Wireless System Using CDMA Techniques
Wireless System Using CDMA Techniques
Wireless System Using CDMA Techniques
techniques
BY
Emmanuel Duker
CNS 095
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my supervisor Prof Mahdi Khosravy for his supervision,
assistance and cordiality throughout this project.
Declaration
I hereby affirm that, except where otherwise indicated, this paper is entirely my own
work and has not been submitted in whole or in part to any other university.
Acronyms
2G Second Generation
3G Third Generation
ACA Adaptive Channel Assignment
AP Access Point
ARS Ad-hoc Relaying Station
ASP Adaptive Switching Point
ATDMA Advanced Time Division Multiple Access
BS Base Station
CAMA Cellular Aided Mobile Ad-hoc Network
CBM Cellular Based Multi-hop Systems
CDD Code-Division Duplexing
D-PRMA Distributed PRMA
DA Demand Assignment
DCA Dynamic Channel Assignment
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Abstract
The last few years the world has witness rapid growths and widespread success of
wireless connectivity. There is the growing demand for performance and capability in
wireless systems which has motivated the development of advanced signal processing
techniques for signal reception.
This project includes developing, analyzing, and simulating several signal processing
techniques for the modification of nosiness in code-division multiple-access (CDMA)
systems. I made clear emphasis and contributions to sample areas such: space-time
processing and transmitter precoding. In each case, we will see that the algorithms
presented offer significant advantages over existing techniques. At the end of this
project I presented suggestions for future research work on CDMA systems.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) has become the chosen technology for the
current and future generation of wireless systems. CDMA like other communication
system, the CDMA System have transmitter, channel and receiver.
As a result of recent developments, the electrical power supply system is on the way to
migrate from a pure energy distribution network to a multipurpose medium delivering
energy, voice, and various data services. In particular, Internet access is currently in the
focus of the efforts of various research activities.
As compared to outdated wireless systems, in which there is one transmitting and one
receiving antenna, the systems use arrays of multiple antennas at both ends of the
communication link, all operating at the same frequency at the same time.
This introduces spatial diversity into the system, which can be used to tackle the
problem of multipath. In wireless communications system, such as point to point radio
links, radio waves do not simply broadcast from the transmit antenna to the receive
antenna. Rather they bounce and allocate off objects, this process is known as
multipath.
CDMA currently a method for implementing a multiple access in communication system.
MULTIPLE ACCESS is a technique where many subscribers or local stations can share
the use of the use of a communication channel at the same time or nearly so despite
the fact originate from widely different locations. A channel can be thought of as merely
a portion of the limited radio resource, which is temporarily allocated for a specific
purpose, such as someones phone call. A multiple access method is a definition of how
the radio spectrum is divided into channels and how the channels are allocated to the
many users of the system.
Since there are multiple users transmitting over the same channel, a method
must be established so that individual users will not disrupt one another.
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1.2 Objectives
This project aims is to understand how CDMA technology works and look into it deeply
on two objectives.
a) Implement Code Division Multiplexing
b) To simulate CDMA Communication System in MATLAB and analyze its
performance under different noise conditions
1.3 Structure of the Project
This project has been divided into six chapters.
Chapter1 deals with the introduction of the project background, objectives and
procedure used.
Chapter: 2 provides the related literature review;
Chapter: 3 discusses in detail, the implementation and techniques of CDM system;
Chapter: 4 deals with the simulation of CDMA system in MATLAB;
Chapter: 5 provides the results obtained from MATLAB simulation;
Chapter: 6 presents the concluding remarks and recommendation for further
improvement.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Code Division Multiple Access
The term CDMA refers to any of protocols used in second-generation (2G) and third-
generation (3G) wireless communications. CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows
many signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available
bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone
systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands.
CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with spread
spectrum technology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements. The frequency of
the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern (code), so it
can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with
the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are
trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes; this enhances privacy and makes
cloning difficult.
CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a
handset passes from one cell to another. The combination of digital and spread-
spectrum modes supports several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog
modes.
The original CDMA standard, also known as CDMA One and still common in cellular
telephones which offers a transmission speed of only up to 14.4 Kbps in its single
channel form and up to 115 Kbps in an eight-channel form. CDMA2000 and wideband
CDMA deliver data many times faster.
Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes
occupy the same channel, but only those users associated with a particular code can
communicate.
Fig: 1 Code
Division
Multiplexing with respect to Time and Frequency
digital mobile radio systems. The individual mobile stations cyclically assign a
frequency for the exclusive use of a time interval.
In most of the cases, the entire system bandwidth for an interval of time is not assigned
to a station. However, the frequency of the system is divided into sub-bands, and
TDMA is used for the multiple access in each sub-band. Sub-bands are known
as carrier frequencies. The mobile system that uses this technique is referred as
the multi-carrier systems.
In the following example, the frequency band has been shared by three users. Each
user is assigned definite timeslots to send and receive data. In this example,
user B sends after user A, and user C sends thereafter. In this way, the peak
power becomes a problem and larger by the burst communication.
channels, a guard-band would be used. This is to ensure that the channels do not
interfere with each other. FDMA does not require all channels to terminate at a single
location. Channels can be extracted using a multi-drop technique; the terminals can be
stationed at different locations within a building or a city. FDMA is an analog and a
slightly historical multiplexing technique. It is prone to noise problems, and has been
overtaken by Time Division Multiplexing
The frequency band is divided into channels of equal bandwidth so that each
conversation is carried on a different frequency (as shown in the figure below).
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Forward Channel
The Forward channel is the direction of the communication or mobile-to-cell downlink
path. It includes the following channels
Pilot Channel Pilot channel is a reference channel. It uses the mobile station to
acquire the time and as a phase reference for coherent demodulation. It is continuously
transmitted by each base station on each active CDMA frequency. And, each mobile
station tracks this signal continuously.
Sync Channel Synchronization channel carries a single, repeating message, which
gives the information about the time and system configuration to the mobile station.
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Likewise, the mobile station can have the exact system time by the means of
synchronizing to the short code.
Paging Channel Paging Channels main objective is to send out pages, that is,
notifications of incoming calls, to the mobile stations. The base station uses these
pages to transmit system overhead information and mobile station specific messages.
Forward Traffic Channel Forward Traffic Channels are code channels. It is used to
assign calls, usually voice and signaling traffic to the individual users.
Reverse Channel
The Reverse channel is the mobile-to-cell direction of communication or the uplink path.
It consists of the following channels
Access Channel Access channel is used by mobile stations to establish a
communication with the base station or to answer Paging Channel messages. The
access channel is used for short signaling message exchanges such as call-ups,
responses to pages and registrations.
Reverse Traffic Channel Reverse traffic channel is used by the individual users in
their actual calls to transmit traffic from a single mobile station to one or more base
stations.
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CHAPTER 3
CDMA TECHNIQUES AND IMPLIMENTATION
3.1 CDMA Techniques
CDMA is based on one core concept of orthogonal and spread spectrum. It is actually a
kind of spread spectrum multiple access technique (SSMA).
SSMA uses pseudo-noise (PN) sequence to convert a narrowband signal to a wideband
noise like signal before transmission. Digital signaling a data source which may be
either digital or analog, is encoded into a digital signal.
The actual form of digital signal depends on the encoding technique and is chosen to
optimize use of the transmission medium.
The CDMA system uses two types of sequences which is the PN sequences generator
and orthogonal codes. The PN sequence is made by the pseudo-random noise
generator. It is basically a binary linear response shift register, involving of XOR gates
and a shift register. This PN generator has the ability to create a sequence identical for
both the transmitter and the receiver, and retaining the needed properties of the noise
chance bit sequence. However, because it is required that transmitter and receiver must
have a copy of the random bits stream, a predictable way is needed to generate the
same bit stream at transmitter and receiver and yet retain the desirable properties of a
random bit stream. A PN generator will produce a periodic sequence that eventually
repeats but that appears to be random
A PN sequence has many features such as, having an equal number of zeros and ones,
has very low association between shifted versions of the sequence, and very low cross-
correlation with other signals such as interference and noise.
Another important feature is the autocorrelation of the sequence as it determines the
ability to synchronize the spreading code for the received signal.
PN sequences are generated by an algorithm using some initial value called seed. The
algorithm is deterministic and therefore produces sequence of numbers that are not
statistically random. However, if the algorithm is good, the resulting sequences will pass
many reasonable tests of randomness. Such numbers are often referred to as
pseudorandom numbers or pseudo noise sequence (PN sequences).
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CHAPTER 4
SOLUTIONS OBTAINED FROM MATLAB SIMULATION
Below I made simulations and with several sequences in MATLAB. The components
implemented in Matlab simulation with outcome below.
clear
clc
G=63; % Code length
%Generation of first m-sequence using generator polynomial [45]
sd1 =[0 0 0 0 1]; % Initial state of Shift register
PN1=[]; % First m-sequence
for j=1:G
PN1=[PN1 sd1(5)];
if sd1(1)==sd1(4)
temp1=0;
else temp1=1;
end
sd1(1)=sd1(2);
sd1(2)=sd1(3);
sd1(3)=sd1(4);
sd1(4)=sd1(5);
sd1(5)=temp1;
end
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(PN1)
title('M-sequence generated by generator polynomial [45]')
sd2(2)=sd2(3);
sd2(3)=sd2(4);
sd2(4)=sd2(5);
sd2(5)=temp3;
end
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(PN2)
title('M-sequence generated by generator polynomial [67]')
%Generation of Third m-sequence using generator polynomial [75]
sd3 =[0 0 0 0 1]; % Initial state of Shift register
PN3=[]; % Third m-sequence
for j=1:G
PN3=[PN3 sd3(5)];
if sd3(1)==sd3(2)
temp1=0;
else temp1=1;
end
if sd3(3)==temp1
temp2=0;
else temp2=1;
end
if sd3(4)==temp2
temp3=0;
else temp3=1;
end
sd3(1)=sd3(2);
sd3(2)=sd3(3);
sd3(3)=sd3(4);
sd3(4)=sd3(5);
sd3(5)=temp3;
end
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(PN3)
title('M-sequence generated by generator polynomial [75]')
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS FROM MATLAB SIMULATIONS
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This chapter presents the simulation results for the CDMA system at different channel
conditions of a Pseudorandom Noise Sequence (PN sequence)
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
CDMA is radically new concept in wireless communication. It has gained widespread
international acceptance by cellular radio system operators as an upgrade that will
dramatically increase both their systems capacity and the service quality.
Capacity of CDMA is interference limited the obvious way to increase capacity of the
CDMA is to reduce the level of interference.