HYDRAULICS

BASE UNIT/PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS, AND UNIT PRESSURE
Problem 1: Properties of Fluids

An amount of carbon tetrachloride having a mass of 500 kg and a volume of 0.315

𝑚3 is placed in a container.

Which of the following most nearly gives the weight of carbon tetrachloride?

a. 4.90 kN c. 5.16 kN
b. 5.36 kN d. 3.86 kN

Given:
𝑚
m = 500 kg 𝑾 = 𝒎𝒈 𝑊 = 500 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 9.81 2
𝑠
v = 0.315 𝑚3
𝑾=𝜸𝑽 𝑊 = 4905 𝑁

𝑾 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑵
Problem 1

An amount of carbon tetrachloride having a mass of 500 kg and a volume of 0.315

𝑚3 is placed in a container.

Which of the following most nearly gives the mass density of carbon tetrachloride?

a. 1785.30 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 c. 1758.30 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

b. 1578.30 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 d. 1587.30 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

Given:
m = 500 kg
𝒎 500 𝑘𝑔
𝝆= 𝜌=
V = 0.315 𝑚3 𝑽 0.315 𝑚3

𝝆 = 𝒔𝒈(𝝆𝒘 ) 𝝆 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟕. 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑

Problem 1

An amount of carbon tetrachloride having a mass of 500 kg and a volume of 0.315

𝑚3 is placed in a container.

Which of the following most nearly gives the unit weight of carbon tetrachloride?

a. 12.25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 c. 17.02 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

b. 16.38 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 d. 15.57𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Given: 𝑾
𝜸= 500 (9.81)
m = 500 kg 𝑽 𝛾=
V = 0.315 𝑚3 0.315 𝑚3
𝜸 = 𝝆𝒈
𝛾 = 15571.42857 𝑁/𝑚3
𝜸 = 𝒔𝒈(𝜸𝒘 ) 𝜸 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑
PRESSURE
Problem 2: Pressure

Assuming specific weight of air to be constant at 12 N/m3 , what is the approximate

height of Mt. Banahaw if a mercury barometer at the base of the mountain reads 654
mm and at the same time another mercury barometer at the top of the mountain
reads 480 mm?
a. 1835.62 m c. 1748.03 m
b. 1602.19 m d. 1934.53 m Note:
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 480 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 1 atm = 101.325 kPA
Given: = 14.69 psi
= 760 mmHg
𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 12 𝑁/𝑚3 = 1.01325 bars

𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 654 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

Problem 2: Pressure 101.325𝑘𝑃𝐴
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 480 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 ( )
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
Given:
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 63.9947 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 12 𝑁/𝑚3
101.325𝑘𝑃𝐴
𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 654 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 ( )
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 480 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 87.1928 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Option 1: 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ = 𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡

Option 2: 𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡 − 𝛾ℎ = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ = 𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡
Note:
𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 654 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 63.9947 + (0.012)ℎ = 87.1928

1 atm = 101.325 kPA

= 14.69 psi
𝒉 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒎
= 760 mmHg
= 1.01325 bars
Problem 3

A tank contains oil with specific gravity of 0.80, gasoline with specific gravity of 0.90,
and sea water with specific gravity of 1.05. What is the pressure at a depth of 1.20 m
if the depths of the liquids are 0.50 m, 06.0 m, and 0.80 m, respectively?
a. 1812 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 c. 942 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
b. 1045 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 d. 1318 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2

𝑃1 + ෍ 𝛾ℎ = 𝑃2 0 + 9.81 0.80 0.50 + 0.90 0.60 + 1.05(0.10) = P1.2

𝑃1.2 = 10.25145 kPa
1
0.50 m 𝑃1.2 = 10251.45 Pa or 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑠𝑔1 = 0.80
𝑃1.2𝑚 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑠𝑔2 = 0.90 0.60 m 10251.45
𝑃1.2 = 𝑚2
2
𝑠𝑔3 = 1.05 0.80 m 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑷𝟏.𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟐

Problem 3

A pressure gage at elevation 10 m at the side of a tank containing a liquid reads 80

kPa. Another gage at elevation 4 m reads 120 kPa. Find the specific gravity of the
liquid.

a. 0.62 c. 0.65
b. 0.73 d. 0.68
Total Hydrostatics Pressure/Force
A. Plane Surface
B. Curved Surface
A. Plane Surface
liquid surface

Liquid above the Plane

Pressure = Unit Weight of the given fluid x Head
P=γh
Force h
From Engineering Mechanics,
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Pressure =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Pressure
Force = Pressure x Area
(uniform) c.g.
F = 𝐏𝐀
By substitution,

F= γh𝐀

c.g.
A. Plane Surface
liquid surface

P=γh
h1
P1 P1 = γ h1 < P2 = γ h2
Eccentricity, e:
Force h2
Ī
𝐞=
𝐀𝐲
c.g. P2
c.p.

where: e = distance of c.p. below the c.g. along the body

(eccentricity)
c.g. = center of gravity
c.p. = center of pressure
A. Plane Surface F = Total hydrostatic force/”pressure” on plane
area “A” subjected by the liquid (kN) F= γh𝐀
liquid surface

Ī θ
𝐞=
𝐀𝐲
where: e = distance of c.p. below the c.g. along the body (m) h
h = distance of the c.g. below the liquid surface along
the vertical (m) y
y = distance of the c.g. below the liquid surface along F
the body (m)
c.g.
Ī = moment of inertia of “A” with respect to its centroidal
axis (m4) *also called as centroidal M.O.I.
c.p. A
Recalling trigonometric functions, e
h h c.g. A = submerged
θ sin θ = y=
y sin θ area subjected to
c.p. pressure (m2)
h
y Ī
𝐞=
𝐡
(𝐀)( ) note: θ is measured
𝐬𝐢𝐧 θ from the horizontal
A. Plane Surface
liquid surface

Liquid above the Plane

Ī
𝐞= note: θ is measured
𝐡 from the horizontal
h (𝐀)( )
Force 𝐬𝐢𝐧 θ

Pressure 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, θ = 0
(uniform) c.g.

Ī (Ī)(𝐬𝐢𝐧 θ) (Ī)(𝐬𝐢𝐧 0°)

𝐞= 𝐞= 𝐞= =𝟎
𝐡 (𝐀)(𝐡) (𝐀)(𝐡)
(𝐀)( )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 θ
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐. 𝑔.
A. Plane Surface
F= γh𝐀
liquid surface
Liquid beside the Plane Θ = 90°
Ī
𝐞=
y
𝐡
h (𝐀)( )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 θ
A note: θ is measured
from the horizontal
c.g. c.g.
e
Force c.p. c.p.

Ī Ī Ī
𝐞= 𝐞= 𝐞= = any value of positive integer
𝐡 𝐡 (𝐀)(𝐡)
(𝐀)( ) (𝐀)( )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 θ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 90°
Note: 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 Θ = 90°(right angle), y = h
A. Plane Surface

Centroid (c.g.) of Common Geometric Shapes

A. Plane Surface

Centroid (c.g.) of Common Geometric Shapes

A. Plane Surface

Centroidal Moment of Inertia of Common Geometric Shapes

A. Plane Surface: Problem 4

A rectangular gate measured 5 m. length and 2 m. width is submerged in the fresh

water. Fresh water (γ = 9.81 kN/m3) stands on one side of the gate to a height of 10
m. above the center of the gate.
a. Evaluate the total force on the gate (kN).
b. Locate the point of action of the total force from the bottom on the plane of the gate.
c. If the gate is hinged at the top, evaluate the force normal to the gate at the bottom
that will require to open it in kN.
A. Plane Surface: Problem 4
A rectangular gate measured 5 m. length and 2 m. width is submerged in the fresh water. Fresh water (γ = 9.81
kN/m3) stands on one side of the gate to a height of 10 m. above the center of the gate.

γ = 9.81 kN/m3

10m a. Evaluate the total force on the gate (kN).

F=γh𝐀
F = (9.81 kN/m3) (10m) (5m x 2m)
c.g. 5m
F = 981 kN answer.
F c.p.

2m
A. Plane Surface: Problem 4
A rectangular gate measured 5 m. length and 2 m. width is submerged in the fresh water. Fresh water (γ = 9.81
kN/m3) stands on one side of the gate to a height of 10 m. above the center of the gate.
b. Locate the point of action of the total force from the
bottom on the plane of the gate.
γ = 9.81 kN/m3
Ī (2m) (5m)3
𝐞= Ī= = 20.833 m4
𝐡 12
(𝐀)( )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 θ
10m
A = (2m) (5m) = 10 m2

20.833 m4
c.g. 5m 𝐞= = 0.2083 m
e (10 m2) (10 m)
F c.p.

2m
A. Plane Surface: Problem 4
A rectangular gate measured 5 m. length and 2 m. width is submerged in the fresh water. Fresh water (γ = 9.81
kN/m3) stands on one side of the gate to a height of 10 m. above the center of the gate.
b. Locate the point of action of the total force from the
bottom on the plane of the gate.
γ = 9.81 kN/m3
Ī (2m) (5m)3
𝐞= Ī= = 20.833 m4
𝐡 12
(𝐀)( )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 θ
10m
A = (2m) (5m) = 10 m2

20.833 m4
c.g. 5m 𝐞= = 0.2083 m
e (10 m2) (10 m)
F c.p.
2.5m Solving for x:
x
x = 2.5m – e
2m x = 2.5m – 0.2083m
x = 2.292 m answer.
A. Plane Surface: Problem 4
A rectangular gate measured 5 m. length and 2 m. width is submerged in the fresh water. Fresh water (γ = 9.81
kN/m3) stands on one side of the gate to a height of 10 m. above the center of the gate.
c. If the gate is hinged at the top, evaluate the force normal
to the gate at the bottom that will require to open it in kN.
γ = 9.81 kN/m3
hinge

10m

c.g. 5m
e
F c.p.
2.5m
x

2m
A. Plane Surface: Problem 4
A rectangular gate measured 5 m. length and 2 m. width is submerged in the fresh water. Fresh water (γ = 9.81
kN/m3) stands on one side of the gate to a height of 10 m. above the center of the gate.
c. If the gate is hinged at the top, evaluate the force normal to the
gate at the bottom that will require to open it in kN.
Ay Note: “normal” means perpendicular
Recall: moments in hinge and roller supports are equal
A Ax to 0 (zero).

∑MA = 0
2.5m
F (2.5m + e) ⎼ P (5m) = 0
c.g. 5m (981kN)(2.5m + 0.2083m) ⎼ P (5m) = 0
e
F c.p.
P (5m) = 2656.842 kN.m
P P = 531.368 kN answer.

F = 981 kN
e = 0.2083 m
A. Plane Surface: Problem 5

A tank containing water is shown. Calculate the total resultant force acting on side
ABCD of the container and the location of the center of pressure from the bottom.

D C
1.8m

2m
2.5m

A 6m B
A. Plane Surface: Problem 5
A tank containing water is shown. Calculate the total resultant force acting on side ABCD of the container and the
location of the center of pressure from the bottom..
F=γh𝐀 F = (9.81 kN/m3) (0.9m)(6m x 1.8m)
F = 95.353 kN answer.
D C Ī
1.8m 𝐞= (6m) (1.8m)3
𝐡
(𝐀)( )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 θ 12
2m e= = 0.3 m
0.9m
2.5m (6m x 1.8m) ( )
sin 90°
Solving for x: x = 0.9m – e
A 6m B
x = 0.9m – 0.3m
x = 0.6 m answer.

water
h=0.9m 𝐀
2m 1.8m
c.g. 1.8m
e
c.p.
x F

6m
A. Plane Surface: Problem 6

A circular gate 1.5 meters in diameter is inclined at an angle of 45° from horizontal.
Oil (sg = 0.8) stands on one side of the gate to a height of 10m. above the center of
the gate.
a. Evaluate the total force on the gate (kN).
b. Locate the point of action of the total force from the bottom on the plane of the gate.
c. If the gate is hinged at the top, evaluate the force normal to the gate at the bottom
that will require to open it in kN.
A. Plane Surface: Problem 6
A circular gate 1.5 meters in diameter is inclined at an angle of 45° from horizontal. Oil (sg = 0.8) stands on one
side of the gate to a height of 10m. above the center of the gate.
a. Evaluate the total force on the gate (kN).
F=γh𝐀 Recall: γfluid = (sgfluid)(γwater)
Oil, sg = 0.8 Standard values of sg of common fluids:
Freshwater/water 1.00
h=10m
F Oil 0.80 or 0.82
Seawater 1.03
c.g. Mercury 13.60
c.p.
45° 𝛑
F = (0.80)(9.81 kN/m3)(10m) [4 (1.5m)2]
F = 138.686 kN answer.
c.g.
c.p.

1.5m
A. Plane Surface: Problem 6
A circular gate 1.5 meters in diameter is inclined at an angle of 45° from horizontal. Oil (sg = 0.8) stands on one
side of the gate to a height of 10m. above the center of the gate.
b. Locate the point of action of the total force from the bottom on
the plane of the gate.

Oil, sg = 0.8 Ī
𝐞=
𝐡
(𝐀)( )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 θ
h=10m
F π (1.5m)4
Ī= = 0.2485 m 4
c.g. 64
c.p. 𝛑
45° A = [4 (1.5m)2] = 1.767 m 2
e
x 0.2485 m4
𝐞= = 0.0099 m
10m
c.g. (1.767 m2) ( )
sin 45°
c.p.
Solving for x:
0.75m = e + x
1.5m
0.75m = 0.0099m + x
x = 0.7401 m answer.
A. Plane Surface: Problem 6
A circular gate 1.5 meters in diameter is inclined at an angle of 45° from horizontal. Oil (sg = 0.8) stands on one
side of the gate to a height of 10m. above the center of the gate.
c. If the gate is hinged at the top, evaluate the force normal to the
gate at the bottom that will require to open it in kN.

Oil, sg = 0.8 hinge

h=10m
F

c.g.
c.p.
45°
e
x

c.g.
c.p.

1.5m
A. Plane Surface: Problem 6
A circular gate 1.5 meters in diameter is inclined at an angle of 45° from horizontal. Oil (sg = 0.8) stands on one
side of the gate to a height of 10m. above the center of the gate.
c. If the gate is hinged at the top, evaluate the force normal to the
gate at the bottom that will require to open it in kN.
Note: “normal” means perpendicular
Ay
Recall: moments in hinge and roller supports are equal
to 0 (zero).
0.75m A Ax
∑MA = 0
e F (0.75m + e) ⎼ P (1.5m) = 0
c.g. (138.686kN)(0.75m + 0.0099m) ⎼ P (1.5m) = 0
c.p.
45° P (1.5m) = 105.387 kN.m
1.5m
P = 70.258 kN answer.
P

F = 138.686 kN
e = 0.0099 m
Total Hydrostatics Pressure/Force
A. Plane Surface
B. Curved Surface
A. Curved Surface
Total Hydrostatic Force, F: F = (Fh )2 + (Fv )2

i. Horizontal Component of F, Fh

c.g.
Fh e c.p.
𝐀
L

Fh= horizontal component of the total

hydrostatic force on plane area “A” which
is the rectangular projection of the
curved surface on the vertical
Fh 𝐀
L
Ī
Fh = γ h 𝐀 𝐞=
(𝐀)(𝐡)
A. Curved Surface
Total Hydrostatic Force, F: F = (Fh )2 + (Fv )2

ii. Vertical Component of F, Fv

Recall:
Fv
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
γ= Weight = γ Vol Fv
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
At
Fv = γ 𝐕𝐨𝐥 Fv = γ At L

At

Fv= vertical component of the total

hydrostatic force is the weight of the
liquid whose volume is traced by moving
the curve vertically “upward” until the L
liquid surface or its prolongation
A. Curved Surface
Total Hydrostatic Force, F: F= (Fh )2 + (Fv )2

ii. Vertical Component of F, Fv

Case 1: Case 2:

Fv

F
Fh
Fh

F Fv

note: Fv is downward note: Fv is upward

A. Plane Surface: Problem 7
The 5m. wide arc gate “ab” shown, tangent to the vertical wall at “a”, holds back water. The
surface of the gate in contact with the water can be taken as part of a cylinder with radius
4m.
water surface

1m 5m
c
a
30°

R = 4m

b
a. Determine the horizontal force acting of the curve.
b. Determine the total force on the curve.
A. Plane Surface: Problem 7
The 5m. wide arc gate “ab” shown, tangent to the vertical wall at “a”, holds back water. The surface of the gate in
contact with the water can be taken as part of a cylinder with radius 4m.
water surface
0.536m 3.464m
1m
c 5m
a
h= 2m 30°
𝐀

2m c.g. 2m
Fh R = 4m
c.p.

b
a. Determine the horizontal force acting of the curve. Fh = γ h 𝐀

Fh = (9.81 kN/m3) (2m) (5m x 2m)

Fh = 196.20 kN answer.
A. Plane Surface: Problem 7
The 5m. wide arc gate “ab” shown, tangent to the vertical wall at “a”, holds back water. The surface of the gate in
contact with the water can be taken as part of a cylinder with radius 4m.
water surface b. Determine the total force on the curve.

1m At
F = (Fh )2 + (Fv )2 Fh = 196.20 kN
a c
h= 2m 30° Fv = γ At L

Fv Solving for At:

2m At = (Arectangle) + [(Asector) ⎯ (Atriangle)]
Fh
𝛑 (4 m)2 (30°) 1
At = 1m(0.536m) + [( ) ⎯ (3.464m)(2m)]
360° 2
At = 1.2608 m2
b
Solving for Fv:
0.536m 3.464m
Fv = (9.81 kN/m3) (1.2608 m2) (5m)
Fv = 61.842 kN
F = (Fh )2 + (Fv )2 F = (196.20 kN)2 + (61.842 kN )2 F = 205.716 kN answer.
Problem 8

The parabolic plate is submerged in water as shown. Compute for the hydrostatic
force acting in the plate.

a. 2604.72 kN c. 2460.27 kN
b. 2640.27 kN d. 2406.72 kN
Problem 8 (Alternative Solution)

The parabolic plate is submerged in water as shown. Compute for the hydrostatic force acting in the plate.

𝐹 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐹 = න(9.81ℎ) (𝑥𝑑ℎ)

ℎ 𝑥12 𝑥22
𝑐𝑔 =
𝑥 𝑦1 𝑦1
𝑑ℎ
𝐹
𝑐𝑝 14 − ℎ 52 𝑥22 𝑥=
25
( )(14 − ℎ)
= 8
𝐹 8
25 8 14 − ℎ
න 𝑑𝐹 = න 9.81ℎ 14 − ℎ 𝑑ℎ
0 0 8

𝐹
න 𝑑𝐹 = න
14
9.81ℎ
25
14 − ℎ 𝑑ℎ
𝑭 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵
0 6 8
BUOYANCY
𝐵𝐹 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣
- Upward Force

- Resultant of Vertical Forces 𝐵𝐹 = 𝐹𝑣2 − 𝐹𝑣1

liquid surface

𝐹𝑣2 = 𝛾L (Vo + VL )
𝐹𝑣1
𝛾𝐿
𝐹𝑣1 = 𝛾L (VL )

𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾L (Vo + VL ) − 𝛾L (VL )

𝑉𝑜 𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾L Vo + 𝛾𝐿 VL − 𝛾L (VL )

𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝐿 𝑉𝑜

𝑩𝑭 = 𝜸𝑳 𝑽𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒅
𝐹𝑣2
Problem 9: BUOYANCY

A stone weighs 468 N in air. When submerged in water weighs 298 N.

Which of the following most nearly gives the volume of the stone?

෍ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
a. 0.0015 𝑚3 c. 0.0254 𝑚3
b. 0.0173 𝑚3 d. 0.0357 𝑚3 𝐵𝐹 + 0.298 = 0.468
298 N
In air 𝛾𝐿 (𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 ) + 0.298 = 0.468

100%𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑

9.81(𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 ) + 0.298 = 0.468

BF 𝑽𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝟑
468 N

468 N
Problem 9: BUOYANCY

A stone weighs 468 N in air. When submerged in water weighs 298 N.

Which of the following most nearly gives the unit weight of the stone?

a. 24.03 kN/𝑚3 c. 25.00 kN/𝑚3

b. 26.00 kN/𝑚3 d. 27.05 kN/𝑚3

𝑊
𝛾=
𝑉
𝜸 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑
0.468
𝛾=
0.0173
Problem 9: BUOYANCY

A stone weighs 468 N in air. When submerged in water weighs 298 N.

Which of the following most nearly gives the specific gravity of the stone?

a. 2.90 c. 2.25
b. 2.45 d. 2.76

𝜸
𝒔𝒈 =
𝜸𝒘
Problem 10: BUOYANCY

A cylindrical tank 1 m in diameter and 3 m tall weighs 3.86 kN. Which of the
following most nearly gives the weight of the lead (specific weight=110𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 ) that
must be placed inside the tank to make the tank float vertically with 2.5 m
submerged in water?
a. 16.91 kN c. 19.25 kN ෍ 𝐹𝑣 = 0

b. 21.14 kN d. 15.40 𝑘𝑁 𝑊 + 𝑊𝐿 = 𝐵𝐹𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

3.86kN 𝜋
3.86kN 3.86 + 𝑊𝐿 = 9.81( 1 2 )(2.50)
4

3m 𝑊𝐿 𝑾𝑳 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵
3m
2.5 m

1m ∅
1m ∅

𝐵𝐹𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
Problem 10: BUOYANCY

A cylindrical tank 1 m in diameter and 3 m tall weighs 3.86 kN. Which of the
following most nearly gives the weight of the lead (specific weight=110𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 ) that
must be placed inside the tank to make the top of the tank flushed with the water
surface?
a. 16.91 kN c. 19.25 kN ෍ 𝐹𝑣 = 0

b. 21.14 kN d. 15.40 𝑘𝑁 𝑊 + 𝑊𝐿 = 𝐵𝐹𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

3.86kN 𝜋
3.86kN 3.86 + 𝑊𝐿 = 9.81( 1 2 )(3)
4

3m 𝑊𝐿 𝑾𝑳 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵
3m
2.5 m

1m ∅
1m ∅

𝐵𝐹𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
Problem 10: Practice Solving

A cylindrical tank 1 m in diameter and 3 m tall weighs 3.86 kN. Which of the
following most nearly gives the weight of the lead (specific weight=110𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 ) that
must be fastened to the outside bottom of the tank to make the tank float vertically
with 2.50 m submerged in water?

a. 16.91 kN c. 19.25 kN
b. 21.14 kN d. 15.40 𝑘𝑁
 Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam

Gravity Forces (Weight)

𝑾𝟏
𝑾𝟏 , 𝑾𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑾𝟑

𝑾𝟐 Hydrostatic Forces

𝑾𝟑 𝑭𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟐

Uplift Force (U)

Overturning Moment

It is the resultant moment that may cause the rotation, or overturning, of

the dam in the toe.

𝑭𝟏 and U are overturning

forces. Thus, the moment of
these forces about the toe is
the overturning moment.
 Righting Moment

It is a moment about the toe of

the dam that counteracts the
𝑾𝟏 overturning moment

𝑾𝟐

𝑾𝟏 , 𝑾𝟐 , 𝑾𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟐 are
𝑾𝟑
righting forces. Thus, the
moment of these forces
about the toe is the
righting moment.
▪ Distance of 𝑅𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑒

Consider the base of the dam ෍ 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 0

𝑂𝑀 + 𝑅𝑦 𝑥 = RM

𝑹𝑴 − 𝑶𝑴
𝒙=
𝑹𝒚
▪ Computations of the Soil (Foundation) Pressure

Step 1: Solve for the eccentricity (e)

𝑩
𝒆 = ȁ𝒙 − ȁ
𝟐
Step 2:

Case 1: 𝒆 ≤ 𝑩/𝟔
𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (𝟏 + )
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 = (𝟏 − ) 𝑩 𝑩
𝑩 𝑩

▪ If 𝑹𝒚 , is nearer to the toe than heel, then 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 is at the toe, and if 𝑹𝒚 , is nearer to the
heel than toe, the 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 is at the heel.
 𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑞= ±
𝐴 𝐼
𝐵
𝑃 = 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑦 e( 2 )
𝑞= ±
𝐵 (𝐵)3
𝐴=𝐵 1
12
𝐴=𝐵
𝑅𝑦 6𝑅𝑦 e
M = 𝑅𝑦 e 𝑞= ±
𝐵 𝐵2
𝑐 = 𝐵/2
1(𝐵)3
𝐼= 𝑅𝑦 6e
12 𝑞= (1 ± )
(𝐵)3 𝐵 𝐵
𝐼=
12
Step 2:
Case 2: 𝒆 > 𝑩/𝟔
𝟐𝑹𝒚
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎 𝟑𝑺

Where s = distance of Ry from heel or toe

▪ If 𝑹𝒚 , is nearer to the toe than heel, then 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 is at the toe, and if 𝑹𝒚 , is nearer to the
heel than toe, the 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 is at the heel.
▪ Factor of Safety (FS)

1. Factor of Safety Against Sliding (𝐹𝑆𝑠 )

𝝁𝑹𝒚 𝝁 – coefficient of friction between the soil and

𝑭𝑺𝒔 =
𝑹𝒙 base of the dam

2. Factor of Safety Against Overturning (𝐹𝑆𝑜 )

𝑹𝑴 Note: In order to consider the dam to be safe, its

𝑭𝑺𝟎 =
𝑹𝑶 factor of safety must be at least 1.0
▪ Procedure for Analysis

Assume 1 unit strip of the dam:

1. Identify the forces that will act on the gravity dam ( weight,
hydrostatic forces, uplift force, etc.) Then determine the distance
of these forces from the toe of the dam.
2. Compute for the righting and overturning moments.
3. Compute the reactions Rx and Ry of the dam, and the distance of Ry
from the toe.
4. Solve for the other required values.
Problem 1: A concrete dam 4m on top and 10 m at the bottom and 25 m high has
water 20 m deep acting on its vertical sides. The coefficient of friction between
the soil and dam is 0.60.

a. How far is the vertical

resultant force from
the toe?
b. What is the soil
pressure in the heel?
c. What is the soil
pressure in the toe?
d. What is the factor of
safety against sliding?
e. What is the factor of
safety against
overturning?
Problem 1: A concrete dam 4m on top and 10 m at the bottom and 25 m high has water 20 m
deep acting on its vertical sides. The coefficient of friction between the soil and dam is 0.60.

𝑊1 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉1
1
𝑊1 = 2.4𝑥9.81 ( 6 25 )(1)
2
W2
𝑊1 = 1765.8 𝑘𝑁

W1
𝑊2 = 2.4𝑥9.81 4 25 (1)
𝑊2 = 2354.4 𝑘𝑁
1
𝐹1 = ( 196.2 20 )(1)
2
F1
𝐹1 = 1962 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑅𝑀 = 1765.8 (6) + 2354.4(6 + 0.5 4 )
3
𝑅𝑀 = 25898.4 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
O𝑀 = 𝐹1 (1/3(20))

O𝑀 = 1962(1/3(20))

O𝑀 = 13080 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
▪ Problem 1: A concrete dam 4m on top and 10 m at the bottom and 25 m high has
water 20 m deep acting on its vertical sides. The coefficient of friction between
the soil and dam is 0.60.
Computation of 𝑅𝑥 and 𝑅𝑦

W2
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹1
W1
𝑅𝑥 = 1962 kN

F1 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2

𝑅𝑦 = 1765.8 + 2354.4

𝑅𝑦 = 4120.2 𝑘𝑁
▪ Distance of 𝑅𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑒

Consider the base of the dam

𝑹𝑴 − 𝑶𝑴
𝒙=
𝑹𝒚

25898.4 − 13080
𝑥=
4120.2

𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎
 ▪ Computations of the Soil (Foundation) Pressure

Solve for the eccentricity (e)

𝑩 10
𝒆 = ȁ𝒙 − ȁ 𝑒 = ȁ3.1111 − ȁ 𝑒= 1.8889 m
𝟐 2

≤ 𝐵
Check if e is
≥ 6
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎
1.8889 > 1.6667

2(4120.2)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
3(3.1111)

𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟖𝟖𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂

▪ Factor of Safety (FS)

1. Factor of Safety Against Sliding (𝐹𝑆𝑠 )

𝝁𝑹𝒚 0.60(4120.2) 𝑭𝑺𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔

𝑭𝑺𝒔 = 𝐹𝑆𝑠 =
𝑹𝒙 1962

2. Factor of Safety Against Overturning (𝐹𝑆𝑜 )

𝑹𝑴 25898.4 𝑭𝑺𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖
𝑭𝑺𝟎 = 𝐹𝑆0 =
𝑹𝑶 13080
THANK YOU!!! :>