- = = ; ; - ~ ---- ' Mlcr0 ~a .

,
'

, _
vec

14 ~-__ : •
. . .
e When :::: O~<I \
ISSION L{;IN'SEor tlissipalionless k n .
'i

2 •
ES S T R AN SaMid to •b e loss. es. .
LO S SL • • • -
1.1 A•transmission Ime JS s
crom equatio
n (1.57), 2 o2L2}(G2 +<o2
C2)
I.( +r
(R G -ro2LC}+ytR 2
rJ •
a=

G Oa-becomes = = ~ E ~
0 and = ' --r: 1) = 0
w2L2)(w2c2
with R =
-w2Lc+j(
2
a=
lossless line is ·zero.
ua •
tion constant for a
••• Atten
a= 0 /
.
••• ••• (I
'
i.•e.,
n (1.58)
From equatio

tJ =
•
dG =O,
with R = 0 an

tJ =
•••••• 0.7.'
or J 3 = w .. /f E .
f3 =i co ..·... 0.76
pa gatio n co nstant Y= a +i
••• Pro {L
R + jcoL
• •
e d a n c e ~ = . a + jcoC = C i/ •••••••
(1,77
im p
Characteristic ,
e is given b y
lo ss le ss lin
o f such a
fpropagation
The velocity o m
•
m
v= F = mJiE
1
meters/sec ...... (1. 78)
or v = ../Le KM transrriission lin
e
e r to a 10()
·
volt, 1000 Hz supplies p o w
eraam
ggepnar r oerfs1:.0
toet
hParo
vin me1fo.1llo:wAin
bgleth
M
R = = l0 .4 W l(
L == 0.00367
HfKM
G :: 0.8 X 10
-{j lJfKM
FfKM
C == 0.00835 µ

-
a ~,

I •
_15
easlc Transmission Line Theory

Find a, p, y, ~and~ of the tr~smission line..• ··· • ·.

5otudon : The angular frequency ro = 27tf • ·. . , .
= 2nx 1000 ..
= 6.28 x 103 rads/sec
. :. Series impedance Z = R + _jroL •
*
= 10.4 j (6.28 X 103) (0.00367)
, .
23.05 .
= 10.4 + j 23.05 'J1KM =
• 10.4
25.29 \6s.12° WKM
And shut a~ttance Y =G + jroC
'\

..
:. _Y = ·0.8 X 1~ + j (6.28 X 103) (0.0835 X lo-6)
=(0.8 + f 52.44) x lo-6 /KM - ~--..-- " .·,, ...
= 52.45 x 1~ l89.13°-_ /KM.
' . . I •

a:
:. Ch~ristici~~ce Z0 ~}~1.~\ra~~n (1.~~)·· _': <: : .• .. ; ,.,:
- .
 16
Mt

:. Attenuation comtanta = 0.0079 nepers/KM •

Pbae constant p = 0.03S5 radians/KM
From
. equation (1.59). wavelength A. is given . by
A= = 21t =177 KM
p . 0.0355
Problem 1.2 : Aunifonn transmission line of length 500 mis supplied by a Volta
~d load voltage at the receiving end is found to be 220 V(nns). Find the total !e of lSo •
hne ~d the attenuation constant at the operating freq~en~_Y· . .. !ten~~~
Sol_ution : From equation (1.69), the total attenuation 1s given by
• 1v11 . 2so
• N =log_ IV2I =log, 220

••• N = 0.128 nepers

. . . N. 0.128
•
Attenuation constant a = =O.S KM .
••
1
.•. a =0.256 _nepers/KM
Problem 1.3 : A 12 KM line is tenninated by its characteristic impedance. At a celtli
the voltage at 1 from the sending end was 10% below that at ~e sending end. Fin:~~
acro~s the load impedance in terms of the percentage of the.sending end voltage. . VoJ\
Solution : From equation (1.66)
V (z) ·= Vs e-yz . .
Where V(z) is the voltage at any distance 'z' from the sending_e~d. •••••• 0.1~
It is given that at z =I KM, V(~) is 10% less than the sending end voltage Vs·.
:. V(z)lz. lKM =v. - 10% of vs = 0.9 V,
. '
Substituting this in equation (1.79), we get •
•
0.9 VI = VI e-Y x 1
•
•• • e-Y =0.9· • '

At a distance of z .:.. 12 KM, let the. voltage across the load impedance ZR =E~. volts.
. _,, . .
Substituting this again in equation (1.79), we get
_ E = v e-yx 12
R s
.. : V, (e-Y)l2
: = V (0.9) 12
•
:. ER = 0.2824 v.
:. The load voltage is 28.24% of ~e sending end voltage.
Problem 1.4 : The primary
'

R = 6 .Q, • G = 0.25 µ .Q •
.
constants of a transmission line/KM are

L = 2.2 mH, C = 0.005 µF

• •
 •

17
sasl~cT~ran~sm~ls~sl~on~U~n~e~Th~e~ory2:__ _.....;.._ _...;._,....,.______........,_ _~---~---------- -----

- Calculate, at a frequency of 1000 Hz, the tenninating impedance for'~hich n~ reflection will •
be setup in the transmission line. • . .
Solution: When a line is tenninated by its characteris~c impedan~ there is no reflecti~n [~ts will_
be discussed later in section 1.14]. Hence, the tehninating ~pedance will~ 2u which st~ be
1

calculated.
•• We have ro = 21tf = 21t x 1000 = 6.28 x 103 rads/sec.
.·. Series impedance Z = R + jroL
= 6 + j (6.28 103) (2.2 X 10-3)
= 6 + j 13.82 .
= 1.5.07 166.53° WKM .•

••
. Shunt admittance Y = G + jcoC
= 0.25 X 10~ + j (6.28 X -~03) (0.005 X 1~)
= co:25 + j 31.4) x 10~ UIKM •
0 . ' .

.. . = 31.4189.53 µ U/KM ·- . ••
-.
I •

:. Th~ characteristic impedance 2ci = . l

• 15.07166.53° ' '. '' ' •

.
•• zo = 31,4 X 10-6189.53° - • : , •• ,
'\. ... I j" • ••• : f • ,. ,!
r •
I •
J
' •o I
I
' (/ t ,,1,1 '•

= 692.771:-11.5 . Q ·,, •· .. ;r ..•• .. ' i ~·- \ ',

z.
1

•
•• .
= 678.86 - j •138.12,, '2 . .,'-., ;... :..I _, • . J .
• • . •r ,, , "'>- ( •· ' •.... • 0 - . •
t •I I

line is 710 I14 Q and th_e propagation

I

Problem l~S : The characteristic impedanc~. of a certain• . . , .. ' ,.

•constant is 0.007 + j 0.028/KM. The line is termin~ted in·a· 300 Q resistor. ~alculate the. input.:
•'

impedance of the line, if its length is 100 KM. , • .• , ,. p. • • •:· • •

. .
I
0
•
'
.;', •,
-'f' •
.
• ;.
•
'
i

' l'c
I

,
•

•Solution,: Given data Z0 = 710 I14 Q

"I ,

. , .. ~.-. ,:.-~: ,.:. • . '. • 1

~. , • _:. • •

y = 0.007 + j 0.028/KM, .• _
I

ZR= 300'2 f .,
'.. '

l = lOOKM
zI =?
From equation (1.49)
• ,' ., ,, "i" •

. '

• • [Z~ cosh~l+ 2 0 sinhyl] ·.·., • . ,

' .
z• ,:. zo z c~~hY!-+:.ZRs1~~yl .• ·.•. ,.
..
0
. . ,
. ,,
. '

.'
'\

we have cosh yl = cosh (a + jp) l , 1

•
I •
' . . .
'! • (

.
j

' '
, ' . ;

,. • • f
.
•'
'
•
,
, • • I•
 18
Microwave C
lr%·1-

=cosh Cal+ jPO • -

=cosh [0.007 X l00 +j 0.28 X l00] '•

=cosh [0~7 +j 2.8) .

From Trignometry, • . .
cosh (A +j B) = cosh·Acos B+j sinh Asi_n B
and sinh (A+ j B) = sinh Acos B+j cosh A_sin_B
•:. cosh yl = cosh (0.7 +j 2.8)
2.8
= cosh 0.7 cos 2.Sx 180 +j siJnh 0.7 sin - -X1180°
0 .
t-
1t .
(1.255) (-0.942) +j (0.759) (0.335) •
=:=

••• cosh yl =· - 1.182 +j 0.254

And s~nh yl = sinh (0.7 +j 2.8)
. . • ' 0 '
. 2.8 X1800 • . •. 2.8 X180
= sinh 0.7 cos . it . +J CQSh OJ st~ ,
71
•
•• • sinh yl = - 0.715 + j 0.~6
.'
Given . zR =300 n
= =
• I •

• . z 0 110114° 688.9 +j 171.17 ,n. _ . :

Substituting all the above values into eq~~tions ·c1:49) _we get • •
••
•
f I ' ; I .., • I o ./
/
0

• • •. [300(-1,182+ j0,254)+(688.9+jl7L77)(-0.71S+jO.~
710 0
z. IH...
(688.9+jl'.:l.7~~r-t~82+ J_~.2~4)+300(~0.11s+J¾j
. .
• • [-923.77 +j260.63] .
140
= :JlO 1 -:-1072.4~ + jl_OS:75 .: '. .'; : .
'

. .
. , t• ' • ? l '
.
• • • [ 959,831164.24° ] • ••
' = 710 1140 1077.611174.37° •_· ' •. ' ' .
I • : • : \

.. .
. . . . ,. .. (
{710)(959.83) • ! ' • • I ' ,

- {1077.61) •114° +164.24° -174.37° •'

:. ·· . ·z. = 632.4 13.87° n

I / / '

• '

1.130PEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINE'S ,

Op,en ·circuited line is defined as a transmission line w~ose terminating
end (load end) is o~
circuited as shown in figure 1.6 (a). • 1

. Short-circuited line is defined~ a transmi~sio~ l~ne who~e ~~rm

inating.end is short circuit
as shown in figure 1.6 (b).
, ,

r
 Microwav •

30 ' '

Consider

• • T -- 1 + Ka baracteristic impedance of 20() • . .

•• . smission line has ac Calculate (a) the reflection c -f.•J •
Problem 1.9 : Ace~nped~ce of 300 + j 3~ ' \equations (1.106)
. tenninated in a load im and (1.I08)0eftlci~
.fy the validity O •
transmission coefficient Also ven . '2
Solution: Given z = 200 +J 20 1
I • • • •

I . . zO = 300 +j 30 '2
R
(a) From equation (l._96), • . 300+ j30·-200-j20·
Z -Z • ·20
KR =· ZR +Zo
- R 2.. =_'3QO+ j30+ 200.+ J
•
100+ jlQ =~O(lO+ ~) '.~ O.~ 10°
• - - • •50 50(10 +J) ',, · •· r
.
- 500+ J. ·
'
(b) From equation (1.107),
• I f i •... : • • : , : , • I
I, •

.
2z 2(300 +.j30)
T= z +~ =300+ j30+200+ j20, •
R o •
II • I ,•

2X30(10+ j) '.,,,J.Z jOO .

- • 50(10-f:j) ·
'J ,,

· ~--

. = -ZR [1-(0
• • 21 '.
•RHS of equation (1.106) z0 ' . .2)' . ,,,,.·• •,· ·. .-\ ·' ' ;
\

••
=' : 1.44 = (i .'2)2 ••• :
.
. .
' .
-.'. '
= T2 = LHS of equation (1.106).. : : •.
I ,
. RHS of equation. (1.108) = •1 + = 1 + ~.2
•···· prm
.. :
- 1.2 • '
=LHS of equation (1.108) .... provt
1.15STANDINGWAVE )
. '
When the line is not terminated in Z , then there.will be reflection
of waves. The combinatk
of incident and reflected waves give rise0 to creation of NOD
ES and ANTINODES resulting,'
Standing Waves [Refer section 1.13 for detailed discussion
below: ]. This is illustrated in figur~ I.I
• ;
. . :' ( .-, . ., . .

L·
 33
Basie Tranamlaslon Lht Theory

Again ER =,. ~

.•. .
• l(z) = 2~ CZ.+ Z.) [eYI - ZR -Zo e-yz] .
o ZR +Zo

•••
: l(z) =· 2~o CZ.+ Z.) [e" - Ka· e-T'J
\

The input imp ed~ ~ of the line is given by

V(z)
z, = I(z)

z' = f<zR +Zo) [eyz +KRe-yz]

••• 1
• fz:"(ZR +Zo) evz - Kae-vz
2
, "-·· [e~{ l+K ae- "}] .
= Z.; e"{ I-K ae-2"}

= z. r:~~:::::J.
\

:. i~ . :..... (1.119)

For a lo~sless line a 0 :. y j p= = /

, - [I+ K;e-i Pz]

2

:. z. = zo 1- KRe-j2pz ...... (1.120)

Using equations (1.97) in (1.20), we get

. [I+IKalei•e-i2Pz]
z. =~Zo 1...: tKRlej• e-j2Pz .•

l+ /Kg/eJ(r-2bz)]
···~·: (1.121)
••• z. f
= Z;, 1-/Ka/eJ(t-2bz) •

·60 Q is 400 metres long. It is terminated

I

Proble~ 1.10 : A lossless transmission line with Z0 =

= of 1. M1:Iz. 'rhe velocity of the wave on
with a load ZR 40 +j 80 Q and operated at a frequency •
the line is 0.8 times the velocity of light. Find
(i) the reflection coefficient
(ii) the standing wave ratio \

(iii) the input impedance· .

 __ _ _ ~____M1.....cro:_:::wa"
34___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 7
l
•8 Circit,I

,~,
z =600, /=400metres =0.4 KM
,:_
Solution : Given
7 =40 +j 80, f =1MH
0
z -
I .
-a rn/se,c.
vp = 0.8 c: 0.8 X 3 X JO'= 2.4 X JO
ZR -z o, :

(i) The reflection coefficient

= ZR _ from
20
equation (1.96)

'40+ jB0-60
•
•• KR =40:f- j80+60
'
-20+ j80
=100+ j80
82.462 /104.04 °
.= 128.062 /38.66° ·
=0.6441•65.38
0
• KR
••

•
•• /KR/ = 0.644 .. .
I
, I
I '

(Ji) From equation, (1.115),

.• 1+/KR/
Standing ~ave ratio = S = J-/KR /
' I • ,,
,l : I ..

1+0.644 · .
-
!- 1-0.644
••• S =4.618 • . '
I
.
KM/sec. ··,' ·.
.

(w) Given vP = 2.4 x 108 rn/s.ec = 2.4 x I.OS

•
.. ..
•
'1

21tf •• ' · ·. ·. , I' •

From eq~tions (1.60), vP = j =T

0)

...
-
_ '2nf 2nx1x106 · ' •

T
.
= = 2.4 X 10s = 26.18 rads/KM
by equation (l.120) as
,

edance of a lossless line is given

•· For a length z =/, the input imp . .

•- . · [1I +KKR e-j-j21J21JJ]J

•
Z• = Zo - R e - ,.

sin 2~[ I : '

We have • . e-; 13 = cos 2~1-j

2 1

. .
1800 1800 ;o.4J
=: cos (2x26.18x 'xo .4) -j sfo(2.x26:l8x I)
. ' • 1t I

...
1t
213
e-j ' = --0.5 - j 0.866

-
I.
 35
Basie Transmission Ula Theory

and KR = 0.644 I65.380

. = 0.268 + j 0.585
Substituting, we get

z. = 60 [ · t (0. + 2

68 ~0.585)
(-0.5-
j0.866)
] .

. l - (0.268 + J0.585) (-0.5 - j 0.866)

I

_ 60 [ 1.373 - j 0.5246 ]
- 0.6214 + j 0.5246

:. f-60.810
z, = 107.82
STANDING WAVE PATTERN ,
From equations (l.112), (l.114) and (1.121), we have
JVmuf = fV'f [1 + fK.tlJ
f Vmini =IV'I (1 - ~IJ f

and [l +IKR/ lcl>-2Pz]

Zs= 20
l-jKRj fq,-2Pz
diagram as shown {n figure (l.l3 ) below:
These expres~ions can be represented by a phasor
•

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-~-----_...
I
11111 -
..----V. I
I
I
Vmu

. Figure 1.13 Phasor diagram for equation (I. t2

I)
1) are.shown as two separate phasors, the
The numerator and denominator of equation (1.12
results of adding unity to f~I or -1~1. .
2~z =± 2 n1t where n =0, 1,2 ...... , the two
It is evident from the phasor diagram that when cl>-
dance.and V positions in confirmatio~ with
phasors will coincide resulting in maximum input impe
fIW(

equation (1.111).
:. - 2~z = ± 2n1t