Chapter 1: Introduction: Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts - 9 Edit9on

Chapter 1: Introduction
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
What is an Operating System?
Layer of Software
Manages the computer hardware
Lies between a computer’s
user(programs) and the computer
hardware
Basis of all application programs.
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
What is a User Program?
User program is a set of instructions

stored in computer memory.
These instructions are understood
to the CPU which are to be
executed by it. (running).
CPU is always in some phase of
the instruction cycle.
What is an Instruction cycle?
Fetch- The instruction whose

address is stored in the PC.
Decode the fetched instruction and
fetches data if required
Execute and stored /outputs the
result.
What are the goals of an OS?
Convenience as it abstracts all the

hardware
Use the computer hardware (CPU
memory I/O Devices) efficiently.
Execute user programs in a secure
manner.
Four Components of a Computer System
Computer System Structure
Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
Users
 People, machines, other computers
Defining Operating System
No universally accepted defn of what an OS:
Way to solve the problem of creating a usable
computing system.
Execute user programs and to make solving user
problems easier.
Since bare hardware alone is not particularly easy to
use, application programs are developed.
These programs require certain common
operations, such as those controlling the I/O
devices.
The common functions of controlling and
allocating resources are brought together into an
OS.
Defining Operating System (Cont.)
One program running at all times on the

computer -- usually called the kernel.
It includes everything a vendor ships
when you order the operating system.
The features that are included vary
greatly across systems:
Some systems take up less than a
megabyte of space and lack even a
full-screen editor,
Some systems require gigabytes of
space and are based entirely on
graphical windowing systems.
Defining Operating System (Cont.)
Along with the kernel, there are two

other types of programs:
System programs, which are
associated with the operating system
but are not necessarily part of the
kernel.
Application programs, which include
all programs not associated with the
operation of the system.
What Operating Systems Do
Controls the hardware

Coordinates use of hardware among the
various application programs for the
various users.
Proper use of the computer resources
(hardware, software and data) in its.
Like a government, it performs no useful
function by itself. It simply provides an
environment within which other programs
can do useful work.
What Operating Systems Do (Cont.)
To understand more fully the operating

system's role, we explore operating
systems from two viewpoints:
The user
The system.
The user's view of the computer
varies according to the interface
being used.
Single User Computers
Designed for one user to monopolize

its resources eg PC’s.
The goal is to maximize the work (or
play) that the user is performing.
Most important issue in the design
ease of use
Good Performance
Least important issue
Resource utilization
Multi User Computers
Designed for sharing of resources and
exchange of information amongst
many users. e.g. mainframes, mini
computer.
Most important issue in the design
Maximize Resource utilization
Fair and efficient usage
CPU time, memory I/O devices.
Workstations & Servers
Users have dedicated resources to

themselves.
Sharing of few resources (like file
computing and print servers).
Design issue is a compromise between
individual usability
resource utilization.
Handheld computers
The user interface generally features a touch

screen.
e.g. smart phones and tablets.
The systems are resource poor,
The systems are optimized for
usability
battery life.
Embedded computers
Run without user intervention.

e.g., computers in home devices and
automobiles
The user interface
numeric keypads
indicator lights which turn on or off to
show status.
System View
The operating system is the program most

intimately involved with the hardware. There
are two different views:
system is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient
and fair resource use
The operating systems is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors
and improper use of the computer
Mobile Devices OS
Increase in the number of features of OS.

Includes core kernel Plus middleware
A set of software frameworks that provide
additional services to application developers.
Both Apple's iOS and Google's Android --
feature a core kernel along with middleware
that supports databases, multimedia, and
graphics (to name only a few).

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Chapter 1: Introduction

User program is a set of instructions

Fetch- The instruction whose

Convenience as it abstracts all the

Computer system can be divided into four components:

One program running at all times on the

Along with the kernel, there are two

Controls the hardware

To understand more fully the operating

Designed for one user to monopolize

Users have dedicated resources to

The user interface generally features a touch

Run without user intervention.

The operating system is the program most

Increase in the number of features of OS.

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