1) Define the terms substructure and superstructure used in building construction.

Ans Substructure: - A part of structure lying below the ground surface is known as substructure.
Superstructure: - A part of structure lying above the ground surface is called superstructure.

2) State any two functions / Purposes of foundation of a building.

The functions of foundation are

1) To transfer the load of the structure up to the hard strata.

2) To distribute load of the entire structure over a wide spread area.

3) To increase the stability of the structure.

4) To prevent the lateral movement of supporting material

3) Enlist any four types of bonds used in stone masonry.

Ans There are types of stone masonry as – Rubble, Ashlar, Coursed, Uncoursed, Random rubble, dry
etc.

Bonds are used in brick masonry as mentioned below. Types of bond:- 1) Stretcher bond 2) Header
bond 3) English bond 4) Flemish bond

4) Define the term ‘Landing and Pitch’ used in stair.

Ans Landing: - It is flat platform at the top or bottom of a flight between the floors. Pitch: - It is the
angle which the line of nosing of the stair makes with floor.

5) Enlist any four types of floor finishes.

Ans Four types of floor finishes:- 1)Shahabad flooring 2) Kota flooring 3) Marble flooring 4) Granite
flooring 5)Kadappa 6) Mosaic tiles 7) Pavement blocks 8)Tiled flooring 9) Tremix floor 10)Vitrified
tiles 11) IPS 12) Ceramic

6) Define ‘Formwork’ in building construction.

Ans Formwork:- The temporary casing provided to support concrete is known as formwork.

7) Classify the building as mentioned in National building code (2016) with examples of each.

Ans 1)Residential building:- e.g. lodging or boarding houses, hostel, apartment houses, flats
2)Education building:-e.g. school, college, board, university, library and research institution
3)Institutional building:-e.g. hospitals, stared hotels, clubs
4)Assembly building:-e.g. cinema hall, theatres, auditorium, museum, exhibition hall
5)Business building:- e.g. shop, store, offices, bank, establishment
6)Mercantile building:- e.g. shopping centre, departmental store, market building
7)Industrial building:- e.g. assembly plants, refineries, gas plants, mills diaries and factories
8)Storage building:- e.g. ware house, cold storage freight depot, transit shed, public garage
9) Hazardous building:- e.g. it used for storage, handling, manufacturing or processing of
combustible or explosive materials or products

8) Discuss the provisions of doors in a structure with reference to the location and purpose.
Ans 1) Doors should be located in opposite walls facing each other.
2) Doors should be located near the corner of room nearly 20 cm away from the corner.
 3) To achieve optimum utilization of room, the number of doors in a room should be kept
minimum.
4) The location and size of the door should meet the functional requirements of the room

9) Explain the necessity of ‘Scaffolding and Shoring’.

Ans Necessity of scaffolding:
1. To provide a working platform so that the worker can stand on the platform and do the work
easily & safely
2. To provide a platform for placing material & equipments needed by the workers to carry out
their job
3. Scaffolding support the platform that is used by the worker as their walking path to transport
the material
4. To reach the construction point as it progresses
5. Scaffolding is also needed for the repair or even demolition of building.

Necessity of shoring:
1. To repair bulging out wall.
2. To repair the cracks in the wall.
3. To dismantle adjacent structure.
4. To make openings in existing wall.
To provide temporary support to structures that are in an unsafe condition until such time as
they have been made stable, or which might become unstable by reason of work carried out on
or near them

10) Suggest suitable type of window for the following:

Ans 1) Cinema hall – Fixed window
2) Residential bungalow – Panelled window / Casement windows / Sliding window
3) Enclosed R.C.C. staircase – Fixed window / Metal window
4) Library of Hostel – Glazed Window / Sliding window

11) Explain timbering and strutting with a neat sketch.

Ans A method of giving the temporary support to the side of deep trench or when subsoil is
loose or very soft is known as timbering (i.e. shoring) and strutting.
It consists of timber planks and strut to give temporary support to the side of trench.
When the depth of trench is large, or when the sub-soil is loose, the sides of the trench may cave
in.
Timbering of deep trenches can be done with the help of the following methods:
1. Stay bracing. 2. Box sheeting 3. Vertical sheeting 4. Runner system 5. Sheet Piling

12) Define Formwork. Explain the requirement of good formwork.

Ans: Formwork: It is a temporary ancillary construction used as a mould for the structure, in
which concrete is placed and in which it hardens and matures.

Requirements of good formwork

1. It should be strong enough to resist the weight of the fresh concrete

2. It should be rigid enough to retain the shape without undue deformation.

3. It must be constructed tight so that it does not allow the cement paste to leak through the
joints.
4. The space enclosed by the form should be true to the size as designed.

5. The inside surface of formwork should be smooth so as to give good appearance to the
resulting concrete surface.

6. The entire formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily without causing the
least injury to the surface or edges of the concrete

7. The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for
reuse.

8. Self-weight of the form work should be less

13) Enlist and draw various fixtures and fastenings for doors and windows.

13) Draw labeled sketch of partly paneled and partly glazed door with door frame for a
opening size of 1200 mm x 2200 mm.
 Q14) State building components

Following are the Components of building –

1. Foundation.
2. Plinth
3. Floor
4. Walls
5. Roofs:
6. Windows
7. Doors
8. Beams
9. Columns
10. Staircase

Q15) Describe the terms facing and hearting in stone masonry.

Ans i) Facing – The material which is used in the face of the wall is known as facing.
ii) Hearting – The portion of the wall between the facing and backing is known as the hearting.

Q16) Define the terms Newel post and Headroom in vertical communication.
Newel post : This is the vertical member which is placed at the ends of flights to connect the end of strings
and hand rail.
Headroom : The vertical distance between the nosing of one flight and bottom of flight immediately above
is known as the headroom.

Q17) State the function of window sill and lintel.

Ans a) Sill
1. To provide suitable finish to window opening.
2. It also affords a protection to wall below the window
3.It also provides the support to vertical members of the openings.

b) Lintel
1. It supports the portion of wall over the opening.
2. They are used to transmit the load to adjacent wall over which they are supported.

Q18) Describe any eight characteristics of good stone masonry. / Precautions in stone masonry
The requirements of good stone masonry are as follows:-
1. The stones to be used for stone masonry should be hard, tough & durable.
2. The stone should be properly dressed as per the requirement.
3. It should have low water absorption.
4. It should have resistance against fire.

Q19) Define shoring. Enlist types of shoring.

Ans Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support temporarily an unsafe structure.
Types of shoring
1.Raking shore
2.Flying shore
3.Dead shore

Q20) Suggest suitable type of window for the following buildings:

1.Cinema hall – Fixed window
2. School- Metal window / Sliding window
3.Enlosed staircase- Fixed window / Metal window
4.Bathroom- Louvered window
5.Cement godown- Fixed window
6.Sloping roof-Dormer window
Q21) Explain raft foundation with neat sketch and explain its suitability.
Ans: Take sketch from notebook

Q22) Draw plan and elevation of dog-legged staircase for floor to floor height of 3.0 m
Ans: Take sketch from notebook

Q23) State any two purposes of Plinth (ANY 4 POINTS)

Ans. Purposes of Plinth:
1. To prevent entry of flood water into building.
2. To avoid dust, Insects, Reptiles, etc entries inside the building
3. To facilitate easy drainage of sewage water.
4. To enhance appearance of building
5. To support the superstructure wall & transfer load to footing.
6. To prevent from dampness.
7. To support flooring tiles.

Q24) Define underpinning

Ans. Underpinning : The process of placing a new foundation under an existing one or strengthening
an existing foundation is called underpinning of foundation

Q25) Define facing, backing, hearting and Through stone with neat sketch.
Ans. Facing: The material used in the face of the wall is known as facing.

Backing: The material used in the back of the wall is known as backing.

Hearting: The inner portion of the wall between the facing and backing is known as hearting.

Through stone: A header stone having length equal to wall width is placed across the wall casted
through stone.

SKETCH FROM NOTEBOOK (board paper)

Q26) Draw a neat labeled section of a wall from foundation to parapet wall for load bearing
structure.
Ans: SKETCH FROM NOTEBOOK (board paper)

Q27) Draw a neat labeled sketch showing component parts of scaffolding.

Ans: SKETCH FROM NOTEBOOK (board paper)

Q28) Compare brick masonry and stone masonry used in building construction (4POINTS)

Ans: SKETCH FROM NOTEBOOK (board paper)

Q29) State the necessity of providing (i) Combined column footing and (ii) Raft foundation
Ans: (i) Combined column footing:- Combine footing is also provided when the columns are very
near to each other and isolated footing of these column will overlap on each other.
(ii) Raft foundation:-It is suitable where ground is soft, Clayey or marshy having low bearing
capacity, and where sub soil water conditions are uncertain.

Q30) Suggest relevant type of foundation with sketch for a residential building with Marshy soil at
greater depth with justification and explanation.

Ans Raft foundation is suitable for a residential building with Marshy soil at greater depth

Q31) Describe in brief with neat sketch: i) English bond ii) Flemish bond
Ans English bond : The Bond with alternate courses of headers and stretchers with a closerplaced
next to quoin header is called as the English Bond.
Flemish Bond: The Bond which consists of the alternate header and stretcher in the course is called
as Flemish Bond.

Q32) Suggest commonly adopted sizes of door for: 1) Internal door of residential bldg. 2) Door of
garage for car park
Ans: 1) Internal door of residential bldg. - 900 X 2100 mm
2) Door of garage for car park. – 2250 X 2250 mm

Q33) Enlist different types of staircase

.Ans: Types of Staircase: 1. Straight Stair 2. Dog legged Stair 3. Quarter turn Stair 4. Open well Stair 5.
Three quarter turn Stair 6. Bifurcated Stair 7. Geometrical Stair 8. Circular Stair 9. Spiral Stair

Q34) State the necessities of painting.

Ans: Necessities of painting :-
it protects the surface from weathering effect of the atmosphere.
• It prevents decay of wood and corrosion in metal.
• It gives good appearance to the surface.
• Due to painting the life of material increases.
• Due to painting cleaning of the surface becomes easy.

Q35) What are Properties of Timber

1. Appearance: it should have shining appearance
2. Colour: The Colour of the timber should be dark.
3. Durability: A Good timber should be durable.
4. Fire resistance: Timber is a bad conductor of electricity and heat. It should not catch fire easily.

Q36) Draw neat sketches showing all the dimensions of: i) Conventional bricks and ii) Standard
bricks
Ans Take from note book

Q37) Explain the field tests performed on bricks for its suitability.
a) Shape and Size: It should be of standard size and shape
b) Soundness: when two bricks are struck with each other, clear ringing sound should be produced.
c) Hardness: when a scratch is made on brick surface with the help of finger nail, no impression
should be made on the brick.
d) Colour: The colour of the bricks should be reddish brown
Q38) State the materials for different civil engineering structures.
Ans: 1. Natural materials- Stone, Sand, Timber etc..
2. Artificial materials- Brick, Tile, Cement etc.
3. Special materials- Fibre, Bitumen etc.
4. Finishing materials- POP, Wall Cladding etc.
5. Recycled materials- Fly Ash, Rice Husk etc.

Q39) What are the different types of aggregates ?

Ans Aggregate are divided into two categories:
1. Coarse Aggregate: The size of aggregate bigger than 4.75mm is considered as Coarse Aggregate.
2. Fine Aggregate: Aggregate whose sizes is 4.75mm and less is considered as Fine Aggregate

Q40) What are the properties of sound insulating materials?

Ans Properties of sound insulating materials:
1. It should be light in weight
2. Easy to handle and fix
3. It should be resistant to attack termite and insect
4. It should be fire resistance
5. It should be moisture resistance

Q41) State the factors affecting selection of construction materials.

Ans 1) Prescribed load
2) Serviceability
3) Aesthetically pleasing
4) Economical
5) Environmentally friendly:

Q42) List the materials used for water proofing.

Ans 1) Emulsions and pastes
2) Mastic.
3) Roll and Sheet
4) Sealing materials

Q43) Enlist the types of paints.

Ans 1) Oil paint
2) Water Paint
3) Cement Paint
4Plastic Paint
5) Aluminium Paint

Q44) Enlist the different sound insulating materials

Ans 1) Asbestos ,
2) rock wool ,
3)glass ,
4)silk,
5) Mineral wool boards
6) Glass fibers

Q45) List major ingredients of cement.

1. Lime (CaO)
2. Silica (SiO2)
3. Alumina (Al2O3)
4. Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
5. Magnesia (MgO)
6. Gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O)

Q46) State any two uses of precast concrete blocks.

Ans
1. In parking areas, footpaths, on road to give pleasant look.
2. Lightweight blocks for partition walls.

Q47) State any two uses of "Plaster of Paris".

Ans
1. It is used as architectural decoration material for false ceiling, cornices and other decorative
feature in interior finish.
2. It is used for making casts for statues.
3. It is used for wall plasters, wall board etc.
4. Ornamental work

Q48) Write any four uses of plywood:

Ans
i) Plywood is used for preparing door panels and shutters of cup boards.
ii) It is used for false ceilings for interior designing .
iii) For making chairs, tables ,and other kitchen furniture, office cabins
iv) For making partitions between two rooms
v) For railway coaches
vi) For formwork for concrete