if the replacement
percentage of perlite will be increased.
 Healing is absorbed more at 56 days of curing as compared to 28 days of curing.

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Effect of bacteria on strength properties of pozzolanic concrete 2021-23

In conclusion, self-healing concrete is an important development in the building

1.2 Properties Of Concrete

1.2.1 Shrinkage Cracking

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 2

1.2.2 Tension Cracking

Tension cracking may be caused by a variety of reasons, including the following:

Material Properties: The resistance of various materials to tensile stresses varies.

Stress Concentration: Stress concentration can happen when certain portions of a

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 3

Environmental Factors: An exposed material's susceptibility to tension cracking

It is a material's constant growth or twisting in an effort to reduce internal tensions.

In concrete structures, creep is the slow, time-dependent deformation that happens

It is mostly related to the viscoelastic nature of concrete, which means that it

In conclusion, creep is a time-dependent deformation that happens in concrete

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 4

In concrete construction, a number of reasons can cause cracks to form, including:

2. Drying Shrinkage: Concrete goes through a chemical process known as hydration,

3. Thermal Effects: With changes in temperature, concrete expands and contracts.

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 5

structural fissures to appear. As it may jeopardize the concrete's structural integrity,

6. Chemical Reactions: In concrete, some chemical reactions can produce expansion

7. Corrosion of Reinforcement: In reinforced concrete structures, the concrete has

1.3 Objectives of the Research Work:

a) 1. To design and develop a self-healing concrete in which bacteria promotes the

b) To study of strength properties of the concrete induced with different types of

c) To compare the characteristics of conventional concrete and bacteria induced

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 6

2.2 Prof. M. Manjunath, Prof. Santosh A. Kadapure, Ashwinkumar A. Kalaje

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 7

2.6 A. Ramakrishnaiah and Raja Sekhar conducted an experimental study to assess

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 8

2.9 Pranjali Mangalwedhekar, Sakshi Jagtap, Abhishek Pandit, and Swapnil

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 9

strategies, bacterial concrete can be a successful solution for sustainability. It is one of

2.13 Researchers Ramakrishnan, Ramesh K. Panchalan, and Sookie S. Bang

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 10

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

A common building material that is essential to the construction and infrastructure

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 11

c) Particle Size: With an average particle size of 3 to 50 micrometres (m), cement

a) Hydration: The ability of cement to go through hydration, a chemical reaction

3.1.2 Fine Aggregate

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 12

In conclusion, fine aggregates are an essential component in the creation of concrete

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 13

b) Organic Impurities: The strength and longevity of the concrete might be

3.1.3 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse particles support concrete's durability in addition to its strength. By offering

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 14

a) Particle Shape: Angular, spherical, or irregular particles can all be found in

a) Composition: Rocks and minerals like limestone, granite, basalt, or sandstone

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 15

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 16

3.1.5 Perlite Powder

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 17

a) Apperance: The colour of perlite powder is often pale grey or white.

a) Composition: Aluminium oxide (Al2O3), potassium oxide (K2O), sodium oxide

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru 18