1.

4 Definite Integral

CALENG2
Dr. Susan A. Roces
Chemical Engineering Department
1T, AY 2022-2023
 Definite Integral
Δx n
y = f (x)
Δx3
Δx1 Δx2
zn
z2 z3
z1

a = x0 x1 x2 x3 xn −1 xn = b
Summation Notation:
n =α
R = ∑ ( zi ) (Δ xi )
i =1
where : R = Rieman sum for function f ( x)
correspond ing to the partition
If we wish to find the required total area, A:
n =α
⎡ ⎤
AT = lim ⎢∑ ( zi ) (Δ xi )⎥
Δ xi →0 ⎣ i =1 ⎦
If the limit of the Riemann sum exists as
the maximum as Δ xi → 0 and is always
the same value, then such value is called
the Definite Integral or Riemann Integral
of the function y = f(x) from a to b
which is denoted by:
where:
x2 = b
a = lower limit
∫ f ( x) dx b = upper limit
x1 = a
f(x) = integrand
Thus:
b
∫ f ( x) dx = [ F ( x) ]
b
a
a
= [ F (b) ] − [ F (a) ]
Steps to follow:
1. Integrate and solve for F(x).
Note: omit c
2. Substitute b in F(x)
3. Substitute a in F(x)
4. Substract the results of step (3) from
step (2).
Note:
1. The definite integral has been defined
only in the case when the function f(x) is
continuous on the closed interval [a, b].
- If the function is not continuous at
some point [a, b], then we call it an
Improper Integral
2. Both the lower and upper limits are real
numbers.
3. The lower limit a is always less than the
upper limit b.
Properties of Definite Integral :
b a
1. ∫ f ( x) dx = − ∫ f ( x) dx
a b
a
2. ∫ f ( x) dx = 0
a

3. If a 〈 c 〈 b, then :
b c b
∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx +∫ f ( x) dx
a a c
 b b
4. ∫ k f ( x) dx = k ∫ f ( x) dx
a a
b
5. ∫
a
[ f ( x) ± g ( x)] dx
b b
= ∫ f ( x) dx ± ∫ g ( x) dx
a a
 Illustrative Examples:
3
1. ∫ x − 2 dx u = x − 2, n = 1 / 2
2
du = dx
3/ 2 3
⎡ ( x − 2) ⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3/ 2 ⎦2
2 2 2
= [(3 − 2) − (2 − 2) ] = [1 − 0 ]=
3/ 2 3/ 2

3 3 3
 1
2. ∫
0
[(2 x −1) 3
]
+ 2 x dx
1 1
3
= ∫ (2 x − 1) dx + ∫ 2 x dx
0 0
u = 2 x − 1, n = 3
du = 2dx
1 2 1
4
1 ⎡ (2 x − 1) ⎤ ⎡x ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥ + 2 ⎢ ⎥
2⎣ 4 ⎦0 ⎣ 2 ⎦0
 1
[ 4
= (2(1) − 1) − (2(0) − 1)
8
4
]+ [(1) 2
− (0) 2
]
1
= [1 − 1] + 1
8
=1
 1
3. ∫ 1+ x x x dx
0
3/ 2
u = 1 + x , n = 1/ 2
1
3 2 3
du = 0 + x dx = x dx
2 2
⎛2⎞ 1 ⎛3⎞
=⎜ ⎟ ∫ 1 + x x ⎜ ⎟ x dx
⎝3⎠ 0 ⎝2⎠
 3
1
⎡ ⎤
2⎢ (1 + x x ) 2
⎥
= ⎢
3 3/ 2 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0
4⎡ 3 3
⎤
= ⎢(1 + 1 1) 2 − (1 + 0 0 ) 2 ⎥
9⎣ ⎦
4⎡ 2 4
[ ]
3 3
⎤
= ⎢(2) − (1) 2 ⎥ = 2 2 − 1
9⎣ ⎦ 9
 π
sin 2θ
4. ∫ 6
2
dθ
0 cos 2θ
u = cos 2θ , n = −2
du = −2 sin 2θ dθ
π
⎛ 1 ⎞ −2
=⎜ ⎟ ∫ 6
cos 2θ (−2) sin 2θ dθ
⎝−2⎠ 0
 −1 π / 6 π /6
1 ⎡ (cos 2θ ) ⎤ 1⎡ 1 ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
−2 ⎣ −1 ⎦0 2 ⎣ cos 2θ ⎦ 0
⎡ ⎤
1 ⎢ 1 1 ⎥
= ⎢ − ⎥
2⎢ ⎛ π ⎞ cos 2(0 )⎥
cos 2⎜ ⎟
⎢⎣ 6
⎝ ⎠ ⎥
⎦
1⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢ − ⎥
2 ⎣ cos 60 cos 0 ⎦
 1⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢ − ⎥
2 ⎣ 1/ 2 1 ⎦

1
= [2 − 1]
2
1 1
= [1] =
2 2
 e dx a = 1, u = ln x
5. ∫ 2
1
x [1 + (ln x ) ] 1
du = dx
e x
= [arctan (ln x)] 1

= [arctan (ln e) − arctan (ln1)]

= [arctan (1) − arctan (0)]
π π
= −0 =
4 4
 Illustrative Examples with Absolute Value
1
6. ∫ x − x dx x x=0
−1
−x +x
−1 0 1
x = − x, when x 〈 0
= + x, when x 〉 0
0 1
=∫ − x − x dx + + x − x dx
−1 ∫ 0
 0
=∫ − 2 x dx + 0
−1
u = −2 x, n = 1 / 2
du = −2dx
1 0 1/ 2
= (− )
2 ∫−1 (− 2 x ) (−2) dx
3/ 2 0
1 ⎡ ( −2 x ) ⎤
=− ⎢ ⎥
2 ⎣ 3 / 2 ⎦ −1
 1
[ 3/ 2
= − (− 2(0)) − (− 2(− 1))
3
3/ 2
]
1
[
= − 0 − (2 )
3
3/ 2
]
2 2
=
3
 4
7. ∫ x + 2 dx
−3
− ( x + 2) + ( x + 2)
−3 −2 4
x+2 x + 2 = − ( x + 2), x 〈 − 2
x+2=0 = + ( x + 2), x 〉 − 2
x = −2
−2 4
=∫ − ( x + 2) dx + ∫ ( x + 2) dx
−3 −2
 −2 2 4
2
⎡ ( x + 2) ⎤ ⎡ ( x + 2) ⎤
=− ⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ −3 ⎣ 2 ⎦ − 2
1
=−
2
[(−2 + 2) 2
− (−3 + 2) 2
]
1
2
[(4 + 2) − (−2 + 2) ]
+ 2 2

1 1
= − [0 − (−1) ] + [(6) − 0]
2 2

2 2
1 36 37
= + =
2 2 2
 0
2
8. ∫ 1 − x dx
−2
2
x − 1 1− x 2

−2 −1 0 1
2
1− x 2
1 − x = − (1 − x ), x 〈 − 1
2
2
1− x = 0 = + (1 − x ), x 〉 − 1
2
x = ±1
−1 0
2
= ∫ ( x − 1) dx + ∫ −1 (1 − x ) dx
2
−2
 −1 0
2 2
=∫ ( x − 1) dx + ∫ (1 − x ) dx
−2 −1
3 −1 0
3
⎡x ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
= ⎢ − x⎥ + ⎢ x − ⎥
⎣3 ⎦ −2 ⎣ 3 ⎦ −1
⎡⎛ (−1)3 ⎞ ⎛ (−2)3 ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜⎜ − (−1) ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ − (−2) ⎟⎟⎥
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
3 3
⎡⎛ (0) ⎞ ⎛ (−1) ⎞⎤
+ ⎢⎜⎜ (0) − ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ (−1) − ⎟⎟⎥
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
 ⎡⎛ − 1 ⎞ ⎛ − 8 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜ + 1⎟ − ⎜ + 2 ⎟⎥ + ⎢(0 − 0) − ⎜ − 1 + ⎟⎥
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
−1 8 1
= +1+ − 2 +1−
3 3 3
6
= = 2
3
 5 x
9. ∫ dx Divide !!!
0 x + 10
5 ⎡ 10 ⎤
=∫ 1 −
⎢ x + 10 ⎥ dx
0
⎣ ⎦
5
= [x − 10 ln ( x + 10)] 0

( ) (
= 5 −10 ln 5 + 10 − 0 −10 ln 0 + 10 )
= 5 −10 ln 15 + 10 ln 10
10
= 5+ 10 ln
15
2
= 5 + 10 ln
3
Another solution:
x2 = 5 x 15 u − 10
=∫ dx =∫ du
x1 = 0 x + 10 10 u
let : u = x + 10 x1 = 0
x = u − 10 u1 = x1 + 10 = 10
dx = du x2 = 5
u2 = x2 + 10 = 15
 15 u − 10 10
=∫ du = 5 + 10 ln
10 u 15
15 ⎡ 10 ⎤
=∫ 1 −
⎢ u⎥ du 2
10
⎣ ⎦ = 5 + 10 ln
15
3
= [u − 10 ln u ] 10

= (15−10 ln15) − (10−10ln10)

= 5 − 10 ln15 + 10 ln10
 Odd/Even Functions
Odd functions : f (− x) = − f ( x)
5 3
Ex. f ( x) = 3x + 2 x − 4 x
5 3
f (− x) = 3(− x) + 2(− x) − 4(− x)
5 3
f ( − x) = − 3x − 2 x + 4 x
5 3
f (− x) = − (3x + 2 x − 4 x)
a
∫ f ( x) dx = 0
−a
 Odd/Even Functions
Even functions : f (− x) = f ( x)
4 2
Ex. f ( x) = 2 x − 3x + 5
4 2
f (− x) = 2(− x) − 3(− x) + 5
4 2
f ( − x) = 2 x − 3 x + 5
a a
∫ f ( x) dx = 2 ∫ f ( x) dx
−a 0
 Illustrative Examples:
1
1. ∫
−1
[x 4 2
]
+ x dx Even function !!!
1
= 2∫
0
[x 4
+x 2
] dx
5 3 1
⎡x x ⎤
= 2⎢ + ⎥
⎣5 3⎦0
⎡⎛ (1)5 (1)3 ⎞ ⎛ (0)5 (0)3 ⎞⎤
= 2 ⎢⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟⎥
⎣⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎝ 5 3 ⎠⎦
 ⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎤
= 2 ⎢⎜ + ⎟ − (0 + 0)⎥
⎣⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎦
⎡3 + 5⎤
= 2⎢ ⎥
⎣ 15 ⎦
⎡ 8 ⎤ 16
= 2⎢ ⎥ =
⎣15 ⎦ 15
 2
2. ∫
−2
[x 3 5
]
− 7 x dx = 0 Odd function !
4 6 2
⎡x x ⎤
= ⎢ −7 ⎥
⎣4 6⎦ −2
⎡⎛ (2) 4 6
(2) ⎞ ⎛ (−2) 4 6
(−2) ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜⎜ −7 ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ −7 ⎟⎟⎥
⎣⎝ 4 6 ⎠ ⎝ 4 6 ⎠⎦
4 6 4 6
⎡ (2) (2) (2) (2) ⎤
=⎢ −7 − +7 ⎥ =0
⎣ 4 6 4 6 ⎦
 3
3. ∫ x 7
2 + x dx = 0
2
−3

7 2
f ( x) = x 2 + x
7 2
f ( − x ) = ( − x ) 2 + ( − x)
7 2
f (− x) = − x 2+ x
Odd function !!!
 3
4. ∫
−3
[sin 2 x − 3 cos x]dx
f ( x) = sin 2 x f ( x ) = −3 cos x
f (− x) = sin 2(− x) f ( − x ) = −3 cos ( − x )
f (− x) = −3 cos x
f (− x) = − sin 2 x
Even function !!
Odd function !! 3
= ∫ − 3 cos x dx
3 −3
3
= ∫ sin 2 x dx = 0 = − 2 ∫ 3 cos x dx
−3 0
 3
= −2∫ 3 cos x dx
0

3
= − 6 [sin x ] 0

= − 6 [(sin 3) − (sin 0)]

= − 6 sin 3
Another solution:
3
= ∫ −3 [sin 2 x − 3 cos x ]dx
3
⎡ 1 ⎤
= ⎢− cos 2 x − 3 sin x ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ −3
⎛ 1 ⎞ − ⎛ − 1 cos 2(−3) − 3 sin (− 3)⎞
= ⎜ − cos 2(3) − 3 sin 3 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
1 1
= − cos 2(3) − 3 sin 3 + cos 2(3) − 3 sin (3)
2 2
= − 6 sin 3
 Assignment 1.5_Definite Integrals
x x
a ⎛ ⎞−
1. ∫ ⎜ e − e ⎟ dx
⎜
a
⎟
a
0
⎝ ⎠
1 x +1
2. ∫ 2
dx
0
(x 2
+ 2x + 6 )
x+1
0 e dx
3. ∫ −2
7−e x+1
 π /2 sec 2 x
4. ∫ π /3
e (sec 2x)(tan 2x)dx

−3
1/ 2 4x + 2
5. ∫ −2
dx
1/ 3 x −x
e dx
6. ∫ 1 2
x 1− (ln x)
 2 dx
7. ∫ 0 2
4− x
7 dx
8. ∫ 1
9 + (x + 2) 2

3
9. ∫ (41
x+1
+ 2 ) dx
x
 π /2 cos x dx
10. ∫ π /3 2
(sin x) sin x − (1 / 4)
2
11. ∫ 0
x − x dx

1
1
12. ⎡
∫ −4 ⎣ x + 2 +1⎤ dx 2
⎦