Download and Read online, DOWNLOAD EBOOK, [PDF EBOOK EPUB ], Ebooks

download, Read Ebook EPUB/KINDE, Download Book Format PDF

Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems 2nd

Edition Brian D. Fath (Editor)

OR CLICK LINK
https://textbookfull.com/product/managing-air-
quality-and-energy-systems-2nd-edition-brian-d-
fath-editor/

Read with Our Free App Audiobook Free Format PFD EBook, Ebooks dowload PDF
with Andible trial, Real book, online, KINDLE , Download[PDF] and Read and Read
Read book Format PDF Ebook, Dowload online, Read book Format PDF Ebook,
[PDF] and Real ONLINE Dowload [PDF] and Real ONLINE
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Managing Biological and Ecological Systems 2nd Edition

Brian D. Fath (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/managing-biological-and-
ecological-systems-2nd-edition-brian-d-fath-editor/

Managing Human and Social Systems 2nd Edition Brian D.

Fath (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/managing-human-and-social-
systems-2nd-edition-brian-d-fath-editor/

Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems 2nd Edition

Brian D. Fath (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/managing-soils-and-terrestrial-
systems-2nd-edition-brian-d-fath-editor/

Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems 2nd

Edition Brian D. Fath (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/managing-water-resources-and-
hydrological-systems-2nd-edition-brian-d-fath-editor/
Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes 2nd
Edition Brian D. Fath (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/managing-global-resources-and-
universal-processes-2nd-edition-brian-d-fath-editor/

Performance Improvement in Hospitals and Health

Systems: Managing Analytics and Quality in Healthcare,
2nd Edition James R. Langabeer Ii

https://textbookfull.com/product/performance-improvement-in-
hospitals-and-health-systems-managing-analytics-and-quality-in-
healthcare-2nd-edition-james-r-langabeer-ii/

Alternative Energy Systems and Applications 2nd Edition

B. K. Hodge

https://textbookfull.com/product/alternative-energy-systems-and-
applications-2nd-edition-b-k-hodge/

Integration of Air Conditioning and Heating into Modern

Power Systems Enabling Demand Response and Energy
Efficiency Yi Ding

https://textbookfull.com/product/integration-of-air-conditioning-
and-heating-into-modern-power-systems-enabling-demand-response-
and-energy-efficiency-yi-ding/

Cereal Grains Second Edition Assessing and Managing

Quality Colin Wrigley

https://textbookfull.com/product/cereal-grains-second-edition-
assessing-and-managing-quality-colin-wrigley/
Managing Air Quality and
Energy Systems
Environmental Management Handbook,
Second Edition
Edited by
Brian D. Fath and Sven E. Jørgensen

Volume 1
Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes
Volume 2
Managing Biological and Ecological Systems
Volume 3
Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems
Volume 4
Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems
Volume 5
Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems
Volume 6
Managing Human and Social Systems
Managing Air Quality and
Energy Systems
Second Edition

Edited by
Brian D. Fath and Sven E. Jørgensen
Assistant to Editor
Megan Cole
Cover photo: Hounslow, United Kingdom, N. Fath

Second edition published 2021

by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

and by CRC Press

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

First edition published by CRC Press 2013

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been
acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the
Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are
not available on CCC please contact [email protected]

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN: 978-1-138-34267-5 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-003-04346-1 (ebk)

Typeset in Minion
by codeMantra
 Contents

Preface ....................................................................................................................... ix
Editors ....................................................................................................................... xi
Contributors ........................................................................................................... xiii

SECTION I APC: Anthropogenic

Chemicals and Activities
1 Genotoxicity and Air Pollutions ....................................................................... 3
Eliane Tigre Guimarães and Andrea Nunes Vaz Pedroso
2 Methane Emissions: Rice ................................................................................. 15
Kazuyuki Yagi
3 Petroleum: Hydrocarbon Contamination ....................................................... 21
Svetlana Drozdova and Erwin Rosenberg
4 Road-Traffic Emissions ................................................................................... 47
Fabian Heidegger, Regine Gerike, Wolfram Schmidt, Udo Becker,
and Jens Borken-Kleefeld

SECTION II COV: Comparative Overviews of

Important Topics for Environmental Management
5 Alternative Energy .......................................................................................... 63
Bernd Markert, Simone Wuenschmann, Stefan Fraenzle, and Bernd Delakowitz
6 Energy and Environmental Security ............................................................... 91
Muhammad Asif
7 Energy Commissioning: New Buildings ........................................................ 105
Janey Kaster
8 Energy Sources: Renewable versus Non-Renewable ...................................... 123
Marc A. Rosen

v
vi Contents

9 Energy: Physics . .............................................................................................. 135

Milivoje M. Kostic
10 Energy: Renewable ......................................................................................... 159
John O. Blackburn
11 Energy: Storage ............................................................................................... 167
Rudolf Marloth
12 Fossil Fuel Combustion: Air Pollution and Global Warming ...................... 177
Dan Golomb
13 Geothermal Energy Resources ....................................................................... 191
Ibrahim Dincer and Arif Hepbasli
14 Green Energy .................................................................................................. 213
Ibrahim Dincer and Adnan Midili
15 Ozone Layer ................................................................................................... 235
Luisa T. Molina
16 Thermodynamics ........................................................................................... 261
Ronald L. Klaus

SECTION III CSS: Case Studies of

Environmental Management
17 Energy Conversion: Coal, Animal Waste, and Biomass Fuel ....................... 281
Kalyan Annamalai, Soyuz Priyadarsan, Senthil Arumugam,
and John M. Sweeten
18 Energy Demand: From Individual Behavioral Changes to Climate
Change Mitigation ......................................................................................... 307
Leila Niamir and Felix Creutzig
19 Wind Farms: Noise ......................................................................................... 321
Daniel Shepherd, Chris Hanning, and Bob Thorne

SECTION IV DIA: Diagnostic Tools:

Monitoring, Ecological Modeling, Ecological
Indicators, and Ecological Services
20 Exergy: Analysis . ........................................................................................... 345
Marc A. Rosen

SECTION V ENT: Environmental Management

Using Environmental Technologies
21 Air Pollution: Monitoring .............................................................................. 361
Waldemar Wardencki
Contents vii

22 Air Pollution: Technology ............................................................................. 385

Sven Erik Jørgensen
23 Alternative Energy: Hydropower .................................................................. 407
Andrea Micangeli, Sara Evangelisti, and Danilo Sbordone
24 Alternative Energy: Photovoltaic Solar Cells ............................................... 427
Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska
25 Alternative Energy: Solar Thermal Energy . ................................................. 449
Andrea Micangeli, Sara Evangelisti, and Danilo Sbordone
26 Alternative Energy: Wind Power Technology and Economy . ...................... 473
K.E. Ohrn
27 Electric Power: Microgrids ........................................................................... 487
Ryan Hanna
28 Energy Conservation: Benefits ..................................................................... 497
Eric A. Woodroof, Wayne C. Turner, and Steven D. Heinz
29 Energy Conservation: Industrial Processes ................................................. 507
Harvey E. Diamond
30 Energy Master Planning ................................................................................. 519
Fredric S. Goldner
31 Energy: Solid Waste Advanced Thermal Technology .................................. 529
Alex E.S. Green and Andrew R. Zimmerman
32 Energy: Walls and Windows ......................................................................... 559
Therese Stovall
33 Energy: Waste Heat Recovery ........................................................................ 575
Martin A. Mozzo, Jr.
34 Fuel Cells: Intermediate and High Temperature .......................................... 583
Xianguo Li, Gholamreza Karimi, and Kui Jiao
35 Fuel Cells: Low Temperature ........................................................................ 593
Xianguo Li and Kui Jiao
36 Global Climate Change: Gasoline, Hybrid-Electric, and
Hydrogen-Fueled Vehicles ............................................................................ 607
Robert E. Uhrig
37 Heat Pumps .................................................................................................... 617
Lu Aye
38 Hydroelectricity: Pumped Storage ................................................................ 633
Jill S. Tietjen
39 Integrated Energy Systems . ........................................................................... 649
Leslie A. Solmes and Sven Erik Jørgensen
40 Bioreactors for Waste Gas Treatment ........................................................... 667
Sarina J. Ergas
viii Contents

41 Review of Fine-Scale Air Quality Modeling for Carbon and

Health Co-Benefits Assessments in Cities . .................................................. 679
Andrew Fang and Anu Ramaswami
42 Thermal Energy: Solar Technologies . ............................................................ 691
Muhammad Asif and Tariq Muneer

SECTION VI PRO: Basic Environmental Processes

43 Acid Rain ....................................................................................................... 707
Umesh Kulshrestha
44 Acid Rain: Nitrogen Deposition ................................................................... 729
George F. Vance
45 Carbon Sequestration .................................................................................... 737
Nathan E. Hultman
46 Energy Conservation ...................................................................................... 747
Ibrahim Dincer and Adnan Midili
47 Energy Conservation: Lean Manufacturing ................................................. 765
Bohdan W. Oppenheim
48 Global Climate Change: Carbon Sequestration ........................................... 777
Sherwood Idso and Keith E. Idso
49 Global Climate Change: Earth System Response ......................................... 783
Amanda Staudt and Nathan E. Hultman
50 Global Climate Change: Gas Fluxes . ............................................................ 797
Pascal Boeckx and Oswald Van Cleemput
Index ...................................................................................................................... 803
 Preface

Given the current state of the world as compiled in the massive Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Report, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively during the past 50 years than in
any other time in human history. These are unprecedented changes that need certain action. As a result,
it is imperative that we have a good scientific understanding of how these systems function and good
strategies on how to manage them.
In a very practical way, this multi-volume Environmental Management Handbook provides a com-
prehensive reference to demonstrate the key processes and provisions for enhancing environmental
management. The experience, evidence, methods, and models relevant for studying environmental
management are presented here in six stand-alone thematic volumes, as follows:
VOLUME 1 – Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes
VOLUME 2 – Managing Biological and Ecological Systems
VOLUME 3 – Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems
VOLUME 4 – Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems
VOLUME 5 – Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems
VOLUME 6 – Managing Human and Social Systems
In this manner, the handbook introduces in the first volume the general concepts and processes used
in environmental management. The next four volumes deal with each of the four spheres of nature
(biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere). The last volume ties the material together in its
application to human and social systems. These are very important chapters for a wide spectrum of stu-
dents and professionals to understand and implement environmental management. In particular, the
features include the following:
• The first handbook that demonstrates the key processes and provisions for enhancing environ-
mental management.
• Addresses new and cutting-edge topics on ecosystem services, resilience, sustainability, food–
energy–water nexus, socio-ecological systems, etc.
• Provides an excellent basic knowledge on environmental systems, explains how these systems
function, and gives strategies on how to manage them.
• Written by an outstanding group of environmental experts.
Since the handbook covers such a wide range of materials from basic processes, to tools, technolo-
gies, case studies, and legislative actions, each handbook entry is further classified into the following
categories:
APC: Anthropogenic chemicals—the chapters cover human-manufactured chemicals and activities
COV: Indicates that the chapters give comparative overviews of important topics for environmental
management

ix
x Preface

CSS: The chapters give a case study of a particular environmental management example
DIA: Means that the chapters are about diagnostic tools—monitoring, ecological modeling, ecologi-
cal indicators, and ecological services
ELE: Focuses on the use of legislation or policy to address environmental problems
ENT: Addresses environmental management using environmental technologies
NEC: Natural elements and chemicals—the chapters cover basic elements and chemicals found in
nature
PRO: The chapters cover basic environmental processes.
Overall, these volumes will be a valuable resource for all libraries supporting programs in environmen-
tal science and studies, earth science, geography, and policy.
In this volume, #5, the focus is on managing air quality and the closely related topic of energy sys-
tems, as represented in over 50 entries. Energy basics and physics for conventional and alternative
sources are considered. Specific impacts such as global climate change, acid rain, and ozone are covered.
New entries include specific tools to measure road traffic emissions, the importance of managing micro-
power grids, and the role of individual and household behavior in emission scenarios. Case studies look
at energy conversion and the impact of wind farm noise. This volume contains a number of entries on
air pollution control strategies.

Brian D. Fath
Brno, Czech Republic
December 2019
 Editors

Brian D. Fath is Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Towson University (Maryland,
USA) and Senior Research Scholar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (Laxenburg,
Austria). He has published over 180 research papers, reports, and book chapters on environmental sys-
tems modeling, specifically in the areas of network analysis, urban metabolism, and sustainability. He
co-authored the books A New Ecology: Systems Perspective (2020), Foundations for Sustainability: A
Coherent Framework of Life–Environment Relations (2019), and Flourishing Within Limits to Growth:
Following Nature’s Way (2015). He is also Editor-in-Chief for the journal Ecological Modelling and
Co-Editor-in-Chief for Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. Dr. Fath was the 2016 recipi-
ent of the Prigogine Medal for outstanding work in systems ecology and twice a Fulbright Distinguished
Chair (Parthenope University, Naples, Italy, in 2012 and Masaryk University, Czech Republic, in 2019).
In addition, he has served as Secretary General of the International Society for Ecological Modelling,
Co-Chair of the Ecosystem Dynamics Focus Research Group in the Community Surface Modeling
Dynamics System, and member and past Chair of Baltimore County Commission on Environmental
Quality.

Sven E. Jørgensen (1934–2016) was Professor of environmental chemistry at Copenhagen University.

He received a doctorate of engineering in environmental technology and a doctorate of science in eco-
logical modeling. He was an honorable doctor of science at Coimbra University (Portugal) and at Dar
es Salaam (Tanzania). He was Editor-in-Chief of Ecological Modelling from the journal inception in
1975 until 2009. He was Editor-in-Chief for the Encyclopedia of Environmental Management (2013) and
Encyclopedia of Ecology (2008). In 2004, Dr. Jørgensen was awarded the Stockholm Water Prize and
the Prigogine Medal. He was awarded the Einstein Professorship by the Chinese Academy of Sciences
in 2005. In 2007, he received the Pascal Medal and was elected a member of the European Academy of
Sciences. He had published over 350 papers, and has edited or written over 70 books. Dr. Jørgensen gave
popular and well-received lectures and courses in ecological modeling, ecosystem theory, and ecological
engineering worldwide.

xi
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylora ndfra ncis.com
 Contributors

Kalyan Annamalai Pascal Boeckx

Paul Pepper Professor of Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological
Mechanical Engineering Sciences
Texas A&M University University of Ghent
College Station, Texas Ghent, Belgium

Senthil Arumugam Jens Borken-Kleefeld

Enerquip, Inc. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Medford, Wisconsin International Institute for Applied Systems
Analysis
Muhammad Asif Laxenburg, Austria
School of the Built and Natural Environment
Glasgow Caledonian University Felix Creutzig
Glasgow, United Kingdom Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons
and Climate Change (MCC)
Lu Aye and
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Group Technical University of Berlin
Department of Infrastructure Engineering Berlin, Germany
Melbourne School of Engineering
University of Melbourne Bernd Delakowitz
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Sciences
Udo Becker University of Applied Sciences
Chair of Transport Ecology Zittau, Germany
Faculty of Transportation Sciences
“Friedrich List” Harvey E. Diamond
Institute of Transport Planning and Road Traffic Energy Management International
Dresden University of Technology Conroe, Texas
Dresden, Germany
Ibrahim Dincer
John O. Blackburn Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
Professor Emeritus of Economics University of Ontario Institute of Technology
Duke University (UOIT)
Maitland, Florida Oshawa, Ontario, Canada

xiii
xiv Contributors

Svetlana Drozdova Alex E.S. Green

Institute of Chemical Technologies Professor Emeritus
and Analytics University of Florida
Vienna University of Technology Gainesville, Florida
Vienna, Austria
Eliane Tigre Guimarães
Sarina J. Ergas Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory
Department of Civil and Environmental Department of Pathology
Engineering School of Medicine
University of Massachusetts University of Sao Paulo
Amherst, Massachusetts Sao Paulo, Brazil

Sara Evangelisti Ryan Hanna

Interuniversity Research Center for Sustainable School of Global Policy and Strategy
Development (CIRPS) University of California San Diego
Sapienza University of Rome La Jolla, California
Rome, Italy
Chris Hanning
Andrew Fang Sleep Medicine
Humphrey School of Public Affairs University Hospitals of Leicester
University of Minnesota Leicester, United Kingdom
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Fabian Heidegger
Stefan Fraenzle Chair of Integrated Transport Planning and
Department of Biological and Environmental Traffic Engineering
Sciences Faculty of Transportation Sciences
Research Group of Environmental Chemistry “Friedrich List”
International Graduate School Zittau Institute of Transport Planning and Road Traffic
Zittau, Germany Dresden University of Technology
Dresden, Germany
Regine Gerike
Chair of Integrated Transport Planning and Steven D. Heinz
Traffic Engineering Good Steward Software
Faculty of Transportation Sciences State College, Pennsylvania
“Friedrich List”
Institute of Transport Planning and Arif Hepbasli
Road Traffic Faculty of Engineering
Dresden University of Technology Department of Energy Systems Engineering
Dresden, Germany Yaşar University
Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
Fredric S. Goldner
Energy Management & Research Associates Nathan E. Hultman
East Meadow, New York University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland
Dan Golomb
Department of Environmental, Earth and Keith E. Idso
Atmospheric Sciences Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and
University of Massachusetts—Lowell Global Change
Lowell, Massachusetts Tempe, Arizona
Contributors xv

Sherwood Idso Bernd Markert

Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Institute of Scientific
Global Change Networks (EISN)
Tempe, Arizona Haren-Erika, Germany

Kui Jiao Rudolf Marloth

Department of Mechanical Engineering San Diego State University
University of Waterloo San Diego, California
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Andrea Micangeli
Sven Erik Jørgensen Interuniversity Research Center for Sustainable
Institute A, Section of Environmental Chemistry Development (CIRPS)
Copenhagen University Sapienza University of Rome
Copenhagen, Denmark Rome, Italy

Gholamreza Karimi Adnan Midili

Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Waterloo Faculty of Engineering
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Nigde University
Nigde, Turkey
Janey Kaster
Yamas Controls West
Luisa T. Molina
San Francisco, California
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ronald L. Klaus
VAST Power Systems
Martin A. Mozzo, Jr.
Elkhart, Indiana
M and A Associates Inc.
Robbinsville, New Jersey
Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska
Chemical Faculty
Gdansk University of Technology Tariq Muneer
Gdansk, Poland School of Engineering
Napier University
Milivoje M. Kostic Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Northern Illinois University Leila Niamir
DeKalb, Illinois Mercator Research Institute on Global
Commons and Climate Change (MCC)
Umesh Kulshrestha Berlin, Germany
School of Environmental Sciences
and
Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi, India University of Twente
Enschede, The Netherlands
Xianguo Li
Department of Mechanical Engineering K.E. Ohrn
University of Waterloo Cypress Digital Ltd.
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
xvi Contributors

Bohdan W. Oppenheim Leslie A. Solmes

U.S. Department of Energy Industrial LAS and Associates
Assessment Center Mill Valley
Loyola Marymount University
Los Angeles, California Amanda Staudt
Climate Scientist
Andrea Nunes Vaz Pedroso National Wildlife Federation
Nucleus Research in Ecology Reston, Virginia
Institute of Botany
Sao Paulo, Brazil Therese Stovall
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Soyuz Priyadarsan Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
John M. Sweeten
Texas A&M University
Anu Ramaswami
Amarillo, Texas
Humphrey School of Public Affairs
University of Minnesota
Bob Thorne
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Massey University
Palmerston North, New Zealand
Marc A. Rosen
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
University of Ontario Institute of Technology Jill S. Tietjen
Oshawa, Ontario, Canada Technically Speaking, Inc.
Greenwood Village, Colorado
Erwin Rosenberg
Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Wayne C. Turner
Vienna University of Technology Industrial Engineering and Management
Vienna, Austria Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, Oklahoma
Danilo Sbordone
Interuniversity Research Center for Sustainable Robert E. Uhrig
Development (CIRPS) Department of Nuclear Engineering
Sapienza University of Rome University of Tennessee
Rome, Italy Knoxville, Tennessee

Wolfram Schmidt Oswald Van Cleemput

Chair of Transport Ecology Faculty of Agricultural and Applied
Faculty of Transportation Sciences Biological Sciences
“Friedrich List” University of Ghent
Institute of Transport Planning and Road Traffic Ghent, Belgium
Dresden University of Technology
Dresden, Germany George F. Vance
Department of Ecosystem Sciences and
Daniel Shepherd Management
Auckland University of Technology University of Wyoming
Auckland, New Zealand Laramie, Wyoming
Contributors xvii

Waldemar Wardencki Kazuyuki Yagi

Department of Chemistry National Institute for Agro-Environmental
Gdansk University of Technology Sciences
Gdansk, Poland Ibaraki, Japan

Eric A. Woodroof Andrew R. Zimmerman

Profitable Green Solutions Department of Geological Sciences
Plano, Texas University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Simone Wuenschmann
Environmental Institute of Scientific
Networks (EISN)
Haren-Erika, Germany
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylora ndfra ncis.com
 I
APC:
Anthropogenic
Chemicals and
Activities

1
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylora ndfra ncis.com
 1
Genotoxicity and
Air Pollutions
Air Pollutants .................................................................................................... 3
Genotoxic Effects of Air Pollutants ................................................................ 5
Eliane Tigre Genotoxicity Tests ............................................................................................ 6
Guimarães and Air Pollutants and Other Health Effects ........................................................ 7
Andrea Nunes Conclusion and Remarks ................................................................................ 9
Vaz Pedroso References.......................................................................................................... 9

Air Pollutants
Air pollution can be generated by natural and anthropogenic sources. The natural sources, such as
electrical discharge, decomposition of organic matter, volcano eruption, and natural fires, do not depend
on human actions and emit large amounts of pollution, usually in restricted and sparsely populated
areas.
The anthropogenic sources can be stationary or mobile. Stationary sources are mainly industries
that cause local problems of air contamination. Their pollution emissions are determined by the
characteristics of the manufacturing processes, which include the sort of raw materials and fuels used
and the products furnished, as well as by the efficiency of the industrial processes and the control
measurements adopted.
Mobile sources consist of automotive vehicles, trains, airplanes, ships, and motorboats, which release
pollutants into the atmosphere due to incomplete burning of fossil fuels. However, the automotive
vehicles are the main mobile sources.
The atmosphere in large cities is usually contaminated by a range of pollutants from stationary and
mobile sources. The pollutant emissions of mobile sources are difficult to be controlled, mainly because
of the increasing number of automotive vehicles in the last 50 years. This number increased tenfold
during this period.[1] The emissions of air pollutants in urban centers have been causing great concerns
all over the world and have been causing harmful effects on living organisms.
The main pollutants in urban centers are gases such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur oxides, and
organic compounds such as hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter.
They will be described below.
The gas carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas formed during the incomplete
combustion of carbon-containing fuels.[2]
The main source of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the combustion of fuels. Fossil fuels have 1%–5% sulfur
in their composition. During combustion, the sulfur is converted to SO2. Nowadays, in developed
countries, a large quantity of the sulfur is removed from motor fuels during the refining process and gas
emission from chimneys. However, in developing countries, unabated burning of coal and the use of
fuel oils and automotive diesel with higher sulfur content are major sources of SO2.[2]

3
4 Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems

The nitrogen derived from the combustion process of fossil fuels is converted to nitrogen oxides[2]
such as nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). They are considered the precursors of
tropospheric ozone (O3) formation. Nitrogen dioxide diffuses into the atmosphere, where it is usually
oxidized and can react with water to form acid rain, causing corrosion in materials and damage to
human beings.[3]
The nitrogen oxides and VOCs are considered precursors and produce by photochemical reactions
many secondary pollutants, among them O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate,[1,3] which compose so-called
photochemical smog.
When O3 is formed in an atmosphere without pollutants, it is consumed within minutes by the
photostationary equilibrium between NO and NO2. Nevertheless, in a polluted atmosphere, NO
is converted to NO2 and can be consumed by RO2 (organic radical), and, as a consequence, O3 is
accumulated.[3,4] The O3 is considered one of the most damaging gaseous pollutants to human health and
plants, because it forms the reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and
hydroxyl, among others. Reactive oxygen species are oxidative and affect lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids; the cell membranes, composed by polyunsaturated fatty acids, represent the initial target of ROS,
changing their permeability and triggering lipid peroxidation,[5] amino acid oxidation, and inactivation
of enzymes.[6]
The particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid or liquid particles suspended in the air, including
smoke, fumes, soot, and other combustion by-products, besides natural particles such as wind-
blown dust, sea salt, pollen, and spores.[7] These components can be characterized by their size and
composition.[1] Based on the aerodynamic diameter, which ranges from 0.002 to 100 μm, the particulate
matter is classified into three categories: 1) coarse particles, ranging from 2.5 to 100 μm; 2) fine particu-
late matter, below 2.5 μm; 3) ultrafine particles, below 0.1 μm.[8]
Air quality is now regulated by standard concentrations established by laws, based on experiments on
humans and/or animals and epidemiological investigations. The standards for air pollutants in Europe
are proposed by the European Commission and in the United States by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). In Brazil, the standard values for air quality control are defined by a resolution proposed
by the National Council of Environment (CONAMA; Table 1).[9]
Although these standards are often revised in order to protect the human health, the World Health
Organization states that around 2.4 million people still die each year due to causes related to air pollution.

TABLE 1 Standard Values for Pollutants Established by Environmental Agencies (European Commission, EPA, and
CONAMA)
European
Pollutant Sampling Time Commission EPA CONAMA
CO (carbon monoxide) 1 hr 26 ppm 35 ppm 35 ppm
8 hr 10 mg/m3 – –
NO2 8 hr – – 9 ppm
1 hr 200 μg/m3 100 ppb 320 μg/m3
PM10 (particulate matter) Annual 40 μg/m3 53 ppb 100 μg/m3
24 hr 50 μg/m3 150 μg/m3 150 μg/m3
PM2,5 (particulate matter) Annual 25 μg/m3 150 μg/m3 50 μg/m3
24 hr – 35 μg/m3 –
O3 8 hr 120 μg/m3 80 ppb 120 μg/m3
24 hr – 120 ppb 125 μg/m3
SO2 24 hr 125 μg/m3 140 ppb 125 μg/m3
Annual – 75 ppb 80 μg/m3
Source: Adapted from “Air Quality Standards,”[16] “National Ambient Air Quality Standards,”[17] and “Qualidade do Ar.”[18]
–, Limit not defined.
Genotoxicity and Air Pollutions 5

About 1.5 million deaths are attributable to indoor air pollution (estimated deaths).[2] Epidemiological
studies suggest that Americans and Europeans have high rates of deaths from cardiopulmonary dis-
eases arising from air pollution.[10] Worldwide, the number of deaths per year caused by pollution is
greater than that caused by car accidents.[11] The individual response to air pollutants depends of the
type of pollutant, the degree of exposure, the health conditions and the individual genetics[12] and still,
socioeconomic profile.[13,14]
Air pollutants affect the vital molecules of human beings, such as nucleic acids, causing genotoxic
effects, among numerous other health problems. Thus, this will be the main focus of this entry from
here on. The genotoxic effects most commonly reported in the literature and bioassays proposed for
prognosis of genotoxic risks will be reported. Finally, other effects to human health will be mentioned
at the end of this entry.

Genotoxic Effects of Air Pollutants

Genotoxicity is defined as every alteration occurring in genetic material that causes loss of cellular
integrity.[15]
The literature defines that mutations can modify the amino acid sequence of the gene encoding the
protein or damage in the DNA molecule. They may occur over the life span of living beings. This pro-
cess is of extreme importance for the evolution of species. Among gene mutations, we may find the
following cases: 1) when a single nucleotide base is replaced by another; and 2) when extra base pairs
are added or deleted from the DNA. These are also referred to as insertions and deletions, respectively.
These mutations can be devastating, because the messenger RNA is translated into new groups of three
nucleotides and the protein produced can cause serious damage.
The mutations that encompass larger portions of DNA are called macrolesions, which change the
structure of chromosomes, resulting in damage of the genotype and phenotype of the organism,
such as translocations, inversions, deletions, and duplications. They occur most frequently during
meiosis.[19]
The mutation may result from exposure to different environmental or chemical agents. Throughout
the numerous and successive divisions, the cell can accumulate a large number of mutations and trigger
the loss of division control and contribute to the initial stage of tumor development.[20] Therefore, the
genotoxic agents are considered mutagenic or carcinogenic,[15] and there is a slight difference between
these classifications: 1) mutagenic effect is an alteration in the genetic material of the cell of a living
organism that is more or less permanent and that can be transmitted to the cell’s descendants; and 2) car-
cinogenic effects are caused by genotoxic substances that can produce tumors, abnormal tissue growths
caused by a loss of control in cell replication. Nevertheless, repairing mechanisms of DNA are present
in all organisms, and their complexity is directly proportional to the complexity of the organism.[21]
The mechanisms can be classified into direct reversal, damage excision, or recombination.[22]
In human beings, most of the pollutants studied are particulate matter.[7,23,24] In the previous section,
we said that smaller fractions of PM, i.e., <2.5 μm, are more harmful, and this was confirmed by Rossner
and colleagues,[25] who analyzed the organic fractions of PM of polluted sites and found DNA damage.
A similar result was found by Coronas and colleagues;[26] they employed cells of lymphocytes and buccal
mucosa cells to assess the genotoxic potential of PM in people living and working near refinery oil. The
authors used two genotoxicity assays—comet assay and micronucleus assay—and pointed out that the
comet assay was more sensitive. These tests will be detailed in the next section.
Other studies show organic extracts of particulate matter to cause genotoxicity. Roubicek and col-
leagues[27] found that in regions polluted in Mexico City, organic extracts of PM containing Cd and
PAHs induce micronucleus formation in human epithelial cells. In several European cities were col-
lected organic extracts mixtures of PAHs and particulate matter, confirmed this genotoxic, using
HepG2 cells have the metabolic capacity for PAHs similar to human hepatocytes and represent the best
in vitro model for investigating the genotoxic potential of complex mixtures containing PAHs.[28]
6 Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems

Another study found DNA damage in human lung cells when exposed to particulate matter.[29] Still,
Gilli and colleagues[30] obtained positive correlations statistically between PM10 and mutagenicity,
bioavailable iron, sulfates, and nitrates.

Genotoxicity Tests
Currently, there are numerous protocols with prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, which evaluate
the mutagenic effects of different substances in order to identify risks that living organisms are exposed
to. The genotoxic tests most used to detect genotoxicity of air pollutants will be mentioned below.
The Ames test is also known as the Salmonella mutagenicity test. This test was developed by Bruce
Ames and colleagues and aimed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of different substances using
mutant strains of auxotrophic Salmonella typhimurium with respect to histidine. It detects muta-
gens that cause the displacement of the reading frame (frameshift) or substitution of base pairs of
DNA.[31,32]
Other tests use eukaryotic organisms, aiming to evaluate the mutagenic potential of different
substances by means of numerical and/or structural chromosomal abnormalities involving at least
10 million base pairs (10 Mb). Among them, we may include the in vitro cytogenetic test in mammalian
cells (mouse lymphoma assay) that quantifies the genetic changes that affect the expression of the TK
gene of the enzyme thymidine kinase (tk) cells in cultures of L5178Y tk+/tk– lymphoma mice. Although
the mammalian cells present locus heterozygosity, only one gene copy is functional in this mouse strain.
Loss of locus heterozygosity of the enzyme thymidine kinase, when the gene is affected by a mutagen,
causes the resistance of cells mutated to supplementation of medium with trifluorothymidine (TFT).
The TFT causes inhibition of metabolism, preventing cell division and leading to death of cells that have
the entire way of nucleotides recovery. This test was developed by Clive and colleagues in 1979[33] and
modified by Cole and colleagues in 1990.[34]
The comet assay is also a well-known test. It is used to detect not chromosomal mutations but genomic
lesions. The test is based on the technique of gel electrophoresis, which detects DNA damage. Since
DNA is negatively charged, the electric current causes migration of small broken pieces through the gel,
faster and farther than larger pieces. As a result, the damaged cell looks like a comet, with the pieces
of damaged DNA forming the tail. The smaller the pieces of DNA, the more they migrate from the cell
body. Therefore, a longer tail with smaller pieces implies a greater genetic damage. The content and
fragment length of the tail are directly proportional to the amount of DNA damage.
Among mutagenic tests, the micronucleus test is widely used because it is applicable with different
eukaryotic organisms. By definition, the micronucleus is a small nucleus, regarded as a product of
breakage of genomic DNA of eukaryotic cells. During cell division, genetic material is duplicated and
distributed equally between two daughter cells. Radiation and chemicals can cause chromosomal
breakage or damage, affecting the distribution of genetic material between daughter cells. Parts
or fragments of chromosomes resulting from this damage can be distributed to any of the daughter
cells. It is not incorporated into the new core; they may be presented in the form of micronuclei clearly
observable on optical microscope.[35]
The micronucleus test in erythrocytes of bone marrow of rodents was developed by Matter and
Schmid[36] and modified by Heddle and Salamone[37] in the following years and more recently by
Mavournin and colleagues.[38] The test is based on the fact that the effect of genotoxic agent is observed
in polychromatic erythrocytes. In addition, the micronuclei are easily observed, and the frequency of
micronuclei is dependent on the sampling time.
The micronucleus test in human peripheral blood lymphocytes is also used to detect the mutagenic
potential of substances. Nonetheless, some technical problems occur due to the fragility of the cell and the
variability in the process of mitotic lymphocytes. These problems were solved by cell hypotonization[39]
and radioactive labeling with cytochalasin B to identify the cells that suffered mitosis by inhibiting
cytokinesis without blocking mitosis.[40]
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
earned seventy-five dollars a month, put her baby out to nurse and
returned to the White House, where we got regular reports as to the
progress of the invalid and the infant, each of whom proceeded to do
as well as could be expected.
The other servants in the White House are paid the usual wages,
from twenty-five to fifty dollars, and are no more and no less efficient
than other good houseworkers in other homes. The entire White
House staff is paid by the Government, the only private servants in
our employ being a Filipino valet who had been with Mr. Taft for a
number of years, and my personal maid.

© Harris & Ewing.

TWO CORNERS OF THE WHITE

HOUSE KITCHEN
 In fact, all White House expenses are paid by the Government
except actual table supply bills, and Mr. Taft is fond of insisting upon
his conviction that the country treats its President exceedingly well.
He was the first President to receive a salary of $75,000.00 a year,
and when the subject of his nomination was uppermost in political
discussions he did not hesitate to say that he thought this increase
from $50,000.00 was an absolute necessity. He did not expect to
spend $75,000.00 a year, but he knew by careful calculation and by a
knowledge of President Roosevelt’s expenditures that he would have
to spend at least $50,000.00 a year and he thought he had a citizen’s
right, even as President, to provide a small competence for his
family, a thing which in his twenty years of poorly paid official
service he had never had an opportunity to do. He was fifty years old
with two sons and a daughter in school and college and, as Secretary
of War at least, he had long been working for a wage which was
insufficient. But the country really is good to its President. It does
not make him rich by any means, but it enables him to banish the
wolf a fair distance from his door if he is sensible enough to assist its
generosity by the exercise of a mild form of prudence.
My first inspection of the White House on the evening of my
husband’s Inauguration was casual, but the next day I assumed the
management of the establishment in earnest and proceeded upon a
thorough investigation which resulted in some rather disquieting
revelations.
Mrs. Roosevelt, as the retiring Mistress of the White House,
naturally would make no changes or purchases which might not meet
with the approval of her successor, so I found the linen supply
depleted, the table service inadequate through breakages, and other
refurnishing necessary. There is a government appropriation to meet
the expense of such replenishments and repairs, and every
President’s wife is supposed to avail herself of any part of it she
requires to fit the mansion for her own occupancy.
Perhaps nothing in the house is so expressive of the various
personalities of its Mistresses as the dinner services which each has
contributed. For my part I was entirely satisfied with the quiet taste
displayed by Mrs. Roosevelt and contented myself with filling up the
different broken sets in her service to the number necessary for one
hundred covers.
 I always enjoyed, however, using some of the old historic plates
and platters at small luncheons and dinners. There are enough plates
left of the Lincoln set to serve a course to a party of thirty. Though I
speak of the different designs as expressive of personalities they
represent, perhaps, various periods of popular taste rather than
individual preference. Samples of all the different services, displayed
in cabinets in the long eastern corridor, are among the most
interesting exhibits in the White House.
From the day my husband became President I never knew for
certain until I entered the dining-room just how many persons there
would be at luncheon. He always did credit me with a miraculous
ability to produce food for any number of persons at a moment’s
notice and when he was Governor of the Philippines and Secretary of
War I always had to keep an emergency supply cupboard, but I did
not feel that I could carry with me into the White House the happy-
go-lucky attitude toward the formalities which I had enjoyed in those
days, so meeting his sudden demands became a slightly more serious
matter. His haphazard hospitality was of more concern to the
servants than to me, however, and I think it is only his own gift for
inspiring respectful devotion on the part of his household staff that
ever enables me to keep a cook more than a week at a time.
During our first spring in the White House Congress was in extra
session for the purpose of revising the tariff and Mr. Taft was in
constant conference with the different Senators and Representatives.
We had members of Congress at luncheon and dinner daily, and at
breakfast quite frequently.
Always, in consultation with my housekeeper and the head cook, I
made out the daily menus.
“How many for luncheon, Madame?” was the cook’s invariable
question.
“I haven’t any idea,” was my invariable reply.
If no guests had, to my knowledge, been invited I would give
instructions to have luncheon prepared for the family only,
emergency provision being a thing understood. My day’s plans would
then be sent over to Mr. Young, the Executive Social Officer, who had
his office in the Executive wing of the building, and I would go on
about my accustomed duties and pleasures knowing that no surprise
would find us quite surprised.
Along about eleven o’clock the house telephone would ring, or a
note would be sent over, and announcement would be made that Mr.
So and So would lunch with the President and Mrs. Taft. The table
would be laid while the kitchen staff stood calmly by awaiting final
orders. In another half hour might come the announcement of a
second guest, or group of guests, whereupon the amiable butler
would have to make a complete change in table arrangements. Only
about a half hour before the stated luncheon hour did the cook ever
consider it safe to begin final preparations, but too often for the
maintenance of entire smoothness in domestic routine Mr. Taft
would come across from the Executive offices anywhere from a half
hour to an hour late, bringing with him an extra guest, or even a
number of extra guests whose coming had not been announced at all.
This system, or this lack of system, obtained throughout my four
years in the White House, but I and my capable and willing staff, all
of whom were devoted to the President, eventually adjusted
ourselves to it and I began to take great delight in the informal
meeting of so many interesting and distinguished men at our open
luncheon table.
I tried to insist that the dinner hour should always be properly
respected, and it usually was. While we gave many informal, small
dinners,—nearly every night as a matter of fact,—there were crowded
into my first season from March until I became ill in May most of the
big official functions which are a part of White House life always, as
well as a number of entertainments which were a part of my own
scheme of innovations.
Our first official entertainment was the Diplomatic Tea on the 12th
of March, just eight days after the Inauguration, and before I had
time to settle myself in the midst of my own belongings which were
to fill the empty spaces left by the removal of Mrs. Roosevelt’s
personal effects. At this tea we received the entire Diplomatic Corps,
including all heads of Missions, and all Secretaries and Attachés,
with their wives.
Nothing could be more statelily important. It was the first
presentation of the Diplomatic Corps to the new President and
though, having been for several years in Washington society, we
knew many of them quite well, the method of procedure was as
formal as the State Department could make it. Explicit directions as
to the manner in which they were to present themselves were sent in
printed form to every diplomatic representative in Washington, but
while an almost oppressive dignity marked the proceedings, our wide
acquaintance made it possible for us to depart somewhat from the
rigid form decreed and to lend to the occasion an air of general
friendliness it could not otherwise have had.
It might be interesting to those not familiar with Washington life
to know just what the prescribed ceremonies are for such an event. I
confess that at first they seemed to me to be rather formidable,
accustomed as I was to the dignities of government.
The guests are not received by the President and his wife as they
arrive. They are requested to “present themselves (in uniform) at the
East entrance and to assemble in the East Room at a sufficient
interval before five o’clock to enable them by that hour to place
themselves in the order of precedence, each Chief of Mission being
immediately followed by his staff and ladies of his Embassy or
Legation.” They are met in the East Room by the Secretary of State
and other State Department officials, and by some of the aides-de-
camp on duty at the White House.
In the meantime the President and his wife take their positions in
the Blue Room and exactly at five o’clock the doors are thrown open
and announcement is made in the East Room that they are ready to
receive.
The Dean of the Diplomatic Corps then steps forward, past the
military aides stationed at the door leading into the Blue Room and
is presented by the senior military aide to the President. He in turn
presents each member of his suite, all of whom pass promptly on and
are presented by another aide to the President’s wife, the head of the
Mission being presented to her at the end of these ceremonies. Each
Ambassador or Minister, in strict order of precedence, passes by with
his staff, and they all proceed through the Red Room and into the
state Dining Room where tea and other refreshments are served.
At the conclusion of the presentations the President and his wife
usually retire and leave their guests to be entertained for a few
formal moments by whomever has been invited to preside at the tea-
table, but Mr. Taft and I followed them into the dining-room to have
tea with them. I knew this was a departure from established custom,
but it seemed a perfectly natural thing for us to do. I forgot to take
into consideration the attitude of our guests, however. Our
unaccustomed presence rather bewildered the diplomats for a
moment. There were no rules to guide them in such an emergency
and they didn’t know exactly what was expected of them. I had
finally to instruct one of the aides to announce unofficially to the
wives of some of the more important of them that nothing at all was
expected, and that they should retire without making any adieus
whenever they so desired. I was told afterward that nearly everybody
was pleased with the innovation, and in the official White House
Diary—kept for the purpose of establishing precedents, I suppose—it
was recommended that it be followed on all future occasions of a
similar nature.
At our first state dinner, given to the Vice-President and Mrs.
Sherman, there were thirty-two guests, all Cabinet Officers, Senators
and Representatives. To prove my claim to a natural tendency
toward simple and everyday methods I need only say that even as the
President’s wife it seemed strange to me to have our guests arrive
without immediate greetings from their host and hostess. Many a
time at Malacañan Palace and in other homes I have gone through
the not unusual experience of a hostess who spends the last possible
moments in putting “finishing touches” to preparations for a dinner,
then hurries off to dress in record time that she may be able to meet
her first arriving guest with an air of having been ready and waiting
for ever so long.
But at the White House the guests assemble in whatever room may
be designated and there, grouped in order of rank, await the entrance
of the President and his wife. At this first formal dinner of ours the
guests assembled in the Blue Room, the Vice-President and Mrs.
Sherman being first, of course, and nearest the door leading into the
corridor, while beyond them were the Cabinet officers, then the
Senators and Representatives in order of seniority.
Upon our appearance the band began to play “The Star Spangled
Banner”—which, let me say parenthetically, is almost as difficult a
tune to walk by as Mendelssohn’s Wedding March—and played just
enough of it to bring us to the door of the Blue Room. After we had
shaken hands with everybody the senior aide approached Mr. Taft
with Mrs. Sherman on his arm and announced that dinner was
served, whereupon Mr. Taft offered his arm to Mrs. Sherman and
started for the dining-room.

© Harris & Ewing.

THE EAST ROOM

For my first dinner I chose pink Killarney roses for table

decorations and it would be difficult to express the pleasure I felt in
having just as many of them as I needed by merely issuing
instructions to have them delivered. The White House greenhouses
and nurseries were a source of constant joy to me. I had lived so long
where plants are luxuriant and plentiful that a house without them
seemed to me to be empty of a very special charm and the head
horticulturist remarked at once that during my régime his gems of
palms and ferns and pots of brilliant foliage were to be given their
due importance among White House perquisites. I filled the windows
of the great East Room with them, banked the fireplaces with them
and used them on every possible occasion.
The state Dining Room is one of the many splendid results of the
McKim restoration and, next to the East Room, is the handsomest
room in the White House. It is not so tremendously large, its utmost
capacity being less than one hundred, but it is magnificently
proportioned and beautifully finished in walnut panelling with a
fireplace and carved mantel on one side which would do honour to
an ancient baronial hall. A few fine moose and elk heads are its only
wall decorations.
We had table-tops of all sizes and shapes, but the one we had to
use for very large dinners was in the form of a crescent which
stretched around three sides of the room. For any dinner under sixty
I was able to use a large oval top which could be extended by the
carpenters to almost any size. Indeed, I have seen it so large that it
quite filled the room leaving only enough space behind the chairs for
the waiters to squeeze their way around with considerable
discomfort. On this table I used the massive silver-gilt ornaments
which President Monroe imported from France along with his
interesting collection of French porcelains, clocks and statuettes
which still occupy many cabinets and mantels here and there in the
house.
These table ornaments remind one of the Cellini period when
silversmiths vied with each other in elaborations. Based on oblong
plate glass mirrors, each about three feet in length, they stretch down
the middle of the table, end to end, a perfect riot of festooned railing
and graceful figures upholding crystal vases. Then there are large
gilded candelabra, centre vases and fruit dishes to match. In their
way they are exceedingly handsome, and they certainly are
appropriate to the ceremony with which a state dinner at the White
House is usually conducted.
The White House silver is all very fine and there are quantities of
it. It is all marked, in accordance with the simple form introduced at
the beginning of our history, “The President’s House,” and some of it
is old enough to be guarded among our historic treasures.
When I went to live at the White House I found, much to my
surprise, that this silver had always been kept in a rather haphazard
fashion in chests, or boxes, in the storeroom. I decided to remedy
this even though in doing so I was compelled to encroach somewhat
upon the White House custodian’s already limited quarters. These
quarters are a good-sized office with the house supply rooms opening
off it, and a smaller room adjoining. They are on the ground floor
just across the wide corridor from the kitchen. At one end of the
smaller room I had built a closet with regular vault doors and
combination locks. I had the space divided into compartments, with
a special receptacle for each important article, and velvet-lined trays
in drawers for flat silver, each one of which could be slipped out
separately. This silver closet became the joy of Arthur Brooks’ life, he
being the War Department Messenger who was my right hand man
all the time my husband was Secretary of War and who was
appointed White House Custodian at our request a short time before
Mr. Taft was inaugurated.
I was “at home” informally at the White House about three
afternoons a week when my friends came to see me and when I
received many ladies who wrote and asked for an opportunity to call.
I always received in the Red Room which, with fire and candles
lighted, is pleasant enough to be almost cosy, large and imposing
though it be. I usually had twenty or more callers and I found this a
delightful way of meeting and getting close to people as I could not
hope to do at the great formal receptions.
As an example of one of these, I might cite my first afternoon
reception to the Congressional ladies for which something like four
hundred invitations were issued. I intended to carry this off without
assistance, other than that rendered by the ladies I had asked to
preside over the refreshment tables, but in the end I asked Mr. Taft
to receive with me, a task never very difficult for him. There were no
men invited, so he had the pleasure of shaking hands and exchanging
pleasantries with several hundred women, and he did it without a
single protest. I made the mistake on this occasion of receiving in the
East Room as the guests arrived, thinking that by so doing I could
make the party somewhat less formal. But I only succeeded in having
the stairway leading up from the east entrance overcrowded and in
making the affair much more formal than it would have been had I
followed the usual course of permitting the people to assemble in the
East Room and to be received in the Blue Room on their way through
to the Dining Room. It amuses me to find that Captain Butt in the
Official Diary has carefully recorded all my mistakes as well as my
successes for the supposed benefit of other Mistresses of the White
House.
I do not wish to convey an impression that life in the White House
is all a public entertainment, but there are a certain number of set
functions during every season which are as much a part of
Washington life as is a Congressional session. But even with teas,
luncheons, musicals, small dinners, garden parties and dances
coming at short intervals between the more official entertainments,
we still had many evenings when there were so few guests as to make
us feel quite like a family party. Indeed, once in a while we dined
alone.
We began immediately, as our first spring advanced, to make
almost constant use of the porches and terraces which are among the
most attractive features of the White House. The long terrace
extending from the East Room I found to be a most delightful
promenade for guests on warm spring evenings, while the
corresponding terrace leading out from the Dining Room proved
most useful for large dinner parties at times when dining indoors
would have been rather unpleasant.
With Congress in session nearly all summer Mr. Taft gave a series
of Congressional dinners and the last one he had served on this
terrace. A curious incident marked the occasion for special
remembrance. It was known that one of the Senators invited had
never crossed the White House threshold because of his unfriendly
feeling toward the administration. He paid no attention whatever to
his invitation—a formal one, of course, requiring a formal answer—
until the day before the dinner. He then called the White House on
the telephone and asked if he would be expected to wear a dress suit.
Mr. Hoover, who received the inquiry, replied that evening dress was
customary at White House dinners, whereupon the Senator
mumbled something at the other end of the line. Mr. Hoover asked
him whether or not he intended to come. He replied that he guessed
he would, and abruptly rang off.
The next evening the party waited for him for a full half hour
before they decided to sit down without him, and even then his
vacant place was kept open for him. He did not come nor did he ever
offer any kind of apology or excuse for his extraordinary conduct.
There are certain manifestations of so-called Jeffersonian simplicity
in this country of ours that I am sure Jefferson would deplore if he
lived in this day and generation.
 MRS. TAFT ON THE POTOMAC DRIVE

The north verandah of the White House is pleasant enough, but it

lacks the charm of seclusion peculiar to the south portico which runs
around the oval Blue Room and looks out upon the broad south
garden with its great fountain, and with Potomac Park, the River and
Washington’s Monument in the background. This soon became our
favourite retreat and we used to sit there in the ever lengthening
spring evenings, breathing the perfume of magnolia blossoms,
watching the play of lights on the tree-dotted lawns and on the
Monument—which is never so majestic as in the night—and realising
to the full the pleasant privilege of living in this beautiful home of
Presidents.
Mr. Taft had a Victrola in the Blue Room and he never failed, when
opportunity offered, to lay out a few favourite records for his
evening’s entertainment. Melba and Caruso, the Lucia Sextette, some
old English melodies, a few lively ragtime tunes; in those delightful
surroundings we found a Victrola concert as pleasant a diversion as
one could desire. With no applause, no fixed attention, no
conversation, no effort of any kind required, my husband found on
such quiet evenings a relaxation he was fully able to appreciate
during that first trying summer.
 That Manila could lend anything to Washington may be an idea
that would surprise some persons, but the Luneta is an institution
whose usefulness to society in the Philippine capital is not to be
overestimated. At least it was so in my day; and for a long time
before Mr. Taft became President I had looked with ambitious
designs upon the similar possibilities presented in the drives, the
river-cooled air and the green swards of Potomac Park. I determined,
if possible, to convert Potomac Park into a glorified Luneta where all
Washington could meet, either on foot or in vehicles, at five o’clock
on certain evenings, listen to band concerts and enjoy such
recreation as no other spot in Washington could possibly afford.
The Army officer in charge of Public Buildings and Grounds had a
bandstand erected in an admirable location at the end of an ellipse,
and we decided that the long drive theretofore known as “The
Speedway” should be renamed Potomac Drive. Arrangements were
made to have band concerts every Wednesday and Saturday
afternoon from five to seven o’clock.
Saturday, the 17th of April, the concert began, and at five o’clock
Mr. Taft and I, in a small landaulette motor-car, went down to the
driveway and took our places in the throng. The Park was full of
people. As many as ten thousand crowded the lawns and footways,
while the drive was completely packed with automobiles and vehicles
of every description. Everybody saw everybody that he or she knew
and there was the same exchange of friendly greetings that had
always made the Luneta such a pleasant meeting place. I felt quite
sure that the venture was going to succeed and that Potomac Drive
was going to acquire the special character I so much wished it to
have.
I also thought we might have a Japanese Cherry Blossom season in
Potomac Park. Both the soil and climate encouraged such an
ambition, so I suggested that all the blooming cherry trees obtainable
in the nurseries of this country be secured and planted. They were
able to find about one hundred only. Then the Mayor of Tokyo,
having learned of our attempt to bestow the high flattery of imitation
upon his country, offered to send us two thousand young trees. We
accepted them with grateful pleasure, but one consignment was
found to be afflicted with some contagious disease and had to be
destroyed. I watched those that were planted later with great interest
and they seem to be doing very well. I wonder if any of them will ever
attain the magnificent growth of the ancient and dearly loved cherry
trees of Japan.
One of the delights of living in the White House is in being able to
entertain one’s friends from a distance with a confidence that they
are being given a real pleasure and an experience of an unusual kind.
More often than not we had house guests, old friends from
Cincinnati, from New Haven, from the Philippines, from here, there
and everywhere; friends with whom we had been closely associated
through the years and who felt whole-hearted satisfaction in my
husband’s attainment of the Presidency.
To be stared at is not pleasant because it keeps one selfconscious
all the time, but one gets more or less used to it. And anyhow, I
enjoyed a sort of freedom which Mr. Taft did not share in any way.
While he would probably have been recognised instantly in any
crowd anywhere, I found that in most places I could wander about
unobserved like any inconspicuous citizen. It was a valued privilege.
My daughter Helen likes to tell about an experience she had one
day in Philadelphia. She was a student at Bryn Mawr College and she
went in to Philadelphia to do some shopping. Among other things
she had to get herself some shoes. At the shoe store she was waited
on by a girl who was anything but intelligently attentive. She had
tried Helen’s patience considerably by suggesting in a certain
nagging way that her superior knowledge of what was “being worn”
deserved respect, and that Helen didn’t know what she wanted
anyhow.
Helen selected some shoes and decided to have them charged to
me, and she thought what a satisfaction it was going to be to reveal
her identity to the patronising and offensive young person. The
young person produced pad and pencil to make out the check.
“Please have them charged to Mrs. William Howard Taft,” said
Helen with what I am sure was her loftiest air.
“Address?”
“Washington.”
The salesgirl held her pencil poised over the pad and with the
familiar expression of satisfaction over a sale accomplished said
pleasantly:
“D. C.?”

THE SOUTH PORTICO FROM THE END OF THE GARDEN

 CHAPTER XVIII
SOME WHITE HOUSE FORMALITIES

My very active participation in my husband’s career came to an

end when he became President. I had always had the satisfaction of
knowing almost as much as he about the politics and the intricacies
of any situation in which he found himself, and my life was filled
with interests of a most unusual kind. But in the White House I
found my own duties too engrossing to permit me to follow him long
or very far into the governmental maze which soon enveloped him.
I was permitted fully to enjoy only about the first two and a half
months of my sojourn in the White House. In May I suffered a
serious attack of illness and was practically out of society through an
entire season, having for a much longer time than that to take very
excellent care of myself. During this period my sisters, Mrs. Louis
More, Mrs. Charles Anderson, Mrs. Laughlin and Miss Maria
Herron, came from time to time to visit us and to represent me as
hostess whenever it was necessary for me to be represented.
But even in my temporary retirement, as soon as I was strong
enough to do anything at all, I always took a very lively interest in
everything that was going on in the house, and from my apartments
on the second floor directed arrangements for social activities almost
as if I had been well.
I didn’t even have the privilege of presiding at all my first year
garden parties, though this was a form of hospitality in which I was
especially interested and which, I believe, I was able to make a
notable feature of our administration. Garden parties are very
popular in the Far East and I think, perhaps, I acquired my very
strong liking for them out there, together with a few sumptuous
notions as to what a garden party should be like.
 The Emperor and Empress of Japan give two each year; one in the
spring under the cherry blossoms to celebrate the Cherry Blossom
season, and one in the autumn in the midst of chrysanthemums and
brilliant autumn foliage. These are the events of the year in Tokyo,
marking the opening and the close of the social season, and society
sometimes prepares for them weeks ahead, never knowing when the
Imperial invitations will be issued. The time depends entirely on the
blossoming of the cherry trees or the chrysanthemums in the
Imperial Gardens. When the blooms are at their best the invitations
are sent out, sometimes not more than two days in advance, and
society, in its loveliest garments, drops everything else and goes. It
would be very nice, of course, to have always some such special
reason for giving a garden party, but it is only in the “Flowery
Kingdom” that the seasons are marked by flowers.
Nothing could be finer than the south garden of the White House.
With its wide lawns, its great fountain, its shading trees, and the two
long terraces looking down upon it all, it is ideally fitted for
entertaining out of doors. And I must mention one other thing about
it which appealed to me especially, and that is the wholesomeness of
its clean American earth. This is lacking in the tropics. There one
may not sit or lie on the ground, breathing health as we do here; the
tropic soil is not wholesome. Not that one sits or lies on the ground
at garden parties, but the very feel of the earth underfoot is
delightfully different.
I determined to give my first garden party at the White House as
soon as spring was sufficiently far advanced to make it possible. I
issued invitations, 750 of them, for Friday, the 7th of May, planning
at the same time three others to complete the season, one each
Friday during the month.
In order to put possible bad weather off its guard, I made the
invitations simply for an “At Home from 5 to 7 o’clock,” because all
my life the elements have been unfriendly to me. Whenever I plan an
outdoor fête I begin to consult the weather man with the hopeful
faith of a Catherine de Medici appealing to her astrologer, but for all
my humble spirit I very frequently get a downpour, or else a long
drawn out and nerve-trying threat. Quite often the lowering clouds
have passed and my prayers for sunshine have been rewarded, but
quite often, too, I have had to move indoors with an outdoor throng
for whom no indoor diversions had been arranged.
By way of preparation for my first garden party I had a large
refreshment tent put up in the northwest corner of the garden where
it would be handy to the kitchen and serving rooms, while under the
trees here and there I had tables spread at which a corps of waiters
were to serve tea during the reception. The Marine Band I stationed
behind the iron railing just under the Green Room. For any kind of
outdoor entertainment at the White House the band had always been
placed in the middle of the lawn between the south portico and the
fountain, but I thought, and correctly, that the house wall would
serve as a sounding board and make the music audible throughout
the grounds. I arranged to receive under one of the large trees in a
beautiful vista looking south.
No sooner were my plans completed, however, than the weather
man predicted rain. It was coming, sure. Of course, I knew it would,
but I had had too much experience to think of coming in out of the
rain before it began to come down. I always sustain my hopeful
attitude until the deluge descends.
About half past three it began to rain in torrents and I saw all of
my festive-looking preparations reduced to sopping wrecks before
there was even time to rush them indoors. By five o’clock, when it
was time for the people to begin to arrive, it had stopped raining, but
the lawns were soaked and the trees were dripping dismally, so I
directed the band to move into the upper corridor, as usual for
afternoon affairs, had the refreshment tables spread in the state
Dining Room and took my by that time accustomed position to
receive the long line of guests in the East Room.
A week later I had better luck. I sent out the same kind of
invitations, made the same kind of preparations, slightly elaborated,
and was rewarded with a perfect mid-May day.
The guests arrived at the East Entrance, came down the Long
Corridor, out through one of the special guest dressing-rooms, and
down the long slope of the lawn to the tree where Mr. Taft and I
stood to receive them, with Captain Archibald Butt to make the
presentations. At the next garden party I requested the gentlemen to
come in white clothes, in thin summer suits, or in anything they
chose to wear, instead of in frock coats. Some young people played
tennis on the courts throughout the reception; it was warm enough
for bright-coloured parasols and white gowns; the fountain made
rainbows and diamond showers in the sun, and altogether it was a
most pleasing picture of informal outdoor enjoyment. Each year after
that the four May garden parties were among the most popular
entertainments of our social season.
The question of a “Summer Capital,” as the President’s summer
home is called, was quite a serious one for us to settle. We had been
going to Murray Bay for so many years that we had few affiliations
with any other place, and we were most uncertain as to what we
might be able to do.
We finally selected a number of likely places and made our choice
by the process of elimination. One location was too hot, another had
a reputation for mosquitoes, another was too far away, another
hadn’t first-class railway, postal and telegraph facilities, and another,
worst drawback of all, had no good golf links. It wouldn’t have been a
livable place for Mr. Taft without golf links because golf was his
principal form of exercise and recreation. Also the whole family
agreed that we must be near the sea, so our search finally narrowed
to the Massachusetts coast. I decided on the North Shore, as the
coast from Beverly to Gloucester is called, because it had every
qualification for which we were seeking, including excellent golf at
the Myopia and Essex County clubs. Then, too, it had a further
attraction in that the summer homes of a number of our friends were
located there, or in the near vicinity.
 © Harris & Ewing.

THE WHITE HOUSE GARDEN AND WASHINGTON’S

MONUMENT FROM THE SOUTH PORTICO

I went up in the spring to Beverly Farms, with my friend Miss

Boardman, and inspected houses for three days, finally selecting one,
principally for its location. It stood near the sea and its velvety green
lawns sloped all the way down to the sea-wall. From its verandah one
could see out across Salem Harbour to Marblehead.
The house itself was a modern frame cottage, as simple as
anything well could be, with a fine verandah and a dormer windowed
third story. It was large enough for the family and for such visitors as
we inevitably would have to accommodate, but besides the Taft
family, which was numerous enough at that time, there were Captain
Butt and a large corps of secretaries and stenographers, to say
nothing of the Commander of the Sylph, the President’s smaller
yacht, who all had to be within call when they were wanted. Then,
too, there was the necessity for Executive Offices and I didn’t think it
would seem like having a vacation at all if the Executive Offices could
not be somewhere out of sight so that they might sometimes be out
of mind. The President didn’t expect to be able to spend much of his
time away from Washington the first summer but when he did come
to Beverly I wanted him to feel that he was at least partially
detaching himself from business. So another house was found in the
town, yet on the seashore, and was fitted up for Executive Offices and
as a home for the office staff and Captain Butt. The secret service
men, like the poor, we had with us always, but it never seemed to me
that they “lived” anywhere. They were merely around all the time.
They were never uniformed, of course, and looked like casual
visitors. They used to startle callers by emerging suddenly from
behind bushes or other secluded spots—not I am sure because of a
weakness for detective methods, but because they concealed
comfortable chairs in these places—and asking them what they
wanted. It was sometimes most amusing and sometimes rather
trying, but as long as there are cranks and unbalanced persons such
precautions will be necessary for the protection of Presidents, and
anyhow, one gets so used to the men as almost to forget what they
are there for.
We did not go to Beverly the first summer until the third of July.
Captain Butt preceded us to make final arrangements for our
reception on the Fourth, and the servants and motor cars had been
sent on several days before. I was still in such ill health that it was
necessary to avoid the excitement of the inevitable crowds, so when
our private car “Mayflower” arrived in Beverly the welcome
ceremonies were purposely subdued. A great crowd was present at
the station, but at Mr. Taft’s request no speeches were made. Shortly
after we arrived at the house the Mayor of Beverly, with a committee
of citizens, called, an address of welcome was delivered, to which Mr.
Taft responded and cordial relations were established. But nothing
more occurred even though it was the Fourth of July.
Mr. Taft spent just one day with us, then hurried away to keep a
bewildering number of engagements here and there before he
returned to Washington, where Congress was still in stormy session
over the tariff bill.
He came back in August to spend a month with us, and then the
little sea-side colony, which we had found as quiet as the woods,
except for the lavish hospitality of its people, became indeed the
nation’s summer capital. Nobody found it inconvenient to come to