A Survey On Mac Protocols For Wireless Multimedia Networks.
A Survey On Mac Protocols For Wireless Multimedia Networks.
A Survey On Mac Protocols For Wireless Multimedia Networks.
4, November 2011
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
CVR College of Engineering, Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
3
JNTU CE Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This article presents a survey on medium access control protocols for wireless multimedia networks. A basic overview of MAC protocol concepts is presented, and a framework is developed for comparisons. The MAC protocols covered in this article include Random Access protocols, Contention less protocols, TDMA CDMA, third-generation WCDMA schemes and Hybrid protocols proposed for wireless Multimedia Networks. The operation of each protocol is explained, and its advantages and disadvantages are presented. Finally, a qualitative comparative outline of the discussed protocols is provided.
KEYWORDS:
Medium Access control, Multimedia networks, TDMA, CDMA, and WCDMA.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mobile communications has become ubiquitous these days. Wireless Multimedia is becoming increasingly popular as they provide users the convenience of access to information and multimedia services any time. With the advent of multimedia applications, there is now need for higher bandwidth and faster data rates. The upcoming wireless cellular infrastructures such as third generation (3G and fourth generation (4G) are deemed to support bandwidth requirements, faster data rates with different quality of services for multimedia applications. Wideband Codedivision multiple accesses (WCDMA) has emerged as one of the most promising multipleaccess techniques for future wireless multimedia networks and has been selected for IMT-2000 systems by standardization bodies all around the world [1].Compared to the narrow-band CDMA, wideband CDMA can support services with much higher rate. It is also flexible to deliver multimedia traffic. Many multimedia applications are packet oriented, hence optimized third generation techniques that support variable bit rate and packet capabilities with quality of
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service requirements will be needed. In a wireless system consisting of a number of mobile terminals or nodes that transmit traffic of any type on a shared medium to a centralized base station, a procedure must be used for effective utilization of network resources and for quality of service requirements. This procedure is known as a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. [2] MAC protocols are classified into three main groups. These are Contention less protocols (Polling, Random Address polling, and Token passing), Contention protocols or Random Access protocols (Aloha, slotted Aloha, and CSMA), Channelization protocols (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA). In contention less protocols the scheduling is done in a fixed fashion and each node is allocated a part of the resource. In contention protocols no node is superior to another node and none is assigned control over another. These protocols utilize direct, asynchronous competition to determine access rights for transmission. The contention protocols that suffered from hidden terminal interference and instability (i.e., throughput breakdown) at high network loads. Channelization[28] is a multiple access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency or through code. In frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), the available bandwidth is divided into frequency bands. Each station is allocated a band to send its data. Each band is reserved for a specific node and it belongs to the node all the time. In time-division multiple access (TDMA), schemes resource is divided into the time slots and the node transmits its data in its assigned time slot. Finally, Code-division multiple access (CDMA) divides the resource into a collection of codes through which assigned users can coexist on the same channel [31].CDMA allows multiple transmissions to occupy the channel at the same time without interference by using spatial coding techniques which spread the information bits over a broadened channel, allowing the information retrieval from the combined signal. First-generation mobile systems, such as the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), NMT system etc used FDMA technique. They are based on circuit-switched technology and designed for voice, not data. These systems suffered from limitations like low service quality, long call setup time, inefficient use of bandwidth, susceptible to interference, support only for speech, insecure transmission. For second generation systems, the most used multi-access schemes have been TDMA and CDMA.TDMA based systems GSM, IS-54 and CDMA based systems IS-95 uses digital technology which results in higher quality voice as well as basic data services. These systems support data, speech and facsimile services and use the encryption mechanisms to protect the data and speech. GSM is incorporated with advanced schemes as High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD), General packet Radio Services (GPRS), and Enhanced data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) to increase the data rates that are available to the users. The need for higher capacity higher data transfer rates and global roaming were the driving forces behind the introduction of a third generation wireless networks. Specifically, one of the most important aspects of 3G is enhanced packet-data access. 3G systems are covered under the IMT-2000 umbrella, and in Europe are referred to as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). UMTS is based on the WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) air interface, providing simultaneous support for a wide range of services with different characteristics on a common 5 MHz carrier. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization committee has also released a specification on MAC protocol [3,29,30]. In this specification, the MAC architecture, channel structures, services, and MAC functions are defined. However, no specific access scheme is specified for the MAC protocol. Thus, the design of the MAC protocol for wideband CDMA networks is still an open problem.
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This survey examines MAC protocols for wireless networks carrying multimedia traffic. In section II the basic Random Access and Contention less MAC protocols are explained. In section III we present channelization protocols for multimedia networks .Hybrid MAC protocols are discussed in Section IV. We provide a qualitative comparative outline of the protocols in section V. Finally section VI concludes the paper. Medium Access Control Protocols
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2.4.1 IEEE 802.11 MAC with CSMA/CA This standard is based on CSMA/CA using BEB algorithm. Every time when a node finds the medium free, then it has to wait for the time of DIFS. After DIFS, a node starts its back-off time if the medium was busy in last cycle, and then it can transmit data if the medium is free. After receiving the required packet a receiver waits for SIFS and then replies with ACK packet. It uses back-off timer in the random back-off time algorithm. A node finishes its back-off time very first and finds the medium if it is free, it will start its transmission. But other nodes having longer back-off time would not continue to count down, rather they pause their back-off timer (Br). After getting the channel idle and wait for DIFS, the nodes will resume their paused back-off time. This implies that the deferred nodes are not supposed to choose back-off time again but they carry on with the same value until it finishes. 2.4.2 IEEE 802.11 MAC with RTS/CTS To overcome the hidden and exposed terminal problems, the 802.11 MAC introduces RTS/CTS control packets. The algorithm has same functionality of DFWMAC with CSMA/CA but with the extension of RTS/CTS and network allocation vector (NAV). A node finding the medium free then it waits for DIFS. Now if the medium is free then it will transmit request-to-send (RTS) packet to the desired node. If receiver is ready to accept the data then it will wait for SIFS and send a CTS packet to transmitter. After receiving the CTS from receiver, the sender will send the data after waiting for SIFS. The receiver will wait for SIFS after receiving the data and then reply with ACK packet. Any station overhears an RTS or CTS packet, will set the NAV to defer itself from medium access until the end of data transmission and corresponding ACK frame received by sender. NAV is the virtual sensing as it reserves the medium exclusively for one transmission. It also specifies the point at which deferred stations can try to access the medium again. The transmission has been completed and NAV also lets the medium free to start the cycle again. This scheme successfully avoids hidden problem, but exposed terminal problem emerges more.
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3. CHANNELIZATION
PROTOCOLS
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with no delay and minimum overhead are transmitted in an ALOHA basis using the random access channel (RACH), a channel common to all terminals in the cell, used for issuing transmission requests. In the case of larger packets, the terminal will request a DCH a dedicated code with fast-power-controlled transmission on the RACH. The network will answer the request indicating a set of possible transmission formats .If the load is low, the system will indicate the specific Transmission format and the time the user can start transmitting the data. If the load is high a set of transmission formats will be sent to the user and user has to send another transmission request to receive the specific transmission format. The data rate of the terminal will be varied depending on the network load. For real time data transmission it follows same procedure as in data format. This proposal does not consider how to allocate resources to different services. In highly loaded conditions if short packet transmissions are done the performance of the protocol could be severely degraded, because of excessive packet collisions that involve delays in accessing the channel and loss of short data packets, and also increase in the interference level produced by many non-fast-power-controlled packet transmissions. ii) An uplink MC CDMA system architecture is proposed to support various traffics with different QOS requirements [16]. The received power level of each code channel is controlled by a power allocation algorithm so that BERs of all services maintain quality of service. This proposal does not consider scheduling mechanism for allocating resources to different services. The scheduling scheme for non real- time traffic is based on first-in first-out (FIFO) queuing and round-robin queuing. The average message transmission delay of non-real-time traffic can be very large when a lower priority is assigned. Hai Jiang et.al.[25] have proposed MAC scheme which can achieve bit-level QoS, low overhead, accurate channel and interference estimation along with high bandwidth efficiency. The scheme also has the potential to support packet-level QoS and service differentiation. They also propose a distributed MAC scheme to address these limitations, where active receivers determine whether a candidate transmitter should transmit its traffic or defer its transmission to a later time. Liang Xu et.al. [26] have proposed a class of dynamic fair scheduling schemes based on the generalized processor sharing (GPS) fair service discipline, under the generic name codedivision GPS (CDGPS). The CDGPS scheduler uses both the traffic characteristics in the link layer as well as the adaptively of the wideband CDMA physical layer to perform fair scheduling on a time-slot basis, by using a dynamic rate-scheduling approach other than the conventional time-scheduling approach. Soft uplink capacity is characterized for designing efficient CDGPS resource allocation procedure. A credit-based CDGPS (C-CDGPS) scheme is proposed to further enhance the utilization of the soft capacity by trading off the short-term fairness. Jennifer Price and Tara Javidi [27] have proposed a cross-layer approach to optimal rate assignment in multi sector CDMA networks. The algorithm was a one-shot algorithm; which implies that it combines the MAC and transport layer protocols to control interference and congestion simultaneously. They investigated the dual-based algorithms in which the delay associated with addition of intermediate queues at each wireless source provides the necessary information for coordinating MAC and transport layers. Rekha Patil and A. Damodaram [32] have proposed, a cross-layer based joint scheduling and power control algorithm with the objective of minimizing the interference level and call rejection rate. For achieving that, the algorithm determined the optimum set of admissible users with suitable transmitting power level. They solved the multiple access problems in the distributed power control algorithm, the set of powers that could be used by the scheduled users to satisfy their transmissions were determined.
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interval in which only the slot owner may contend for the channel by initiating hand shake and the other users (non owner) cannot transmit data. A several mobile terminals tend for slot give rise to collision. If collision is detected the mobile terminal must remain salient for the remainder of a slot. A node which has not received RTS have to differ transmission of its data packet until its assigned slot will occur or some later slot determined by back off scheme.
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Sl.No 1.
Algorithm CSMA/CA
Principle / slots assignment Carrier sensing scheme using random back-off algorithm
Disadvantages 1. Unfairness in waiting for back-off time. 2. Hidden and exposed terminal problems. 3.Through put low at higher loads
2.
MACA
RTS/CTS
Simple algorithm
1.use of extra packets RTS/CTS cause overhead 2. not completely hidden and exposed terminal problems 3. Remain susceptible to instability. Use of packets of ACK, DS and RRTS are used in the network that increases the overhead and the load of traffic.
3.
MACAW
RTS/CTS
4.
Great deal of fairness and improvement for accessing the medium. Solve the hidden terminal problem
5.
Carrier sensing with RTS/CTS And Virtual sensing with DIFS, SIFS and
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ACK 6. IEEE 802.11 MAC with Polling Polling with PIFS / SIFS No hidden and exposed terminal problems And Centralized The nodes have to wait for their polling. It causes delay in the network. There is also extra overhead if one station has nothing to send but the base station will poll it in each turn.
Channelization protocols
Sl.No 1.
Algorithm TDMA-FDDDPRMA
2.
3.
DTDMA/TDD
Principle / slots assignment 1.demand-based assignment scheme that uses slotted ALOHA for reservation contention period 2.slots are allotted as per the band width requested by the user 1.demand access scheme with contention-based reservation period 2. slots are allotted as per the band width requested by the user and availability 1.based on dedicated, random, and demand assignment 2.CBR,VBRCircuit mode
Disadvantages The use of full size request slots for contention period waste the bandwidth
Fixed slots are given priority than variable slots. This protocol cannot be useful for most demanding user.
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VBR,ABRdynamic mode CDMA MAC PROTOCOLS 1. A MAC Protocol for a Cellular Packet CDMA Carrying Multi rate CDMA RLC/MAC According to traffic class and required traffic rate According to load, traffic class and rate handle different Different transition traffic types probabilities and packet with queue size priorities Different transmission formats specified for transmission
2.
3.
MC CDMA system
BER of traffic classes are controlled using Power control algorithm According to BERs of all traffic class and services required traffic maintain rate quality of service Hybrid MAC protocols
Sl.No 1.
Principle / slots assignment 1. Based on TDMA and CDMA 2. Slots are filled according to the BER requirements.
3.WISPER is a reservation-based protocol.
Advantages
protocol is simple to implement in that only one power level can be used for each slot rather than several power levels depending on the number of traffic classes
Disadvantages
when congestion occurs, voice packets are the first to be sacrificed.
2.
RAH-MAC
3.
ADAPT
Data transmission rate is dynamically adjusted based on the channel condition and it uses variable transmission rate Dynamically manages the
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protocol
band width
4.
CATA PROTOCOL
5.
HAMAC PROTOCOL
More flexible in terms of bandwidth management when compared with allocation protocols 1.TDMA, 1.Results in reservation, and very low delay in case of light contention traffic load. protocols 2.Dynamic 2.This protocol bandwidth uses a novel allocation reservation slot strategy technique to overcome the 3.Eliminates packet contention the reservation overhead in overhead of packet CBR traffic, reservation which results in multiple access less contention (PRMA) like protocols. CBR,VBR,ABR are used TDMA+CDMA Capacity of system increased Capacity of system increased
in their slot others cannot use it and channel is not efficiently utilized 1.More slots are used for secure and reservation . 2. un stable for certain traffic loads and mobility rates. RAH-MAC is superior than HAMAC
6.
7.
Slots are allocated for Traffic classes in fixed pattern Results in delay for certain traffic
Main considerations in the design of protocol for wireless multimedia system are 1. To use multiple accesses to make efficient use of allocated bandwidth 2. To increase throughput, capacity and channel utilization 3. To reduce delay, jitter, overhead and to maintain quality of service. 4. The protocol should be capable of supporting different traffic classes which will have different bit rates.
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5. The protocol should not be static and the resource should be allocated dynamically according to users requirement.
6. CONCLUSION
Many MAC protocols are proposed for wireless multimedia networks. We describe the operation of several Random access protocols or Contention protocols, Contention less protocols, Channelization protocols, and Hybrid MAC protocols for wireless multimedia networks. In contention protocols no node is superior to another node and none is assigned control over another. The contention protocols performed better at low network loads and in stable at high network loads. In contention less protocols the scheduling is done in a fixed fashion and each node is allocated a part of the resource and it results delay in the network. Channelization protocols generally use fixed slot assignments preventing adaptation to changing network conditions. A single protocol cannot handle all the demands of multimedia applications and so hybrid protocols are designed. In summary most current protocols are hybrid protocols which combine features of two or more protocols for effective utilization of resources and to maintain quality of service.. Future research must focus on design of scheduler, radio resource management algorithms and methods to increase throughput, capacity and to reduce end to end delay, contention and to maximize utilization of bandwidth for different multimedia traffic classes.
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International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.2, No.4, November 2011 [12] R. Pichna and Q. Wang, A medium-access control protocol for a cellular packet CDMA carrying multirate traffic, IEEE JSAC, vol. 14, Dec. 1996, pp 1728-36. [13] M. Haardt et al., The TD-CDMA Based UTRA TDD Mode,'' IEEE Journal of Select. Areas Communications. vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1375-1385, Aug. 2000. [14] 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network, Radio Resource Management Strategies (Release 4),'' 3GPP TR 25.922, v 4.0.0 Mar. 2001. [15] C. Roobol et al., A Proposal for an RLC/MAC Protocol for Wideband CDMA Capable of Handling Real Time and Non Real Time Services,'' IEEE VTC'98, , pp. 107-111, 1998. [16] S. Choi and K. G. Shin, An Uplink CDMA System Architecture with Diverse QoS Guarantees for Heterogeneous Traffic,IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 616-628, Oct. 1999. [17] Ian F. Akyildiz, Fellow, IEEE, David A. Levine, and Inwhee Joe A Slotted CDMA Protocol with BER Scheduling for Wireless Multimedia Networks,'IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, ' vol. 7, No. 2, pp 146-158, April 1999. [18] Zhijun Wang, umapathi Mani,MiaoJu,Hao che A Rate adaptive Hybrid MAC protocol for wireless cellular Networks Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks 2006. [19]I. Chlamtac, A. Farago ,A. D. Myers V. R. Syrotiuk G. Zkruba A Performance Comparison of Hybrid and Conventional MAC Protocols for Wireless Networks,IEEE VTC 2000 pp 201-205,2000. [20]Z.Tang and J.J Garcia Luna _aceves . A Protocol for Topology _Dependent Transmission scheduling in Wireless Networks, Proceedings of IEEE WCNC, New Orleans, LA, 1999. [21]Lixin Wang and Mounir Hamdi HAMAC: An Adaptive Channel Access Protocol for Multimedia Wireless Networks, IEEE Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, pp 408-411,1998. [22] Mainak Chatterjee and Sajal K. Das A Hybrid MAC Protocol for Multimedia Traffic in Wireless networks, 2000 IEEE pp30-35 [23] A.Saravan ,B.parthasarathy , Analytical model Medium Access control Multiprotocol Architecture for Mobile Multimedia Networks., IEEE International Symposium on Ubiquitous Multimedia Computing 2008 pp 105-111. [24] R. Fantacci and S. Nannicini, Multiple Access Protocol for Integration of Variable Bit Rate Multimedia Traffic in UMTS/IMT-2000 Based on Wideband CDMA,'' IEEE J. Select. Areas Communications. vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1441-1454, Aug. 2000. [25].Hai Jiang , Weihua Zhuang, and Xuemin (Sherman) Shen Distributed Medium Access Control for Next Generation CDMA Wireless Networks IEEE Wireless Communications, Special Issue on Next Generation CDMA vs. OFDMA for 4G Wireless Applications, vol. 14, no. 3, pp.25-31, June 2007. [26]Liang Xu , Xuemin (Sherman) Shen and Jon W. Mark Dynamic Fair Scheduling With QoS Constraints in Multimedia Wideband CDMA Cellular Networks IEEE Transactions on wireless communications, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2004. [27]Jennifer Price and Tara Javidi Distributed Rate Assignments for Simultaneous Interference and Congestion Control in CDMA-Based Wireless Networks UW Electrical Engineering Technical Report, 2004. [28]Channel access method from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_access_method [29 ] R. Pandya et al., IMT-2000 standards: Network aspects, IEEE Pers. Communication ,Aug. 1997, pp. 20-29. 72
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AUTHORS S.P.V.SubbaRao is graduated in B.Tech (Electronics and Communication Engineering) in 2000 from the JNT University, Hyderabad. He did his M.Tech in Communications and signal processing from S.K University, Anantapur during 2005.He is pursuing PHD from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad .His areas of interest includes WCDMA based Wireless Multimedia Networks and Cellular Mobile Communications .He is Presently working as an Associate Professor in ECE dept, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh ,India. Dr.S.VenkataChalam is graduated in B.Tech (Electronics and Communication Engineering) in 1987 from the University College JNTU College of Engineering Anantapur. He did his M.Tech in Microprocessor and application from M S University, Baroda during 1992.He was awarded Doctorate in ECE in 2004 from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad. His research area of interest includes Wireless Multimedia Networks, Embedded systems and Digital signal processing. He is presently guiding 10 research students of JNT University, Hyderabad. He has 35 publications in various National, International Conferences and Journals. Presently he is working as the Professor in ECE dept of CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, and Andhra Pradesh, India.
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International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.2, No.4, November 2011 Dr.D.Sreenivasa Rao is graduated in B.Tech (Electronics and Communication Engineering) in 1986 from Nagarjuna University. He did his M.Tech in digital systems from Osmania University during 1994.He was awarded Doctorate in ECE in 2004 from University of Hyderabad .His research interest are in the area of communications and computer networks ,Wireless Multimedia Networks. Presently 12 research students are working under his guidance. He has 27 publications in various National, International Conferences and journals. He is presently working as Professor in ECE dept of JNTUCEH, Hyderabad, and Andhra Pradesh, India.
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